احصائيات

الردود
62

المشاهدات
88180
 
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي


ايوب صابر is on a distinguished road

    غير موجود

المشاركات
12,768

+التقييم
2.31

تاريخ التسجيل
Sep 2009

الاقامة

رقم العضوية
7857
09-12-2012, 08:56 AM
المشاركة 1
09-12-2012, 08:56 AM
المشاركة 1
افتراضي أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ حسب موقع :
1) Albert Einstein -
2) Leonardo Da Vinci -
3) Nikola Tesla-
4) Sir Isaac Newton -
5) Stephen Hawking -
6) Michelangelo -
7) Archimedes -
8) Warren Buffet –
9) Swami Vivekananda -
10) Samuel Johnson -
11) Immanuel Kant -
Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Russia. He has been considered one of the most influential thinkers of all time in Europe. Kant brought forth a unique theory of perception and thought deeply about life. Many regard Kant as a genius of his time.
12) Aristotle -
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, student of Plato and one who taught Alexander the Great. Aristotle became a great writer and is regarded as one of the most important and influential figures towards shaping Western philosophy. His works were the first to ever study “logic” and he had a profound influence on others during his time.
13) Pablo Picasso -
Though Picasso may not have been an amazing scientist, his revolutionary mind forever changed the way people looked at art. He was a master drawer, painter, and sculptor. He founded “cubism” – an art style which became a huge movement in the 20th century. Pablo Picasso’s unique perception, which he expressed through his art, caused many people to view reality from a different perspective.
14) Niles Bohr -
Niels Bohr was a phenomenal physicist and a highly advanced thinker. He invented the Bohr Model which is regarded as a huge contribution to atomic physics. Bohr was heavily involved with post World War II scientific issues and carried a great head on his shoulders.
15) Thomas Jefferson -
Thomas Jefferson was a very brilliant individual. He was the 3rd president of the United States, wrote The Declaration Of Independence, and was the most influential Founding Father for the U.S. He influenced the republican party and was a horticulturist, statesman, architect, author and inventor. Jefferson was the founder of the University of Virginia and understood that slavery was unethical in a time when most everyone else thought it was proper. Thomas Jefferson was definitely had an exceptional brain.
16) Plato -
Plato was a Greek philosopher that was taught by Socrates, but taught Aristotle. Along with Socrates and Aristotle, Plato helped lay the groundwork for Western philosophy. He was known to be a mathematician, great writer, and founded “the Academy” or “institute of higher education and learning,” in Athens. His works in philosophy, logic, and mathematics, were studied and used by many teachers after his time. Not only was Plato a revolutionary thinker, he was a genius of his time.
17) Winston Churchill –
Winston Churchill was a rightfully famous British politician during World War II. He is well-known for his abilities as a great leader, speaker, officer in the British Army, a historical writer, and an artist. Churchill became a hero of his time and is considered one of the most intelligent men of his time.
18) Benjamin Franklin -
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the U.S., an author, and a printer. He was also a great politician, inventor, and scientist. Benjamin Franklin’s scientific contributions have shaped physics and the field of electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, the odometer, and the glass harmonica. Franklin created the first public lending library in the United States and first fire department in the city of Pennsylvania. Ben Franklin was a true genius of his time.
19) Thomas Edison –
Thomas Edison was a great inventor and businessman who created many appliances that have had profound influence on life around the world. A couple of his inventions are: the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. Jefferson was also one of the first inventors to apply the idea of “mass production” to the invention process. Many give Jefferson credit with creating the first ever industrial research lab. He is considered one of the most gifted inventors ever and holds over 1,000 United States patents. Edison truly added his touch of genius to the scientific community.
20) Daniel Tammet -
Daniel Tammet is a high-functioning autistic savant. He has been gifted with a knack for mathematics, language learning, and above average memorization skills. He was featured on a discovery channel special that tested his abilities and showed his ability to learn arguably the toughest language, Icelandic, in less than 7 days to appear in an interview. Daniel has an incredible brain and was gifted with an above-average intellect.
21) William Shakespeare -
William Shakespeare was a poet, playwright, and has been hailed “the greatest writer” in the English language and the worlds best dramatist. He has been deemed the national poet of England and his works include: nearly 40 plays, around 150 sonnets, and 2 long poems. Shakespeare’s plays have been translated into every language, and are performed more often than any other playwright. Shakespeare shed his genius-like thoughts through his complex storytelling
22) Kim Peek -
Though Kim Peek is a savant, he has some exceptional brain abilities. He is lacking a functional corpus callosum (which makes it impossible for his right and left brain hemispheres to exchange information) and has a damaged cerebellum. Without a corpus callosum, some develop above average memory abilities. In Kim Peek’s case, he can read a new book in about 1 hour and manages to retain over 98% of the information within the book! Impressive.
23) Ludwig van Beethoven -
Beethoven was a German pianist and legendary musician. He was very influential in Western classical music and is thought of as the best composer of all time. Though Beethoven’s hearing began to cease in his early twenties, he was still able to create classical masterpieces. He was able to conduct, compose, and perform music even after he was completely deaf! Beethoven blessed the world with his musical genius and brilliant mind.
24) Srinivasa Ramanujan -
Srinivasa was an Indian mathematician who was able to make huge contributions in the area of mathematical analysis and number theory. Srinivasa demonstrated an uncanny, natural ability to master mathematics. He had a complete math book mastered by 13, and even discovered theorems of his own. He won many awards by showing others his superior mathematical ability at his school. By age 17, this mathematical prodigy was doing his own research with mathematics and numbers. He compiled nearly 4,000 equations and identities in his short lifetime.
25) Johann Sebastian Bach -
Bach was an exceptional composer and organist. He specialized in choir, orchestra, and solo instruments. He was able to enrich the German composing style with a full harmonic scale and was able to adapt rhythms from Italy and France. Though his music began early in the 19th century, he is now noted as one of the greatest composers in the Western tradition. Bach was yet another musical genius
26) Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart -
Mozart was a very influential composer during the classical era. He was able to create over 600 compositions that were widely accepted and acknowledged. His music specialties included symphony, chamber music, piano, opera, and choral music. Mozart is among the most popular of classical composers, and many of his works are still included in concerts today. Mozart clearly demonstrated his musical proficiency and level of genius.
27) Sir Francis Drake -
Drake was a famous traveler, navigator, and politician from England. He managed to circumnavigate the world in 1577 and has been proclaimed a legend in England. Drake was an exceptionally smart individual and had an estimated I.Q. of 130. Sir Francis was a powerful man that happened to have an incredibly powerful brain.
28) George Berkeley -
George Berkeley was an Irish philosopher and developed a famous theory of “immaterialism.” Berkeley also published a book called “The Analyst” that would critique calculus and influence common day mathematics. University Of California, Berkeley was named after George due to his intelligence and philosophical insight.
29) Ludwig Wittgenstein -
Ludwig was an Austrian philosopher that developed theories involving logic. He contributed to the philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of the mind. He has had a huge influence on philosophy and is widely accepted as one of the twentieth century’s best philosophers. Wittengenstein published 2 books and both were highly influential in philosophy.
30) Socrates -
Socrates is regarded as one of the best ancient greek philosophers of all time. As teacher of Plato, he has been associated with highly advanced thinking during his time. His work continues to form much of the foundation for the study of philosophy today. Socrates has made important contributions to the study of logic and writings, and has provided a lot of groundwork that much of the Western civilization has followed.
31) Linus Pauling –
Linus Pauling was a peace activist, scientist, author, and teacher. Pauling is regarded as one of the most influential chemists in history and was one of the most important scientists of all time. He was one of the pioneers to work in the study of molecular biology and quantum chemistry. He has been awarded more than 1 Nobel Prize and is one of only 2 individuals to receive them for different fields.
32) Christopher Michael Langan -
Christopher Langan is an American with an IQ was reported by “20/20″ and other media sources to have been measured at nearly 200. Though he used to work as a bouncer in Long Island, he rose to fame as “the smartest man in America” in 1999. Langan has developed “a theory of the relationship between mind and reality” which he calls the “Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe and is still alive today. This man has one of the highest I.Q.’s ever on Earth.
33) Michael Faraday -
Michael Faraday was a phenomenal chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electrochemistry and electromagnetics. His inventions of electromagnetic devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became available for use in technology. Faraday was also the very first Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
34) Blaise Pascal –
Blaise Pascal was a French physicist, religious philosopher, and great mathematician. Pascal was a child prodigy and was taught a lot by his father. Pascal’s contributions included: mechanical calculators, concepts of pressure, concepts of vacuum, and the study of fluids. In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French classical period. His name (Pascal) has been given to the SI unit of pressure, some programming language, and Pascal’s law.
35) Galileo Galilei -
Galileo Galilei was a legendery astronomer, physicist, mathematician, and philosopher. He played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include the first studies of uniformly accelerated motion, improvements to the telescope, and astronomical observations. Galileo has been called the “father of modern observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of science”, and “the Father of Modern Science.” With his discoveries and studies, Galileo was able to display his brilliance.
36) Martin Luther -
Martin Luther was a German professor, a monk, theologian, and church reformer. Luther’s theology challenged the authority of the church by stating that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority and that all baptized Christians are a priesthood of believers.According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by true repentance and faith in “Jesus as the Messiah.” His revolutionary ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and changed the philosophy of Western civilization.
37) Robert Boyle -
Was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist. Boyle was largely known for his works in physics and chemistry. He is best known for the creation of “Boyle’s law.” Boyle is recognized today as one of the first modern chemists and one of the founding fathers of chemistry. One of his works, “The Sceptical Chymist” is viewed as a legendary book in the field of chemistry.
38) John Locke -
John Locke was a phenomenal English philosopher. Locke’s ideas had a huge influence on the development of political philosophy and he is considered one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment and one of the biggest contibutors to liberal theory. Locke’s influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of “consciousness.” John Locke was an independent thinker and among the greatest philosophers.
39) Charles Darwin -
Charles Darwin was a naturalist and geologist who proposed that all species of life have evolved over time.The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public. Darwin’s scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology. Darwin is yet another great thinker of his time and his theories are still studied and discussed today.
40) Johannes Kepler -
Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. He was a huge influence towards the astronomical revolution of the 17th century. Kepler is best known for his laws of planetary motion.His laws also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Kepler is regarded as a man with revolutionary thoughts towards astronomy.
41) Napoleon Bonaparte -
Napoleon Bonaparte was a political and French military leader who had a huge influence on European history. Napoleon was a general during the French Revolution, Emperor of France, King of Italy, and Mediator of the Swiss. Napoleon was a very intelligent military leader who used innovative tactics and strategy to help him win many battles.
42) Garry Kasparov –
Garry Kasparov was a former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist. Kasparov was a candidate for the Russian presidential race of 2008.Kasparov holds the all-time highest chess rating of 2851 and records for consecutive tournament victories
43) John Stuart Mill –
John Stuart Mill largely influenced British thought and politics in the 19th century. His large number of works include: texts in logic, economics, social and political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and religion. John Stuart Mill is recognized as one of the most intelligent men of his time and is regarded as one of the smartest men of all time
44) Rene Descartes -
Rene Descartes was an influential philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. Descartes has been given the title “Father of Modern Philosophy,” and has contributed a lot to Western philosophy. His writings are still being studied today and he has had a huge influence in mathematics. Rene was a key figure in the scientific revolution and was able to share his incredible insights with others.
45) George Washington -
George Washington was the first President of the United States, and lead the U.S. continental Army to defeat the British in the Revolutionary war. Washington is viewed as a symbol of the United States and republican party. He has been consistently ranked by citizens as one of the greatest presidents of the United States.
46) Miguel de Cervantes –
Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, painter and playwright. He is one of the most influential and important people in literature and the leader of culture in 16th century Spain. Cervantes’ novel “Don Quixote” is considered a classic of Western literature and has been ranked among the best novels ever written. Miguel de Cervantes’ work is considered among the most important in all of literature!
47) Francois Marie-Arouet –
Commonly known by the pen-name Voltaire, Francois Marie-Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, and philosopher. He was known for his wit, defense of civil liberties, and philosophy. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform and was one of several Enlightenment figures whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
48) Baruch de Spinoza -
Baruch de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher that was very proficient in science. Most of Spinoza’s work was not recognized until after his death. Today, Spinoza is regarded as one of the greatest 17th century philosophers. His work in philosophy laid the foundation for the 18th century Enlightenment.
49) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz -
Leibniz was a German polymath who is regarded as one of the greatest philosophers. Liebniz invented calculus, and his version is widely used. He also discovered the binary system, the structure of modern computer architectures.He was, along with Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, one of the 3 greatest 17th century philosophers.He also made major contributions to physics, technology, and made anticipations that surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and linguistics. Liebniz also wrote about politics, law, ethics, theology, and history.
50) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe -
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer whose works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, humanism, and science.Goethe was a key figure in German literature and the movement of Weimar Classicism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.Goethe is the inventor of the concept of “world literature,” having taken great interest in the literatures of England, France, Italy, classical Greece, Persia, and Arabic literature. His influence on German philosophy is unparalleled and his influence has spread across Europe. Many of his works were a primary source of inspiration in music, drama, and poetry. Goethe is considered one of the most important thinkers in the Western culture and generally recognized as the most important writer in the German language.




