سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة - الصفحة 3

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كارل غيلوروب

(2 يونيو 1857 - 13 أكتوبر 1919)، شاعر دنماركي. تقاسم جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1917 مع هنريك بونتوبيدان.

Karl Gjellerup (June 2, 1857 – October 13, 1919) was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1917. He belonged to the Modern Break-Through. He occasionally used the pseudonym Epigonos.
Gjellerup was the son of a vicar in Zealand and grew up in a national and romantic idealistic atmosphere. In the 1870s he broke with his background and at first he became an enthusiastic supporter of the naturalist movement and Georg Brandes, writing audacious novels about free love and atheism. Strongly influenced by his origin he gradually left the Brandes line and 1885 he broke totally with the naturalists, becoming a new romanticist. A central trace of his life was his Germanophile attitude, he felt himself strongly attracted to German culture (his wife was a German) and 1892 he finally settled in Germany, which made him unpopular in Denmark on both the right and left wing. As years passed he totally identified with the German Empire, including its war aims 1914-18.
Among the early works of Gjellerup must be mentioned his most important novel Germanernes Lærling (1882, i.e. The Learner of German), a partly autobiographic tale of the development of a young man from being a conformist theologian to a pro-German atheist and intellectual, and Minna (1889), on the surface, a love story but more of a study in woman's psychology. Some Wagnerian dramas show his growing romanticist interests. An important work is the novel Møllen (1896, i. e. The Mill), a sinister melodrama of love and jealousy.

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I was born on June 2, 1857, in the Roholte vicarage at Praestö. My father was Pastor Carl Adolph Gjellerup, my mother, Anna Fibiger.