http://4mind4life.com/blog/2008/03/30/list-of-geniuses-top-50-influential-minds/
Top 50 Geniuses Of All Time – [In A Random Order]

هل هناك عوامل تصنع العبقرية ؟

تعالوا نتعرف ؟؟؟؟!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


قديم 09-12-2012, 09:11 AM
المشاركة 2
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
البرت اينشتاين
1)Albert Einstein
- Albert Einstein is a name that comes to mind first when thinking of geniuses. Einstein’s brain was found to be deficient in certain parts, but extraordinarily powerful in others. Another trait of Albert’s brain was the fact that he had a much larger corpus callosum than the average man. The corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres and allows them to successfully transfer information back and forth (communicate with one another). Einstein has received the Nobel Prize in physics, was named “Person Of The Century” by Time Magazine, and has contributed phenomenal theories to the world of science (i.e. theory of relativity, unique field theory, etc).
==
Albert Einstein ( German: 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics[2][3] and the most influential physicist of the 20th century. While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"),[4] he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.
Early life and education
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.
The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years. Later, at the age of eight, Einstein was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. Although it has been thought that Einstein had early speech difficulties, this is disputed by the Albert Einstein Archives, and he excelled at the first school that he attended. He was right handed; there appears to be no evidence for the widespread popular belief that he was left handed.
His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space". As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics. When Einstein was ten years old, Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey), a poor Jewish medical student from Poland, was introduced to the Einstein family by his brother, and during weekly visits over the next five years, he gave the boy popular books on science, mathematical texts and philosophical writings. These included Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid's Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").
In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. It was during his time in Italy that he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field."
In late summer 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich (later the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule). He failed to reach the required standard in several subjects, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the Principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Aargau Cantonal School in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895-96 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Wintelers' son, Paul. In January 1896, with his father's approval, he renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service. In September 1896, he passed the Swiss Matura with mostly good grades (including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1-6), and, though only seventeen, enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the ETH Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.
Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions. There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers, but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.
الوالد والوالدة:

The factory of Hermann and Jakob was moved to Pavia, Italy in 1894. Hermann, Maria and Pauline moved to Milan in the same year and one year later moved to Pavia. Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to continue his education there. The separation from her son was certainly difficult for Pauline. Due to poor business, the brothers had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded (without his brother) another electrical engineering company in Milan. This time business was better. But Hermann's health had gone downhill, and he died of heart failure in Milan on October 10, 1902.

- البرت انيشتن انفصل عن والديه عام 1895 أي عندما كان عمره ( 16سنه) .
- تعرض والده في عام 1894 وعمر البرت ( 15 سنة) للخسارة وأقفلت.
- تنازل عن جنسيته الألمانية عام 1896 لتجنب التجنيد الإجباري وأصبح بلا هوية.
- تدهورت صحة والده ومات بفشل قلبه عام 1902 اين بينما كان عمر البرت 23 سنة.