After my father's death in 1860,
( وكان عمره 3 سنوات )
in Landet vicarage on Lolland (from which I still have a number of memories), I went in November of the same year to the home of my mother's cousin, Pastor Johannes Fibiger, parish minister of the garrison church in Copenhagen, and author of Johannes den Døber (1857) [John the Baptist], Nogle sagn (1865) [Some Stories], Kors og kaerlighed (1858) [Cross and Love], Den evige strid (1878) [The Eternal Strife], and Mit liv og levned (1898) [My Life]. I was graduated summa cum laude from Haerslevs Grammar School in 1874. Before this I had made several attempts at writing; immediately after graduation I wrote a tragedy, Scipio Africanus, and a drama, Arminius, both of which were shown to my uncle, Professor Edvard Holm, who encouraged me and showed the latter to Christian Molbech. Nevertheless, I studied theology and lived much in the country (in Vallensved on South Sjaelland, where Fibiger was the minister, and after 1881 in Ønslev on Falster), a country life which made an indelible impression on my mind and has left its mark in all of my novels. I earned my B.D. (summa cum laude) in June of 1878. I immediately began writing En idealist (1878) [An Idealist], which was published in November on the same day as Den evige strid, both under a pseudonym. Because both books created something of a sensation, I then came into contact with Høffding, Drachmann, Schandorph, Borchsenius, the brothers Brandes, J. P. Jacobsen, and many artists. Ceaseless production followed, temporarily taking a scientific direction in Arvelighed og moral (1881) [Heredity and Morals], a book with an evolutionary viewpoint, which was awarded the University Gold Medal. The novel Germanernes laerling (1882) [The Apprentice of the Teutons] (in its very title a program for existence), a collection of poems entitled Rødtjørn (1881) [Hawthome], end Aander og tider (1882) [Spirits and Times], a requiem on Darwin, are the most noteworthy works from this time. A small inheritance made it possible for me to undertake a longer trip abroad in 1883. During a three-month stay in Rome, I pursued studies in water colour with Kronberg; later I studied pastel and oil painting. My return trip went through Switzerland, Greece, and Russia, and via Stockholm I arrived home at Christmastime. In the meantime two short stories, «Romulus» (1883) and «G-Dur» (1883) [G-Major], had come out. The travel impressions, En klassisk maaned (1884) [A Classical Month] and Vandreaaret (1885) [Wander Year], followed. In the latter of these two I broke off from the followers of Georg Brandes. Then appeared the first work of mine which was received with excitement, the lyrical tragedy Brynhild (1884), which had already been sketched during my student years, and which was dedicated to Eugenia. From the summer of 1885 to the fall of 1887 I lived in Dresden, where I wrote the scenes from the revolution, Saint Just (1885) (reworked for the stage in German in 1913 and still not published), and the dramatic-lyrical poem «Thamyris» (1887). The latter along with Brynhild was responsible for my receiving a state pension for life. In October of 1887 I married Eugenia Bendix, née Heusinger, and settled in Hellerup. The lyrical tragedy Hagbard og Signe (1888) [Hagbard and Signe], the novel Minna (1889), the poetry collection Min kaerligheds bog (1889) [The Book of my Love], and the plays Herman Vandel (1891) and Wuthhorn (1893) (performed at the Dagmar Theatre over 100 times) were written in Hellerup. I also wrote an essay about Wagner's Nibelungenring and translated the songs of the gods in the Edda.