يتيم اجتماعي ومات أبوه وعمره 23 سنة.

قديم 09-12-2012, 09:13 AM
المشاركة 3
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي

1) Leonardo Da Vinci

- Leonardo Da Vinci is considered one of the best painters of all time and possibly the most multi-talented man to have ever lived! Two of his works include: The Last Super & The Mona Lisa. Da Vinci was truly ahead of his time with ideas such as: a helicopter, a tank, solar power, a calculator, and a theory of plate tectonics. Leonardo was a unique individual who exercised the curiosity of his powerful brain.
==
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian pronunciation: [leoˈnardo da ˈvintʃi] pronunciation (help·info); April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style) was an Italian Renaissancepolymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[2] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".[1] Marco Rosci states that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.[3]
Born out of wedlock to a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded him by Francis I.
Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 (Old Style), "at the third hour of the night" in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of the Medici-ruled Republic of Florence. He was the out-of-wedlock son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine legal notary, and Caterina, a peasant. Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, “da Vinci” simply meaning “of Vinci”: his full birth name was "Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, (son) of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci". The inclusion of the title "ser" indicated that Leonardo's father was a gentleman.
Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano in the home of his mother, then from 1457 he lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci.
His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young. When Leonardo was sixteen his father married again, to twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini. It was not until his third and fourth marriages that Ser Piero produced legitimate heirs.
Leonardo received an informal education in Latin, geometry and mathematics. In later life, Leonardo recorded only two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face. The second occurred while exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.
Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture. Vasari, the 16th-century biographer of Renaissance painters tells of how a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–76
In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio, whose workshop was "one of the finest in Florence". Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling[
Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again.[20] On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint, with the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.[21] Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.[10]
By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him. [Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on August 5, 1473
==
Born out of wedlock, the love child of a respected notary and a young peasant woman, Leonardo da Vinci (b. April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy) was raised by his father, Ser Piero, and his stepmothers.
- ابن غير شرعي لرجل ثري وام تعمل في الحقول.
- عاش عند والدتة حتى نس الخامسة.
- انتقل بعدها للعيش عند والده وجده وعمه ( ويبدو انه انفصل عندها عن أمه ولا يعرف مصير ها بعد ذلك السن ).
- واضح انه اتفصل عن والدته وعاش مع والده و زوجاته بعد انفصاله عن امه.
ابن غير شرعي عاش في منزل والدته أول خمس سنوات حتى انه لا يحمل اسم وسط بل يشار اليه على انه ابن الرجل الثري من فينا ، ثم عاش لدى عائلة والده المزواج حيث ومات إحدى زوجاته وعمر وكانت قد احبت ليوناردو وهو في سن الخامسة عشره. ولا يعرف شيء عن والدته بعد تلك السنوات الخمس.

ابن غير شرعي ويتيم اجتماعي.

قديم 09-12-2012, 09:14 AM
المشاركة 4
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Nikola Tesla
- Tesla was a renowned physicist, inventor, and engineer. He has made phenomenal contributions to science and has been classified as the “world’s greatest electrical engineer.” Nikola engaged in studying many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly had a photographic memory. Tesla had above average brain power and was an advanced thinker when compared to others of his time.

==
ولد نيكولا تسلا لاب وام صربيين في قرية سميلجان, الإمبراطورية النمساوية بالقرب من مدينة جوسبيك, في منطقة تابعة لكرواتيا في الوقت الحاضر. والده ميلوتين تسلا, كاهن بالكنيسة الاورثوذوكسية الصربية. والدته ديوكا تسلا, كان والدها كاهن أرثوذكسي أيضا. كانت والدته تتقن صناعة الادوات المنزلية وتحفظ الكثير من القصائد الملحمية الصربية بالرغم من انها لم تتعلم القراءة. اشار كاتب السير الذاتية جون أونيل إلى ان والديه اتوا من غرب صربيا بالقرب من مونتينيجرو.
هو رابع خمسة أولاد, له اخ واحد أكبر منه(دانيلو, توفي عندما كان نيكولا بعمر الخامسة) وثلاث اخوات(ميلكا, انجلينا, ومارسيا). انتقلت عائلته لمدينة جوسبيك عام 1862. مما يدلل وبوضوح على عبقريته اختراعه للملف الكهربي وعمره 16 عام!!! وهو أول من حاول استخدام الكهرباء في التصوير إلا أن المنية عاجلته في فندق نيويورك، في السابع من يناير 1943... وقد تأثر بأعمال مكتشف الأشعة السينية "ويلهلم رونتجن" وقد حاول كذلك تصوير حركة التيارات الكهربية في الجسم البشري


Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American[1][2][3] inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He is best known for his contributions to the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. Tesla's patents and theoretical work helped form the basis of wireless communication and radio. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism were based on Michael Faraday's theories of electromagnetic technology.[4]
Born to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan (now in Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen.[5] Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio[6] and his contributions to the development of alternating current, the successful system in the "War of Currents", he is widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America.[7] He pioneered modern electrical engineering and made numerous groundbreaking discoveries. In the United States during this time Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture.[8] Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891[9] and aspired to achieve intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.[10]
In the 1930s, towards the end of his life, Tesla became reclusive, living alone in a New York City hotel room and only appearing occasionally to make unusual statements to the press. Because of his pronouncements and the nature of his work over the years, Tesla gained a reputation in popular culture as the archetypal "mad scientist".[13][14] He died penniless and in debt on 7 January 1943.
His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in 1960, in honor of Nikola Tesla the General Conference on Weights and Measures for the International System of Units dedicated the term "tesla" to the SI unit measure for magnetic field strength, and since the 1990s, Tesla's reputation has experienced a comeback in popular culture.[18][19] In 2005, he was listed amongst the top 100 nominees in the TV show "The Greatest American", an open access popularity poll conducted by AOL and The Discovery Channel.[20]

Early years (1856-1885)

Nikola Tesla was born on 10 July (O.S. 28 June) 1856 to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin Tesla, was a priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church.[21] Tesla's mother, Đuka Tesla (née Mandić), whose father was also a Serbian Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and for memorizing many Serbian epic poems, even though she had never learned how to read. Tesla's progenitors were from Western Serbia, near Montenegro.
Nikola was the fourth of five children, having an older brother, Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five, and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Some accounts claim that Tesla had caused the accident by frightening the horse.
In 1861, Nikola attended the Krajina "Lower" or "Primary" School in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.
In 1862, the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Nikola's father worked as a pastor. Nikola completed Krajina "Lower" or "Primary" School, followed by the "Lower Real Gymnasium" or "Normal School".
In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac, Croatia to attend school at Higher Real Gymnasium, where his math teacher, Martin Sekulić, profoundly influenced him.He was able to perform integral calculus in his head, leading his teachers to think that he was cheating. He finished a four-year term in just three years, graduating in 1873.
In 1873, after graduating from Higher Real Gymnasium, Tesla returned to his hometown, Smiljan, Croatia. Shortly after arriving, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. Nikola's father, in a moment of despair, agreed to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illnes[ (his father originally wanted him to enter the priesthood).
In 1874, Tesla evaded a draft by escaping to Tomingaj, near Gračac. During this period of time, he explored the mountains in hunter's garb. Tesla claimed that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj, later claiming that Mark Twain's works helped him to miraculously recover from the illness.

In 1875, Tesla enrolled at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria on a Military Border scholarship. During his first year Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams[34][39] (nearly twice as many required[40]), started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of first rank." Tesla claimed that he worked from 3 A.M. to 11 P.M., no Sundays or holidays excepted. He was "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors."
After his father's death in 1879, Tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father, warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork. During his second year, Tesla came into conflict with Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo when Tesla suggested that commutators weren't necessary. At the end of his second year, Tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling. During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family. Tesla claimed that he "conquered [his] passion then and there", but he was known to play billiards in the U.S.. When exam time came, Tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study, but was denied. He never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester.
In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family. He didn't want his parents to know that he had dropped out.[36] His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.[42] Tesla went to Marburg (now in Slovenia), where he was employed as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with the local man on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin Tesla came to Maribor to plead to his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown during this time.