In March of 1892 I settled in Dresden. The tragedy Kong Hjarne (1893) [King Hjarne] and the verse comedy Gift og modgift(1898) [Toxin and Antitoxin] were performed at the Dagmar Theatre. After Fabler [Fables], Fra vaar til høst [From Spring to Autumn], and To fragmenter [Two Fragments] I bade farewell to Danish poetry. The novels Møllen (1896) [The Mill], Ved graensen (1897) [At the Border], Tankelaeserinden (1901) [The Soothsayer], and Rudolf Stens Landpraxis or Reif für das Leben ( I9I3) [Ripe for Life] were written in German, and this language, in which I had made my debut with Pastor Mors (1894), now became my true artistic medium. The dramas Die Opferfeuer (1903) [The Sacrificial Fires] (produced at the court theatres in Dresden and Dessau) and Das Weib des Vollendeten ( 1907) [The Wife of the Perfect One] (produced at the court theatre in Stuttgart) and the poetic novels Der Pilger Kamanita (1906)[The Pilgrim Kamanita], Die Weltwanderer (1910) [The World Travellers], Der goldene Zweig (1917) [The Golden Bough], and Die Gottesfreunde (1916) [The Friends of God] belong chiefly to German literature and - like Reif für das Leben - have found their true understanding and appreciation almost exclusively in Germany. When my first book appeared forty years earlier, it had been influenced by German idealism. Just three years later (in the thesis awarded the gold medal) I was a follower of English naturalism, after which I returned to a position under those elevated signs of the zodiac which constitute my rightful habitat, only this time the guiding star was not Hegel as in En idealist, but Kant and Schopenhauer.
Karl Gjellerup died in Klotzsche, near Dresden, in 1919..

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_priz...p-autobio.html

يتيم الاب في سن الثالثة.

10-15-2012, 11:29 PM

المشاركة 22

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مراقب عام سابقا

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Henrik Pontoppidan.

هنريك بونتوبيدان

(24 يوليو 1857 - 21 أغسطس 1943)، أديب دنماركي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1917 مع كارل غيلوروب

Henrik Pontoppidan (24 July 1857 – 21 August 1943) was a realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for "his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." Pontoppidan's novels and short stories — informed with a desire for social progress but despairing, later in his life, of its realization — present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch. As a writer he was an interesting figure, distancing himself both from the conservative environment in which he was brought up and from his socialist contemporaries and friends. He was the youngest and in many ways the most original and influential member of the Modern Break-Through.

[ Early life and career

The son of a Jutlandic vicar and belonging to an old family of vicars and writers, Pontoppidan gave up an education as an engineer, worked as a primary school teacher and finally became a freelance journalist and full-time writer, making his debut in 1881.
The first phase of his work constitutes rebellious social criticism, and as such was also a revolt against his own privileged family background. In a famous quote, Henrik Pontoppidan mocked the historic latinisation of his own surname Pontoppidan from its original Danish root Broby [1]
In matter-of-fact short stories he mercilessly describes the life of the peasants and country proletarians, with whom he lived in close contact. He was perhaps the first Danish progressive writer to break with an idealised portrayal of farmers. The tales from this era are collected in Landsbybilleder ("Village Pictures", 1883) and Fra Hytterne ("From the Huts", 1887). An important part is his 1890 political collection of short stories Skyer ("Clouds"), a biting description of Denmark under the authoritarian semi-dictatorship of the Conservatives both condemning the oppressors and scorning the Danes’ lack of disaffection. After this period he increasingly concentrated on psychological and naturalist problems without giving up his social engagement. Pontoppidan's 1889 review "Messias" and 1890 piece "Den gamle Adam" were anonymously published and triggered a controversy after being denounced as blasphemous. The editor, Ernst Brandes, was fined 300 kroner for "Messias" in December 1891 and committed suicide in 1892.