On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness. During this year, Nikola taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospić.[
In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him flee] to Prague. Unfortunately, Tesla could not attend Charles-Ferdinand University because he arrived too tardy to enroll; never took Greek, which was required; and was illiterate in Czech, which was also required. Tesla did, however, attend lectures at the university as an auditor but did not receive grades for the courses.
In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under Ferenc Puskas at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office, instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional and Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position.[48] During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier, which was never patented or publicly described

- ترتيبه الرابع بين اخوته وله اخ اكبر منه قتل عندما سقط عن ظهر حصان وعمر نقولا 5 سنوات ويقال انه تسبب في قتله.
- في عام 1870 ( وعمره 16 سنه ) أصيب بالكوليرا وظل مريض لمدة تسع اشهر وكاد ان يموت عدة مرات.
- مات ابوه عام 1879 ( وعمره 23 سنة )
- نظرا لطرده من الجامعة قطع علاقاته مع عائلة في عام 1878 . واعتقد اصدقاؤه انه غرق في النهر.
- اصيب بانهيار عصبي عام 1879 بعد فشل والده في اعادت الى البيت.
اختبر موت اخاه وهو ابن خمس سنوات كما انه كان على مشارف الموت اكثر من مرة. لا يعرف متى ماتت والدته لكن والده مات وعمره 23 سنة وأصيب في تلك السنة بانهيار عصبي.


طفولة كارثية بطعم الموت.


=

قديم 09-12-2012, 09:17 AM
المشاركة 5
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Sir Isaac Newton


- Sir Isaac Newton was an astronomer astronomer, physicist, inventor, mathematician, and philosopher. In a 2005 poll, Newton was named more influential than Einstein in science. He has developed laws of motion, principles of momentum, and invented the reflecting telescope. Newton has had tons of great scientific achievements. His diverse list of scientific and mathematic accomplishments demonstrate the incredible ability of his brain.


==
إسحاق نيوتن
فيزيائي ، ورياضي، وكيميائي، وفيلسوف إنجليزي. ويعتبر نيوتن من أعظم العقول التي مرت على البشرية. عاش ما بين 25 ديسمبر 1643 إلى 31 مارس 1727 بالتقويم الغريغوري (الميلادي المعروف حاليا)
لقد وضّح نيوتن قوانين الكون بالنسبة للجاذبية والحركة بوضع القوانين الثلاث للحركة. كما يعتبر مؤسس العلوم البصرية الحديثة (Modern Study of Optics) والتي تفسر حركة الضوء وتمكن من إختراع التلسكوب العاكس ليتغلب على مشكلة الألوان التي تظهر في التلسكوبات المعتمدة على الضوء المنكسر.
وقد ابتكر وأبدع في علم الحساب الرياضي (Calculus) ويشاركه الأسبقية في ذلك العالم الألماني ليبينز (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) والذي عمل مستقلا عن نيوتن.
لقد أخذ نيوتن الحقائق المعروفة، ووضعها على شكل نظريات رياضية تشرح هذه الحقائق. ثم استخدم هذه النظريات الرياضية لتوقع حركة الأجسام من حوله. وبعدها قارن النتائج الواقعة بتوقعاته المسبقة ليستنتج بعد ذلك نظريات علمية.
وقد شرحت نظريات نيوتن العلمية وقوانينه كثيرا من الظواهر وأرست الدعامة القائلة بأن العلم بإمكانه تفسير الظواهر الأخرى ايضا.
الإنجازات الإضافيّة
نيوتن كان الأول في برهنة أن الحركة الأرضية وحركة الأجرام السماوية تُحكم من قبل القوانين الطبيعية ويرتبط إسم العالم نيوتن بالثورة العلمية. يرجع الفضل لنيوتن بتزويد القوانين الرياضية لأثبات نظريات كيبلر والمتعلقة بحركة الكواكب.
قام بالتوسع في إثباتاته وتطرّق إلى ان مدار المذنّبات ليس بالضرورة بيضاوي! ويرجع الفضل لنيوتن في إثباته ان الضوء الأبيض هو مزيج من أضواء متعددة وأن الضوء يتكون من جسيمات صغيرة.
==

ولد "إسحاق نيوتن" في 4 يناير عام 1643 (OS: 25 ديسمبر 1643) لم تكن إنجلترا وقت مولد "نيوتن" قد اتخذت التقويم الميلادي تقويمًا لها ولذلك فإن تاريخ ميلاده كان مسجلاً بعيد الميلاد 25 ديسمبر 1642. ولد "نيوتن" بعد وفاة والده بثلاثة أشهر. وكان "نيوتن" صغير الحجم حيث أنه ولد مبتسراً (خداج). وقد قالت والدته Hannah Ayscough على ما يدل على أنه كان صغير الحجم للغاية. عندما بلغ "نيوتن" من العمر ثلاثة أعوام، تزوجت والدته مرةً أخرى وذهبت لتعيش مع زوجها الجديد تاركةً ابنها برعاية والدتها Margery Ayscough. وقد كان "نيوتن" الصغير يكره زوج والدته وكان يحمل في قلبه بعض العداوة لوالدته بسبب زواجها من هذا الشخص الأمر الذي أظهره كتابه في قائمة الخطايا التي اُرتكبت حتى سن 19: "مهددًا والداتي وزوجها بحرقهما وحرق المنزل وهم به.
==

'السّير إسحاق نيوتن (بالإنجليزية: Sir Isaac Newton) عالم إنجليزي، أشهر عالم فيزيائي، وفيلسوف ومن أعظم علماء القرن الثامن عشر في الرياضيات و الفيزياء. عاش ما بين 25 ديسمبر 1642 - 20 مارس 1727, بالتقويم القيصري آنذاك أو 4 يناير 1643 - 31 مارس 1727 بالتقويم الغريغوري. قدّم نيوتن ورقة علمية وصف فيها قوة الجاذبية الكونية ومهد الطريق لعلم الميكانيكا الكلاسيكية عن طريق قوانين الحركة. يشارك نيوتن لايبتنز الحق في تطوير علم الحساب التفاضلي والمتفرع من الرياضيات. وغيره من القوانين الفلكية و أساليب حلول مسائلها مما خلد ذكره في تاريخ النهضة العلمية.

الإنجازات الإضافية
كان نيوتن الأول في برهنة أن الحركة الأرضية وحركة الأجرام السماوية تُحكم من قبل قوانين لهذا كان من الطبيعي أن يرتبط اسم العالم نيوتن بالثورة العلمية. ويرجع الفضل لنيوتن بتزويد القوانين الرياضية لأثبات نظريات كيبلر والمتعلقة بحركة الكواكب.

وقام بالتوسع في إثباتاته وتطرّق إلى أن مدار المذنّبات ليس بالضرورة بيضاويا! ويقال أنه كان مجنون ويرجع الفضل لنيوتن في إثباته أن الضوء الأبيض هو مزيج من أضواء متعددة وأن الضوء يتكون من جسيمات صغيرة.

كما أنه صنع أول مقراب عاكس عام 1688(وهو نفس المقراب الذي يستخدم حتى الآن في المراصد الفلكية).

==


Isaac Newton was born on what is retroactively considered 4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642][1] at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. At the time of Newton's birth, England had not adopted the Gregorian calendar and therefore his date of birth was recorded as Christmas Day, 25 December 1642. Newton was born three months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton. Born prematurely, he was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug (≈ 1.1 litres).


When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabus Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough.


The young Isaac disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them."[10] Although it was claimed that he was once engaged,[11] Newton never married.

- يتيم الاب قبل 3 اشهر من ولادته.
- ولد غير نكتمل ووزنه قليل.
- امه تزوجت عندما كان في الثالثه وتركته عند جدته لامه.
- كره امه وزوج لانها تزوجت وتركته وكره زوج امه وفكر في حرقهما .
يتيم الاب قبل الولادة.

قديم 09-12-2012, 09:20 AM
المشاركة 6
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Stephen Hawking
- Hawking is known best for his theories of black holes, cosmology, and quantum gravity. He has also written several bestselling books such as: “A Brief History Of Time” and “The Universe In A Nutshell.” Though Stephen is currently bound to a wheelchair due to paralysis from Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS). Hawking has been recognized as a revolutionary thinker and one who displays above average intelligence.
==
ستيفن هوكينج (بالإنجليزية: Stephen Hawking) ولد في أكسفورد، إنجلترا عام 1942 وهو من أبرز علماء الفيزياء النظرية على مستوى العالم، درس في جامعة أكسفورد وحصل منها على درجة الشرف الأولى في الفيزياء، أكمل دراسته في جامعة كامبريدج للحصول على الدكتوراة في علم الكون، له أبحاث نظرية في علم الكون وأبحاث في العلاقة بين الثقوب السوداءوالديناميكا الحرارية، وله دراسات في التسلسل الزمني.

كفاءته في الفيزياء النظرية</SPAN>
  • 1971 بالتزامن مع عالم الرياضيات روجر بنروز أصدر نظريته التي تثبت رياضيا وعبر نظرية النسبية العامة لأينشتاين بأن الثقوب السوداء أو النجوم المنهارة بالجاذبية هي حالة تفردية في الكون "أي أنها حدث له نقطة بداية في الزمن ".
  • 1974 أثبت نظريا أن الثقوب السوداء تصدر إشعاعا على عكس كل النظريات المطروحة آنذاك وسمي هذا الإشعاع باسمه " إشعاع هاوكينج" واستعان بنظريات ميكانيكا الكم وقوانين الديناميكا الحرارية.
  • طور مع معاونه (جيم هارتل من جامعة كاليفورنيا) نظرية اللاحدود للكون التي غيرت من التصور القديم للحظة الانفجار الكبير عن نشأة الكون إضافة إلى عدم تعارضها مع أن الكون نظام منتظم ومغلق.
  • 1988 نشر كتابه "موجز تاريخ الزمن" الذي حقق أرقام مبيعات وشهرة عالية ولاعتقاد هوكينج أن الإنسان العادي يجب أن يعرف مبادئ الكون فقد بسط النظريات بشكل سلس.
  • 1993 نشر مقاله بعنوان "الكون الوليد والثقوب السوداء"
  • 2001 نشر كتابه "الكون في قشرة جوز".
  • 2005 نشر نسخة جديدة من كتابه "موجز تاريخ الزمن" لتكون أبسط للقراء.
المرض</SPAN>

أصيب هوكينغ بمرض عصبي وهو في عمر 21 هو مرض التصلب الجانبيALS وهو مرض مميت لا دواء له وقد ذكر الأطباء أنه لن يعيش أكثر من سنتين، ومع ذلك جاهد المرض وهو في عمر 70 الآن وهي مدة أطول مما ذكره الأطباء، ذلك المرض جعله مقعدا تماما غير قادر على الحراك، لكن مع ذلك استطاع أن يجاري بل وأن يتفوق على أقرانه من علماء الفيزياء رغم أن أيديهم كانت سليمة ويستطيعون أن يكتبوا المعادلات المعقدة ويجروا حساباتهم الطويلة على الورق كان هوكينج وبطريقة لا تصدق يجري هذه الحسابات في ذهنه، ويفخر بأنه حظي بذات اللقب وكرسي الأستاذية الذي حظي به من قبل السير إسحاق نيوتن.
مع تطور مرضه وأيضا بسبب إجرائه عملية للقصبة الهوائية بسبب التهاب القصبة، أصبح هوكنج غير قادر على النطق أو تحريك ذراعه أو قدمه أي أصبح غير قادر على الحركة تماما، فقامت شركة انتل للمعالجات والنظم الرقميه بتطوير نظام حاسوب خاص متصل بكرسيه يستطيع هوكينج به التحكم بحركة كرسيه والتخاطب باستخدام صوت مولد إلكترونيا وإصدار الأوامر عن طريق حركة عينه ورأسه وعن طريق حركة العينين، حيث يقوم بإخراج بيانات مخزنة مسبقا في الجهاز تمثل كلمات وأوامر. في 20 أبريل 2009، صرحت جامعة كامبردج بأن ستيفن هوكينغ مريض جدا وقد اُودع مستشفى إدينبروك.
يعتبر هوكنج مثالا على الصبر وللتحدي مع صراعة للمرض الذي دام 47 سنة.
كمؤيد للتعلم</SPAN>

يتميز ستيفن ببديهة عالية حيث أجاب على سؤال "ماذا يأتي قبل الانفجار الكبير في الكون؟" فكانت إجابته أن هذا السؤال يشبه سؤال "ما المكان الذي يقع شمال القطب الشمالي؟" وكانت هذه الاجابة تلخيصا لنظريته حول الكون المغلق والذي بلا حدود
==
Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking.[1] He has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.[2] Hawking's parents were living in North London, but moved to Oxford shortly before his birth, while London was under attack during the Second World War.[3]
In 1950, when his father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research,[1] Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.[3] Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls from 1950 to 1953; at that time, boys could attend the girls' school until the age of 10.[2] From the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was an average, but not exceptional student.[3] He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series.[4]
Hawking has named his secondary school mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta as an inspiration,[5] and originally wanted to study the subject at university. However, Hawking's father wanted him to apply to University College, Oxford, which his father had attended. As University College did not have a mathematics fellow at that time, they did not accept applications from students who wished to study that discipline. Therefore, Hawking applied to study natural sciences with an emphasis in physics. University College accepted Hawking, and he gained a scholarship. While at Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which helped ease his immense boredom at the university. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries".
Hawking's unimpressive study habits resulted in a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an oral examination necessary. Berman commented: "the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves". After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford in 1962, he left for graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Career

1962–75

Hawking started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis upon his arrival at Cambridge. He did not distinguish himself in his first two years at the institution. With the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his PhD after the disease had stabilised[7] and graduated with his doctorate in 1966, before starting a four-year research fellowship at Cambridge.
When Hawking began his graduate studies in the 1960s, there was much debate in the physics community about the opposing theories of the creation of the universe: big bang, and steady state. Hawking and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, showed in 1970 that if the universe obeys general relativity and fits any of the Friedmann models, then it must have begun as a singularity.[8] This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in exceptional circumstances, singularities are a fairly common feature of general relativity.[9] For their essay on this subject, Hawking and Penrose were jointly awarded the Adams prize in 1966.[10] This essay served as the basis for a textbook, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, that Hawking published with George Ellis in 1973.
In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created 'Fellowship for Distinction in Science' to remain at Cambridge. In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. Robinson strongly supported John Wheeler's no-hair theorem – that any black hole can be fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.[13] With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics.[14] In 1974, he calculated that black holes should emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.[8]
Hawking was elected one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974,[15] and in the same year he accepted the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to work with his friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne.[16] He continues to maintain ties to Caltech, having spent a month each year there since 1992
==


- أصيب بمرض عصبي وعمره 21 سنة كاد ان يؤدي بحياته واصيبه على اثر ذلك بشلل تام حيث لا يعمل فيه الا دماغه وربما بعض اصابعه تساعده على استخدام الكمبيوتر والذي يستخدمه للكلام ايضا فهو لا يستطيع النقط من دون مساعدة الاجهزة.
حياة كارثية واعاقة جسدية شبه كاملة.








قديم 09-12-2012, 09:24 AM
المشاركة 7
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Michelangelo

- Michelangelo was a phenomenal painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. His diverse interest in art and the world really showed. He sculpted the Pieta and the David before he was 30 years old! He painted the Sistine Chapel and worked on the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica. Michelangelo was a genius that was able to bring an entirely new artistic perspective from his mind to reality.

Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475[a] in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany.[5] (Today, Caprese is known as Caprese Michelangelo). For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence, but his father, Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni, failed to maintain the bank's financial status, and held occasional government positions.