==
My father, Dines Pontoppidan, belonged to an old family of clergymen and was himself a minister. My mother, whose maiden name was Oxenbøl, was the daughter of a government official.

They had sixteen children. One of the middle ones in the flock, I was born on July 24, 1857, in the small Jutland town of Fredericia. In 1863, my father was transferred to Randers, another Jutland town, where a year later, at the age of six, I experienced the invasion of the allied Prussian and Austrian armies.

When I was seventeen I went to Copenhagen, where I was accepted at the Polytechnical College. After a summer trip to Switzerland, which was rich in experiences, I started writing. In the beginning I aimed at descriptions of nature and folk life until, as the years passed, the description of man became my chief interest

- واحد من 16 طفل لعائلته ويبدو انه جاء في اوسطهم.
- يبدو ان اهم حدث في طفولتة الاحتلال الذي اختبره وهو في سن السابعة.
- لاحقا سافر للدراسة.
- لا يعرف شيء عن متى مات والديه.

مأزوم بسبب اثر الاحتلال عليه.

مأزوم.

10-15-2012, 11:34 PM

المشاركة 23

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كارل شبيتلر

كارل شبيتلر هو أديب سويسري يكتب باللغة الألمانية ولد في 24 أبريل 1845 في مدينة بازل وتوفي في 29 ديسمبر 1924. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1919. من مؤلفاته ملحمة " بروميته " و " ربيع اولمبي

Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (24 April 1845 – 29 December 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919. His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.
Spitteler was born in Liestal, and from 1863 he studied law at the University of Zurich. In 1865-1870 he studied theology in the same institution, at Heidelberg and Basel. Later he worked in Russia as tutor, starting from August 1871, remaining there (with some periods in Finland) until 1879. Later he was elementary teacher in Bern and La Neuveville, as well as journalist for the Der Kunstwart and as editor for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. In 1883 Spitteler married Marie op der Hoff, previously his pupil in Neuveville.
In 1881 Spitteler published the allegoric prose poem Prometheus and Epimetheus, published under the pseudonym Carl Felix Tandem, and showing contrasts between ideals and dogmas through the two mythological figures of the titles. This 1881 edition was given an extended psychological exegesis by Carl Gustav Jung in his book Psychological Types (published in 1921). Late in life, Spitteler reworked Prometheus and Epimetheus and published it under his true name, with the new title Prometheus der Dulder (Prometheus the Sufferer, 1924).
In 1900-1905 Spitteler wrote the powerful allegoric-epic poem, in iambic hexameters, Olympischer Frühling (Olympic Spring). This work, mixing fantastic, naturalistic, religions and mythological themes, deals with human concern towards the universe. His prose works include Die Mädchenfeinde (Two Little Misogynists, 1907), about his autobiographical childhood experiences, the dramatic Conrad der Leutnant (1898), in which he show influence from the previously opposed Naturalism, and the autobiographical novella Imago (1906), examining the role of unconscious in the conflict between a creative mind and the middle-class restrictions.
During World War I he opposed the pro-German attitude of the Swiss German-speaking majority, a position put forward in the essay "Unser Schweizer Standpunkt". In 1919 he won the Nobel Prize. Spitteler died at Lucerne in 1924.

==
Carl Spitteler was born in the town of Liestal, near Basel. The family moved to Bern in 1849, when his father was appointed treasurer of the new Swiss confederation. However, the young Spitteler remained in Basel with his aunt. Spitteler started to write poems at the age of seventeen, but his first talent was rather for drawing

انفصل عن والديه وعاش مع عمه له وعمره 5 سنوات ولا يعرف متى مات والديه.

يتيم اجتماعي.

10-15-2012, 11:43 PM

المشاركة 24

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مراقب عام سابقا

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كنوت هامسون

يعدّ الكاتب النرويجي كنوت هامسون ( 4 أغسطس 1859 - 19 فبراير 1952) واحدا من أعظم الكتاب الذين عرفهم العالم خلال القرن العشرين. ولا تزال روايته «الجوع» تعتبر من الروائع الأدبية في القرن المذكور.
ينتمي كنوت هامسون الحائز على جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1920، إلى عائلة ريفية فقيرة، وقد عاش طفولة قاسية في رعاية عمه الذي كان ينتمي إلى الحركة التقوية» (حركة دينية نشأت في ألمانيا في القرن السابع عشر واكدت على دراسة الكتاب المقدس وعلى الخبرة الدينية الشخصية – المنهل).‏
بعد أن مارس العديد من المهن الوضيعة لكسب قوته، سافر إلى بلاده بسبب المرض الذي أصابه في غربته. بعد شفائه سافر من جديد إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وقد سمحت له هذه الاقامة الثانية بالتعرّف على الحياة الأمريكية في جميع جوانبها. واعتمادا على ذلك أصدر عام 1889 كتابا حمل عنوان «الحياة الثقافية في أمريكا الحديثة» ثم نشر في السنة التالية «1890» مقالا بعنوان: «الحياة اللاواعية للروح» وفي الكتاب المذكور- كما في هذا المقال- هاجم بحدة «المادية الأمريكية الصاخبة».‏
في بلاده ألقى العديد من المحاضرات في العاصمة اوسلو، وفي المدن النرويجية الأخرى حول نفس الموضوع معتبرا «المادية الأمريكية» ضدّ الانسان وضدّ الطبيعة وأن الديمقراطية في بلاد «العم سام» مزيّفة. وفي محاضرته هاجم كنوت هامسون الكاتب النرويجي الكبير ابسن، مندّدا ب «أخلاقيته العرجاء». وكان كنوت هامسون يؤمن بأن البشر درجات، وأنهم ليسوا متساوين في الذكاء، لذا كان يقول بأنه ينتمي إلى ما كان يسميه ب « ارستقراطية الحس والذكاء» وفي كتاباته حاول الدفاع عن أفكاره. وقد جاءت لغته موسيقية، متدفقة وقادرة على أن تلتقط حتى التفاصيل الدقيقة.‏
في عام 1890، أصدر كنوت هامسون روايته «الجوع» التي حققت له شهرة عالمية واسعة. وفي هذه الرواية يدين «الحضارة المادية» وجميع مظاهرها التي «لوثت الحياة الانسانية» وجعلتها «غير محتملة». وهذا ما فعله أيضا في جل الروايات التي أصدرها خلال مسيرته الابداعية الطويلة. أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، ناصر النازية، واعتبر ان هتلر قادر على أن «يقيم في ألمانيا مجتمعا جديدا، متحررا من كل الأمراض التي جلبتها الحضارة المادية».‏
وقد أصيب كنوت هامسون أكثر من مرة بنوبة عصبية حادة, وفي أواخر حياته اشتدت عليه هذه النوبات حتى لم يعد يعي ما يقول وما يفعل.‏
في كتابه: «كنوت هامسون، الحالم والغازي» يضيء النرويجي « انغار سلاتن كولو» جوانب جديدة في حياة صاحب رائعة «الجوع» ويشير إلى أن بعض أفراد عائلة هذا الكاتب كانوا مصابين بالعفة والجنون. كما يشير إلى أن السنوات القاسية التي عاشها في طفولته وفي سنوات مراهقته وشبابه, تركت في نفسه جروحا لم تبرأ حتى عندما تقدمت به السن, وحصل على شهرة عالمية كبيرة. وكان شديد الاعجاب بنيتشه وأيضا بالكاتب السويدي ستراندبارغ. في روايته «فيكتوريا» كتب عن الحب حيث يقول: «ولكن ما هو الحب بالضبط؟ هل هو ريح تداعب شجرة الورد؟ لا إنه شلة تسيل في عروقنا وهو موسيقا جهنمية ترقص حتى قلوب الشيوخ وهم على حافة القبر!».‏ يقول «انغارسلاتن كولو» إن كنوت هامسون كان فخورا بجذوره الريفية، وكان يتباهى بها أمام الجميع، بل انه حاول في جميع ما كتب أن يبتكر ما كان يسميه ب «الرومانسية الزراعية» المضادة لصخب المدينة الحديثة وللحضارة المادية, وعندما صعد النازيون إلى السلطة في مطلع الثلاثينيات من القرن الماضي, راح كنوت هامسون يحثهم على ضرورة حماية النرويج من «الخطر البريطاني» وحين اندلعت الحرب الكونية الثانية، حرّض أهل النرويج على مناصرة النازيين. لذلك لم يتردّد في أن يلتقي بغوبلس وزير الدعاية النازية كما أنه التقى بادولف هتلر. وعندما سقطت النازية، وانهارت الدولة التي أقامتها وانتحر زعيمها: قال كنوت هامسون ممّجدا «الفوهر»: «لقد كان مُصلحا استثنائيا ومصيره التاريخي جعله يصطدم بفترة تاريخية اتسمت بعنف لا مثيل له. وهذا العنف هو الذي كان سببا في سقوطه».‏
بعد نهاية الحرب الكونية الثانية، حوكم واودع مصحة الأمراض العقلية, وهناك كتب نصا للدفاع عن نفسه وعن أفكاره حمل عنوان: «على الدروب حيث ينبت العشب».‏
وفي السنوات الأخيرة من حياته، عاش كنوت هامسون العزلة, وكان أهل بلاده يتعاملون معه كما لو أنه «خائن للوطن». أما الروايات التي ألفّها فلا تزال إلى حد هذه الساعة تفتن الملايين من القراء في جميع أنحاء العالم.

Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. He was praised by King Haakon VII of Norway as Norway's soul.[1]
Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays.
The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism. He argued that the main object of modern literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, that writers should describe the "whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow".[2] Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt at the turn of the century", with works such as Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), and Victoria (1898).[3] His later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the Norwegian new realism, portraying everyday life in rural Norway and often employing local dialect, irony, and humour.[4] The epic work Growth of the Soil (1917) earned him the Nobel Prize.
Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential and innovative literary stylists of the past hundred years" (ca. 1890–1990).[5] He pioneered psychological literature with techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue, and influenced authors such as Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Hesse, and Ernest Hemingway.[6] Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun".[7] Ernest Hemingway stated that "Hamsun taught me to write".[6]
On August 4, 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened in Hamarøy.[8] Since 1916, several of Hamsun's works have been adapted into motion pictures.

ُEarly life
Knut Hamsun was born Knud Pedersen in Lom in theGudbrandsdal valley of Norway. He was the fourth son (of seven children) of Peder Pedersen and Tora Olsdatter. When he was three, the family moved to Hamsund, Hamarøy in Nordland. They were poor and an uncle had invited them to farm his land for him.

At the age of nine, Knut was separated from his family and lived with his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the post office he ran. Olsen used to beat and starve his nephew, and Hamsun later stated that his chronic nervous difficulties were due to the way his uncle treated him.

In 1874, he finally escaped back to Lom. In the next five years, he would pick up any job just for the sake of the money. That included being a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, an assistant to a sheriff, and an elementary school teacher.[11]
At 17, he became an apprentice to a ropemaker, and at about the same time he started to write. He asked the businessman Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and he got it. Later, Hamsun used Zahl as a model for the character Mack appearing in many of his novels, among others Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), and Benoni and Rosa (1908).[12]
He spent several years in America, traveling and working at various jobs, and published his impressions under the title Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (1889).

طفولة كارثية بعد ان انفصل عى عائلته الفقيرة وعاش مع عم له اذاقه اصناف العذاب.

مأزوم ويتيم اجتماعي ولا يتعرف متى مات والديه.
يتيم اجتماعي.