Early adulthood

Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo's circumstances. Michelangelo left the security of the Medici court and returned to his father's house. In the following months he carved a wooden crucifix (1493), as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito, which had permitted him some studies of anatomy on the corpses of the church's hospital. Between 1493 and 1494 he bought a block of marble for a larger than life statue of Hercules, which was sent to France and subsequently disappeared sometime circa 18th century. On 20 January 1494, after heavy snowfalls, Lorenzo's heir, Piero de Medici, commissioned a snow statue, and Michelangelo again entered the court of the Medici.
In the same year, the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of Savonarola. Michelangelo left the city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to Venice and then to Bologna. In Bologna, he was commissioned to finish the carving of the last small figures of the Shrine of St. Dominic, in the church dedicated to that saint. Towards the end of 1494, the political situation in Florence was calmer. The city, previously under threat from the French, was no longer in danger as Charles VIII had suffered defeats. Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola. He returned to the employment of the Medici. During the half year he spent in Florence, he worked on two small statues, a child St. John the Baptist and a sleeping Cupid. According to Condivi, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, for whom Michelangelo had sculpted St. John the Baptist, asked that Michelangelo "fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried" so he could "send it to Rome...pass [it off as] an ancient work and...sell it much better." Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of the real value of the piece by a middleman. Cardinal Raffaele Riario, to whom Lorenzo had sold it, discovered that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome. This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate's invitation
==
ميكيلانجيلو بوناروتي (بالإيطالية: Michelangelo Buonarroti) كان رسام ونحات ومهندس وشاعر إيطالي، كان لإنجازاته الفنية الأثر الأكبر على محور الفنون ضمن عصره وخلال المراحل الفنية الأوروبية اللاحقة.
اعتبر ميكيلانجيلو أن جسد الإنسانالعاري الموضوع الأساسي بالفن مما دفعه لدراسة أوضاع الجسد وتحركاته ضمن البيئات المختلفة. حتى أن جميع فنونه المعمارية كانت ولابد أن تحتوي على شكل إنساني من خلال نافذة، جدار، أو باب.[2]
كان ميكيلانجيلو يبحث دائما عن التحدي سواء كان تحديا جسديا أو عقليا، وأغلب المواضيع التي كان يعمل بها كانت تستلزم جهدًا بالغاً سواء كانت لوحات جصية أو لوحات فنية مرسومة، وكان ميكيلانجيلو يختار الوضعيات الأصعب للرسم إضافة لذلك كان دائما ما يخلق عدة معاني من لوحته من خلال دمج الطبقات المختلفة في صورة واحدة، وأغلب معانيه كان يستقيها من الأساطير، الدين، ومواضيع أخرى. نجاحه في قهر العقبات التي وضعها لنفسه في صنع تحفه كان مذهلا إلا أنه كثيرا ما كان يترك أعماله دون إنجاز وكأنه يُهزم بطموحهِ نفسه.[3] اثنان من أعظم أعماله النحتية، تمثال داوودوتمثال بيتتاالعذراء تنتحب قام بإنجازهما وهو دون سن الثلاثين.
رغم كون ميكيلانجيلو من الفنانين شديدي التدين فقد عبر عن أفكارهالشخصية فقط من خلال أعماله الأخيرة. فقد كانت أعماله الأخيرة من وحي واستلهام الديانة المسيحية مثل صلب المسيح.[
تعرف ميكيلانجيلو، خلال مسيرة عمله، على مجموعة من الأشخاص المثقفين يتمتعون بنفوذ اجتماعي كبير. رعاته كانوا دائما من رجال الأعمال الفاحش الثراء أو رجال ذوي المكانة الاجتماعية القوية بالإضافة لأعضاء الكنيسة وزعمائها، من ضمنهم البابا يوليوس الثاني، كليمنت السابع وبولس الثالث. سعى ميكيلانجيلو دائما ليكون مقبولاً من رعاته لأنه كان يعلم بأنهم الوحيدون القادرون على جعل أعماله حقيقة.
من صفات ميكيلانجيلو أنه كان يعتبر الفن عمل يجب أن يتضمن جهدا كبيراً وعملاً مضنياً فكانت معظم أعماله تتطلب جهداً عضلي وعدداً كبيرا من العمال وقليلاً ما كان يفضل الرسم العادي الذي يمكن أداؤه بلباس نظيف. وتُعتبر هذه الرؤية من إحدى تناقضاته التي جعلته يتطور في نفسه من حرفي إلى فنان عبقري قام بخلقه بنفسه.
قام ميكيلانجيلو في فترة من حياته بمحاولة تدمير كافة اللوحات التي قام برسمها ولم يبق من لوحاته إلا بضعة لوحات ومنها لوحة باسم "دراسة لجذع الذكر"، التي أكملها عام 1550 والتي بيعت في صالة مزادات كريستي بنحو أربعة ملايين دولار، وكانت هذه اللوحة واحدة من عدة رسومات قليلة للأعمال الأخيرة لميكيلانجيلو الذي توفي عام 1564، والتي تبدو أنها تمت بصلة إلى شخصية المسيح.

أثارت عملية تنظيف تمثال داوود الشهير، في الذكرى الخمسمئة لنحته، بالمياه المقطرة، جدلا واسعا، حيث وافق وزير الثقافةالإيطالي "جوليانو أوروباني" على تنظيفه رغم احتجاج العديد من الخبراء على طريقة التنظيف،[8] حيث رأى البعض أن تلك الطريقة في التنظيف ستلحق أضرارا بالرخام وسط مخاوف من أن تصبح منحوتة داوود أشبه بمنحوتة عادية من الجص، وطرح الخبراء فكرة التنظيف الجاف الذي رفضه وزير الثقافة جوليانو أوروباني.
بالرغم من اعتبار رسم اللوحات من الاهتمامات الثانوية عند ميكيلانجيلو إلا أنه تمكن من رسم لوحات جدارية عملاقة أثرت بصورة كبيرة على منحى الفن التشكيلي الأوروبي مثل تصوير قصة سفر التكوين في العهد القديم على سقف كنيسة سيستاين، ولوحة يوم القيامة على منبر كنيسة سيستايت في روما. ما يُعتبر فريدا في حياة فناني عصر النهضة إن ميكيلانجيلو كان الفنان الوحيد الذي تم كتابة سيرته على يد مؤرخين بينما كان على قيد الحياة حيث قام المؤرخ جورجو فازاري بكتابة سيرته وهو على قيد الحياة، ووصف الأخير ميكيلانجيلو بذروة فناني عصر النهضة. مما لا شك فيه أن ميكيلانجيلو قد أثر على من عاصروه ومن لحقوه بتأثيرات عميقة فأصبح أسلوبه بحد ذاته مدرسة وحركة فنية تعتمد على تضخيم أساليبه ومبادئه بشكل مبالغ به حتى أواخر عصر النهضة فكانت هذه المدرسة تستقي مبادئها من رسوماته ذات الوضعيات المعقدة والمرونة الأنيقة.

حياته وأعماله

نشأته
ولد ميكيلانجيلو في قرية كابريزي قرب أريتسوبتوسكانا وترعرع في فلورنسا، التي كانت مركز النهضة الأوروبية آنذاك، ومن محيطها المليء بمنجزات فناني النهضة السابقين إلى تحف الإغريق المذهلة، استطاع أن يتعلم ويستقي منها الكثير عن فن النحتوالرسم. كانت أسرة ميكيلانجيلو من أبرز المصرفيين الصغار في فلورنسا، لكن والده، "لودفيكو دي ليوناردو دي بوناروتي دي سيموني"، شذ عن باقي أفراد العائلة، وشغل عدّة مناصب حكومية خلال حياته، أما والدته فهي "فرانشيسكا دي نيري دل مينياتو دي سيينا". زعمت أسرة بوناروتي أن أبنائها يتحدرون من "ماتيلدي التوسكانية" وهي إحدى نبيلات إيطاليا القديمات، وعلى الرغم من أن هذا الزعم ما زال غير مؤكد، إلا أن ميكيلانجيلو نفسه كان مؤمنًا به. بعد بضعة أشهر من ولادة ميكيلانجيلو، عادت أسرته إلى فلورنسا، حيث قضى سنوات صباه، وفي سنة 1481، أي عندما كان يبلغ من العمر ست سنوات فحسب، توفيت والدته بعد صراع طويل مع المرض، فانتقل ميكيلانجيلو ليعيش مع أسرة رجل يعمل في قلع الحجارة ببلدة "سيتيغنانو"، حيث كان ولده يملك مقلعًا للرخامومزرعة صغيرة.