10-18-2012, 04:04 PM

المشاركة 27

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مراقب عام سابقا

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ويليام بتلر ييتس

(بالإنجليزية: William Butler Yeats) شاعر إنجليزي وكاتب مسرحي ومدير مسرح, وشخصية وطنية, وعضو مجلس العموم البريطاني، كان مؤمنا بالاشباح والجنيات والسحر.ولد في دبلن يوم 13 يونيو عام 1865، وتوفى 28 يناير 1939.
طفولته وعائلته
افراد عائلته كانوا ينادونه (ويلي) لكن الاخرين كانوا ينادونه (ويليام بتلر) وهو الأكبر بين ستة اطفال. وكانت الاقرب اليه من هؤلاء الاطفال اخته سوزان وكانوا ينادونها (ليلي) وتصغره بعام واحد واختهما الأخرى التي تصغرها بعام والتي كان اسمها اليزابيث لكنهم كانوا ينادونها (لولي) الثلاثة كانوا شديدي الولع الفني كبروا ليؤسسوا (مشاغل دون ايمر) وهو مصنع كبير ومعروف للمطرزات والرسم, وقد قامت الفتاتان باصدار العديد من طبعات كتب اخيهما.اما الأخ الأصغر واسمه جاك مولود عام 1871 فقد كان مستقلا عنهم, طيب الاخلاق, وموهوب للغاية نشأ واحدا من اعظم رسامي ايرلندا.والدهم جون بتلر ييتس كان شخصية قوية ويمتلك ولعا كبيرا باطفاله وغالبا ما كان يقرأ لهم الشعر والقصص من اعمال جوسر وشكسبير والسير والتر سكوت وآخرين غيرهم, وكان يعمل محاميا, لكنه سرعان ما قرر ان يكون فنانا, فالتحق بمدرسة للفنون وأصبح واحدا من الرسامين المعروفين.سوزان بولاكسفين، الام، كانت هادئة ومنسحبة تنتمي إلى عائلة تعمل بالشحن البحري في مدينة سليغو. تميل دائما إلى الانطواء, وقد تأثرت بعمق بموت ابنها روبرت عام 1873 وكان في الثالثة من العمر, وسقطت تحت وطأة قنوط لم تشفى منه ابدا, قبل وفاة روبرت بفترة ادعت انها سمعت نداء ارواح الموت التي كانت نبؤة على فقدان شخص محبوب من اهل بيتها حسب المعتقد الايرلندي.
عندما كان ييتس في الثانية من العمر انتقلت العائلة إلى لندن, وكانوا يعودون إلى سليغو في الصيف فقط, ولكن ما بين عمر السابعة والتاسعة عاش ييتس في سليغو مع امه في قصر مارفل بيت جده لآمه. والدها يمتلك قافلة من السفن التجارية, كان ييتس يرقبها في النهر حين تبحر من والى انكلترا.
وكمؤمن بحزم بالاشباح والجنيات ادعى ييتس انه شاهد أول شبح في حياته عندما كان في بيت جده في مارفل, ففي ايرلندا خلال تلك الفترة كان العديد من الناس يؤمنون وبلا ادنى ريب بالارواح الخارقة للطبيعة, وكان هناك حديث كثير عن هذا الموضوع بين الخدم العاملين في قصر مارفل, ولم يكن الحديث عن جنيات من النوع المحبب الذي قد نشاهده في السينما لكنه غالبا ما يكون معذبا وخطرا... تماما مثلما يمكن ان نقرأه عند ييتس في قصيدة الطفل المسروق المستندة إلى أسطورة شعبية تقول ان الجنيات من الممكن ان يختطفن الناس ويجبروهم على البقاء معهم.
اما قصيدة في ضيافة الجن فان شاعرنا تخيل عددا كبيرا من الجان يمتطون ظهور الخيل ويطوفون البلاد.
كان هناك حصان سيسي (قزم) في قصر مارفل وعدد من الكلاب استخدمهم الاطفال لمطاردة الارانب. وكطفل فان ييتس كان يملك حرصا طبيعيا على جمع الحشرات مثل العثة والفراشات والخنافس حيث كان يجمعها في قناني زجاجية. وكان يذهب مع خاله للابحار على الساحل القريب, أو لصيد السمك من الأنهار القريبة.
عندما صار شابا كان يمشي بعض الأحيان في اطراف سليغو ويمضي بعض الليالي في كهف بالغابة, حبه لهذه الأماكن يرد في الكثير من شعره, وغالبا ما يذكر أسماء هذه الأماكن مثل:بن بيلبو, كونكناريا, سليث وود, غلينكار, دوناي.
لم يكن ييتس طالبا مميزا من الناحية العملية في المدرسة – كانت له صعوبات كبيرة في القراءة على سبيل المثال لكنه بدا كتابة الشعر في حوالي عمر الخامسة عشرة, قصائده الأولى كانت عن الساحرات وفرسان العصور الوسطى الذين يلبسون الدروع, ولم تكن هذه القصائد عالية الجودة, لكن شعره بدأ بالتحسن عندما صار يكتب عن الاساطير والخرافات الايرلندية, كتلك التي كتبها عن البطل المدعو كوجولاين الذي قيل ان له قدرات بشرية خارقة.
سيرته
نشر ييتس قصائده الأولى في صحيفة دبلن عندما كان في العشرين من عمره.وفي هذا السن بدا ارتياد نادي دبلن. حيث يناقش الاعضاء الامور السياسية لتلك الايام والمتظمنة موضوع استقلال ايرلندا عن بريطانيا, رغب ييتس ان يعمل من اجل الاستقلال السياسي أيضا ولكن من خلال معاني ومواضيع فنية وثقافية وليس من خلال اضاعة حياته في عمل اللجان والاحزاب السياسية.
منذ ايام اقامته في مارفل بدأ ييتس الاقتراب من العوالم الروحانية وما فوق الطبيعية وعوالم المستور. وفي عمر العشرين ساعد على تاسيس (جمعية دبلن لعلوم السحر), مجموعة من الطلبة رغبوا دراسة الفلسفة الهندية والروحانيات, وقد تحولت هذه الجمعية فيما بعد إلى اسم (جمعية دبلن لتشارك الحكمة) وقد حضر ييتس المشاهد الروحية الأولى لهذه الجمعية وفي العام التالي انضم إلى (نظام البزوغ الذهبي) وهو جمعية سرية طورت تدريس السحر وتجاربه العملية, عندما كان ييتس شابا اولع بالرؤى والتخاطر وتاثير الكواكب على الطالع, كما انه امضى الكثير من وقته في محاولة تتبع رؤى عالم الخوارق, هذه الاهتمامات كلها ظهرت في شعره... في وقت متقدم أو متاخر.
عالم المستور في غاية الاهمية بنظر ييتس وفي احدى المناظرات أكد على ان عالم المستور هو المركز لكل ما يفعله أو يعتقده المرء.