يتيم الام في سن السادسة حيث ماتت امه بعد مرض عضال . كما انه عاش بعد عن الاب لدى عائلة بديلة في طفولته.


يتيم الام في سن السادسة.

قديم 09-12-2012, 10:40 AM
المشاركة 8
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Archimedes
- Archimedes was a Greek philosopher, engineer, inventor and astronomer. He is also considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Though there isn’t a ton of documented information regarding his personal life, we do know that he has had a large impact on science and physics. Archimedes’ thoughts were clearly ahead of his time: not many would disagree that he was a genius.
==
Archimedes was born c. 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia. The date of birth is based on a statement by the Byzantine Greek historian John Tzetzes that Archimedes lived for 75 years.[8] In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes gives his father's name as Phidias, an astronomer about whom nothing is known. Plutarch wrote in his Parallel Lives that Archimedes was related to King Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse.[9] A biography of Archimedes was written by his friend Heracleides but this work has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure.[10] It is unknown, for instance, whether he ever married or had children. During his youth, Archimedes may have studied in Alexandria, Egypt, where Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene were contemporaries. He referred to Conon of Samos as his friend, while two of his works (The Method of Mechanical Theorems and the Cattle Problem) have introductions addressed to Eratosthenes.[a]
Archimedes died c. 212 BC during the Second Punic War, when Roman forces under General Marcus Claudius Marcellus captured the city of Syracuse after a two-year-long siege. According to the popular account given by Plutarch, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet General Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with his sword. Plutarch also gives a lesser-known account of the death of Archimedes which suggests that he may have been killed while attempting to surrender to a Roman soldier. According to this story, Archimedes was carrying mathematical instruments, and was killed because the soldier thought that they were valuable items. General Marcellus was reportedly angered by the death of Archimedes, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset and had ordered that he not be harmed.

A sphere has 2/3 the volume and surface area of its circumscribing cylinder. A sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request.
The last words attributed to Archimedes are "Do not disturb my circles", a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by the Roman soldier. This quote is often given in Latin as "Noli turbare circulos meos," but there is no reliable evidence that Archimedes uttered these words and they do not appear in the account given by Plutarch.
مجهول الطفولة.

قديم 09-12-2012, 10:43 AM
المشاركة 9
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Warren Buffet
– Though Warren Buffet isn’t a big contributor to science like many other names listed, he does have a ton of knowledge about making money through investing. He is a known philanthropist (someone who donates their time & money for charitable causes) and Time Magazine has regarded Buffet as one of the Top 100 Most Influential People in the world. He was also ranked by Forbes in 2008 as the richest person in the world. His company [Berkshire Hathaway] has an estimated net worth of $62 billion dollars. Warren is a very intelligent man and a financial genius.
==
Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of three children and only son of U.S. Representative Howard Buffett,[14] a fierce critic of the interventionist New Deal domestic and foreign policy, and his wife Leila (née Stahl). Buffett began his education at Rose Hill Elementary School in Omaha. In 1942, his father was elected to the first of four terms in the United States Congress, and after moving with his family to Washington, D.C., Warren finished elementary school, attended Alice Deal Junior High School, and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1947, where his senior yearbook picture reads: "likes math; a future stockbroker".[15]
Even as a child, Buffett displayed an interest in making and saving money. He went door to door selling chewing gum, Coca-Cola, or weekly magazines. For a while, he worked in his grandfather's grocery store. While still in high school he was successful in making money by delivering newspapers, selling golfballs and stamps, and detailing cars, among other means. Filing his first income tax return in 1944, Buffett took a $35 deduction for the use of his bicycle and watch on his paper route.[16] In 1945, in his sophomore year of high school, Buffett and a friend spent $25 to purchase a used pinball machine, which they placed in the local barber shop. Within months, they owned several machines in different barber shops.
Buffett's interest in the stock market and investing also dated to his childhood, to the days he spent in the customers' lounge of a regional stock brokerage near the office of his father's own brokerage company. On a trip to New York City at the age of ten, he made a point to visit the New York Stock Exchange. At the age of 11, he bought three shares of Cities Service Preferred for himself, and three for his sister.[17][18] While in high school he invested in a business owned by his father and bought a farm worked by a tenant farmer. By the time he finished college, Buffett had accumulated more than $90,000 in savings measured in 2009 dollars.
Buffett entered college as a freshman in 1947 at the Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania and studied there for two years from 1947 to 1949. In the year 1950, when he entered his junior year, he transferred to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln where at the age of nineteen, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in business administration. After the completion of his undergraduate studies, Buffett enrolled at Columbia Business School after learning that Benjamin Graham (author of "The Intelligent Investor" – one of his favorite books on investing) and David Dodd, two well-known securities analysts, taught there. He earned a Master of Science in economics from Columbia in 1951. Buffett also attended the New York Institute of Finance. In Buffett's own words:
“
I'm 15 percent Fisher and 85 percent Benjamin Graham.
The basic ideas of investing are to look at stocks as business, use the market's fluctuations to your advantage, and seek a margin of safety. That's what Ben Graham taught us. A hundred years from now they will still be the cornerstones of investing.[

يلاحظ انه اندفع للعمل في سن مبكرة جدا في اعمال مثل بيع الجرائد ولا يعرف شيء عن والدته.
مجهول الطفولة.
==

قديم 09-12-2012, 10:44 AM
المشاركة 10
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
Swami Vivekananda
- In the Eastern world, Swami Vivekananda is regarded as a genius by many. He was one of the most influential and spiritual leaders ever and was a highly-renowned thinker. Because of his insight and unique philosophy that he had contributed to eastern religions, his knowledge and intellect will continue to be admired.
==
Swami Vivekananda ( pronounced: IPA: (12 January 1863–4 July 1902), born Narendra Nath Datta (IPA: was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world[4] and was credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion in the late 19th century.[5] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India and contributed to the notion of nationalism in colonial India.[6] He was the chief disciple of the 19th century saint Ramakrishna and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.[4] He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of America,"[7] through which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Swami Vivekananda showed an inclination towards spirituality and God realisation. His guru, Ramakrishna, taught him Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism); that all religions are true and that service to man was the most effective worship of God. After the death of his guru, Vivekananda became a wandering monk, extensively touring the Indian subcontinent and acquiring first-hand knowledge of conditions in India. He later travelled to the United States and represented India as a delegate in the 1893 Parliament of World Religions. He conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in America, England and Europe. He established the Vedanta societies in America and England.
In America Vivekananda became India's spiritual ambassador. His mission there was the interpretation of India's spiritual culture and heritage. He also tried to enrich the religious consciousness of Americans through the teachings of the Vedanta philosophy. In India Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint of modern India and his birthday is celebrated as National Youth Day.
In Swami Vivekananda's own words, he was "condensed India". William James, the Harvard philosopher, called Vivekananda the "paragon of Vedantists". Rabindranath Tagore's suggestion (to Nobel LaureateRomain Rolland) was– "If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative."[8]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth and childhood

Swami Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Dutta in Calcutta, the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival. He belonged to a traditional Bengali Kayastha (a caste of Hindus) family. There was precedence of ascetics in his family—Narendra's grandfather Durga Charan Datta renounced the world and became a monk at the age of twenty five.[10] Narendra's father Vishwanath Datta was an attorney of Calcutta High Court.[11] Vishwanath Datta had a liberal, progressive outlook on social and religious matters.[12] Narendra's mother, Bhuvaneswari Devi[nb 1], was a pious woman. Before the birth of Narendra, she yearned for a son and asked a relative at Varanasi to make religious offerings to the god Shiva.[14] According to traditional accounts, Bhuvaneswari Devi had a dream in which Shiva said that he would be born as her son.[15] Bhuvaneswari Devi accepted the child as a boon from Shiva and named him Vireswara, meaning "powerful god" in Bengali.[14] The rational approach of his father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape young Narendra's thinking and personality.[16][17] He learnt the power of self-control from his mother.[17] In later life, Narendra often quoted a saying of his mother, "Remain pure all your life; guard your own honour and never transgress the honour of others. Be very tranquil, but when necessary, harden your heart."[18] He was adept in meditation and could enter the state of samadhi (a higher level of concentrated meditation).[17] He would often visualise a light while falling asleep and had a vision of Gautama Buddha during his meditation.[19] During his childhood, he was fascinated by the wandering ascetics and monks.[17]
Narendra had interest and a wide range of scholarship in philosophy, religion, history, the social sciences, arts, literature, and other subjects.[21] He evinced interest in the Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. He trained in Indian classical music under two Ustads (maestro), Beni Gupta and Ahamad Khan.[22] He regularly participated in physical exercise, sports, and organisational activities.[21] Even when he was young, he questioned the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based on caste and refused to accept anything without rational proof and pragmatic test.[14][16] Narendra joined the Metropolitan Institution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1871 and studied there till 1877 when his family moved to Raipur.[23] The family returned to Calcutta two years later.
With Ramakrishna</SPAN>

"The magic touch of the Master that day immediately brought a wonderful change over my mind. I was astounded to find that really there was nothing in the universe but God! ... everything I saw appeared to be Brahman. ... I realized that I must have had a glimpse of the Advaita state. Then it struck me that the words of the scriptures were not false. Thenceforth I could not deny the conclusions of the Advaita philosophy."[40]
Narendra's meeting with Ramakrishna in November 1881 proved to be a turning point in Narendra's life.[41] Narendra said about this first meeting that

"Ramakrishna looked just like an ordinary man, with nothing remarkable about him. He used the most simple language and I thought 'Can this man be a great teacher?'. I crept near to him and asked him the question which I had been asking others all my life: 'Do you believe in God, Sir?' 'Yes', he replied. 'Can you prove it, Sir?' 'Yes'. 'How?' 'Because I see Him just as I see you here, only in a much intenser sense.' That impressed me at once. [...] I began to go to that man, day after day, and I actually saw that religion could be given. One touch, one glance, can change a whole life."[41][42]

Though Narendra did not accept Ramakrishna as his guru initially and revolted against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and visited him frequently.[43] He initially looked upon Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as, "mere figments of imagination",[16] "mere hallucinations".[44] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he revolted against idol worship and polytheism, and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.[45] He even rejected the Advaitist Vedantism of identity with absolute as blasphemy and madness and often made fun of the concept.[44] Though at first Narendra could not accept Ramakrishna and his visions, he did not neglect him. Instead, he tested Ramakrishna, who faced all of Narendra's arguments and examinations with patience—"Try to see the truth from all angles" was his reply. During the course of five years of his training under Ramakrishna, Narendra was increasingly ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God. In time, Narendra accepted Ramakrishna as his guru and completely surrendered as disciple.[43]
In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat cancer and he was transferred to Calcutta and later to Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during his final days. Narendra's spiritual education under Ramakrishna continued. At Cossipore, Narendra reportedly experienced Nirvikalpa Samadhi.[46] During Ramakrishna's last days, Narendra and some of the other disciples received the ochre monastic robes from Ramakrishna, forming the first monastic order of Ramakrishna.[47] Narendra was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.[16][48] When young Narendra Nath doubted Ramakrishna's claim of avatar, Ramakrishna said, "He who was Rama, He who was Krishna, He himself is now Ramakrishna in this body."[49] During his final days, Ramakrishna asked Narendra Nath to take care of other monastic disciples and in turn asked them to look upon Vivekananda as their leader.[50] Ramakrishna died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 at his garden house in Cossipore. According to his disciples, this was Mahasamadhi.[50]
Founding of the Ramakrishna Math</SPAN>

After the death of Ramakrishna, many of his disciples returned home and were inclined towards a Grihastha (family-oriented) life.[52] Such Grihastha disciples financially helped the monastic disciples led by Vivekananda to form fellowship at a derelict house at Baranagar on the river Ganges. The house became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math—the monastery of the first monastic order of Ramakrishna.[41] The dilapidated house was chosen because of its low rent and proximity to the Cossipore burning-ghat where Ramakrishna was cremated. Narendra and other members of the Math spent their time in meditation, discussing the philosophies and teachings of spiritual teachers including Ramakrishna, Adi Shankara, Ramanuja, and Jesus Christ.[53] Narendra later reminisced about the early days in the monastery:[53]

“

We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math. We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in japa and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.





”




In January 1887, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows. Narendra took the name of Swami Bibidishananda. Later he was crowned with the name Vivekananda by Ajit Singh, the Maharaja of Khetri.[54] In January 1899 the Baranagar Math was transferred to Belur in the Howrah district, now known as the Belur Math.[citation needed]
As a wandering monk in India (1888–1893)</SPAN>


In 1888, Vivekananda left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka—the Hindu religious life of a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go."[56] His sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff, and his two favourite books—Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ.[57] Vivekananda travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning, acquainting himself with the diverse religious traditions and different patterns of social life.[58][59] He developed a sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the masses and resolved to uplift the nation.[58][60] Living mainly on bhiksha (alms), Vivekananda travelled on foot and railway tickets bought by his admirers whom he met during the travels. During these travels he made acquaintance and stayed with Indians from all walls of life and religions—scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, pariahs (low caste workers) and government officials

==


Difficult Situations

After a few years two events took place which caused Narendra considerable distress. One was the sudden death of his father in 1884. This left the family penniless, and Narendra had to bear the burden of supporting his mother, brothers and sisters. The second event was the illness of Sri Ramakrishna which was diagnosed to be cancer of the throat. In September 1885 Sri Ramakrishna was moved to a house at Shyampukur, and a few months later to a rented villa at Cossipore. In these two places the young disciples nursed the Master with devoted care. In spite of poverty at home and inability to find a job for himself, Narendra joined the group as its leader.



في سن 21 وقعت حدث تسبب له بحزن والم بكآبة شديدة distress وهو موت والده الفجائي حيث اصبحت العائلة بلا معيل وشديدة الفقر، ثم وقع حدث آخر شديدة الوقع حينما مات معلمه quru وهو في سن الثانية والعشرين.
يتيم الاب في سن 21

اضافة رد

مواقع النشر (المفضلة)


« الموضوع السابق | الموضوع التالي »


الذين يشاهدون محتوى الموضوع الآن : 5 ( الأعضاء 0 والزوار 5)
 

الانتقال السريع

المواضيع المتشابهه للموضوع: أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
الموضوع كاتب الموضوع المنتدى مشاركات آخر مشاركة
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية ايوب صابر منبر الدراسات الأدبية والنقدية والبلاغية . 2483 09-23-2019 02:12 PM
أفضل مئة رواية عربية – سر الروعة فيها؟؟؟!!!- دراسة بحثية. ايوب صابر منبر الدراسات الأدبية والنقدية والبلاغية . 1499 11-11-2017 11:55 PM
اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية ايوب صابر منبر الدراسات الأدبية والنقدية والبلاغية . 413 12-09-2015 01:15 PM
اثر الحضارة العربية والإسلامية في الأدب العالمي- دراسة بحثية ايوب صابر منبر الدراسات الأدبية والنقدية والبلاغية . 30 08-21-2013 11:24 AM
العبقرية- سرها ومنشأها: دراسة معمقه وكشف لسرها!!؟؟ ايوب صابر منبر الدراسات الأدبية والنقدية والبلاغية . 18 11-18-2011 09:53 PM
الآراء المنشورة في شبكة منابر ثقافية لاتمثل بالضرورة وجهة نظر إدارة الموقع بل هي نتاج أفكار أصحابها


الساعة الآن 08:55 PM

Powered by vBulletin® Copyright ©2000 - 2021, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.