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William Butler Yeats YAYTS; 13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and, along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, and others, founded the Abbey Theatre, where he served as its chief during its early years. In 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as the first Irishman so honoured for what the Nobel Committee described as "inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." Yeats is generally considered one of the few writers who completed their greatest works after being awarded the Nobel Prize; such works include The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1929). Yeats was a very good friend of Indian Bengali poet Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
Yeats was born and educated in Dublin, but spent his childhood in County Sligo. He studied poetry in his youth and from an early age was fascinated by both Irish legends and the occult. Those topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889 and those slow-paced and lyrical poems display debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and the Pre-Raphaelite poets. From 1900, Yeats' poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, as well as with cyclical theories of life.

Early years
An Anglo-Irishman, William Butler Yeats was born in Sandymount, County Dublin, Ireland. His father, John Butler Yeats (1839–1922), was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier and linen merchant who died in 1712. Jervis' grandson Benjamin married Mary Butler, daughter of a landed family in County Kildare. At the time of his marriage, John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherley's Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, (Susan Mary Yeats (née Pollexfen) (13 July 1841-3 January 1900) came from a wealthy merchant family in the county town Sligo, County Sligo, who owned a milling and shipping business. Soon after William's birth the family relocated to the Pollexfen home at Merville, Sligo to stay with her extended family, and the young poet came to think of the area as his childhood and spiritual home. Its landscape became, over time, both literally and symbolically, his "country of the heart". The Butler Yeats family were highly artistic; his brother Jack became an esteemed painter, while his sisters Elizabeth and Susan Mary—known to family and friends as Lollie and Lily—became involved in the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Yeats grew up as a member of the former Protestant Ascendancy at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. While his family was broadly supportive of the changes Ireland was experiencing, the nationalist revival of the late 19th century directly disadvantaged his heritage, and informed his outlook for the remainder of his life. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleon's dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty "is manifestly true of W.B.Y." Yeats' childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy. The 1880s saw the rise of Parnell and the Home rule movement; the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments were to have a profound effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his country's biography.
In 1867, the family moved to England to aid their father, John, to further his career as an artist. At first the Yeats children were educated at home. Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside. On 26 January 1877, the young poet entered the Godolphin school, which he attended for four years. He did not distinguish himself academically, and an early school report describes his performance as "only fair. Perhaps better in Latin than in any other subject. Very poor in spelling." Though he had difficulty with mathematics and languages (possibly because Yeats was tone deaf,) he was fascinated by biology and zoology. For financial reasons, the family returned to Dublin toward the end of 1880, living at first in the suburb of Harold's Cross and later in the suburb of Howth. In October 1881, Yeats resumed his education at Dublin's Erasmus Smith High School His father's studio was located nearby and William spent a great deal of time there, and met many of the city's artists and writers. It was during this period that he started writing poetry, and, in 1885, Yeats' first poems, as well as an essay entitled "The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson", were published in the Dublin University Review. Between 1884 and 1886, William attended the Metropolitan School of Art—now the National College of Art and Design—in Thomas Street. His first known works were written when he was seventeen, and included a poem—heavily influenced by Percy Bysshe Shelley—that describes a magician who set up a throne in central Asia. Other pieces from this period include a draft of a play about a Bishop, a monk, and a woman accused of paganism by local shepherds, as well as love-poems and narrative lyrics on medieval German knights. The early works were both conventional and, according to the critic Charles Johnston, "utterly unIrish", seeming to come out of a "vast murmurous gloom of dreams". Although Yeats' early works drew heavily on Shelley, Edmund Spenser, and on the diction and colouring of pre-Raphaelite verse, he soon turned to Irish mythology and folklore and the writings of William Blake. In later life, Yeats paid tribute to Blake by describing him as one of the "great artificers of God who uttered great truths to a little clan". In 1891, Yeats published "John Sherman" and "Dhoya", one a novella, the other a story. The two were re-published together in 1990 by The Lilliput Press in Dublin.

- الام، كانت تميل دائما إلى الانطواء, وقد تأثرت بعمق بموت ابنها روبرت عام 1873 وكان في الثالثة من العمر, وسقطت تحت وطأة قنوط لم تشفى منه ابدا, قبل وفاة روبرت بفترة ادعت انها سمعت نداء ارواح الموت التي كانت نبؤة على فقدان شخص محبوب من اهل بيتها حسب المعتقد الايرلندي.
- ما بين عمر السابعة والتاسعة عاش ييتس في سليغو مع امه في قصر مارفل بيت جده لآمه.
- ادعى ييتس انه شاهد أول شبح في حياته عندما كان في بيت جده في مارفل, ففي ايرلندا خلال تلك الفترة كان العديد من الناس يؤمنون وبلا ادنى ريب بالارواح الخارقة للطبيعة,

ليس يتيم لكن واضح انه عاش حياة ازمة بسبب كآبة والدته التي صدمت بموت ابنها الاخر وهو في سن الثالثة، ويبدو انه انفصل عن والده وهو في سن السابعة مما يجعله يتيم اجتماعي. وهذا ربما ما يفسر رؤيته للاشباح.

مأزوم.

10-18-2012, 04:05 PM

المشاركة 28

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مراقب عام سابقا

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فواديسواف ريمونت

(Władysław Reymont) (كوبيلي فيلكي، 7 مايو 1867 - وارسو، 5 ديسمبر 1925) أديب بولندي تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1924.

حياته

ولد ريمونت في قرية كوبيل فيلكي بوسط بولندا في عام 1867 وكانت واقعة تحت السيطرة الروسية في تلك الوقت وتعلم القراءة والكتابة على يد قس محلي في القرية. رحل بعد ذلك إلى وارسو حيث حصل على دبلو الفنون ز عمل بعدها في الفرق العسكرية كممثل متجول ثم كعامل في السكك الحديدية. استقر بعدها في وارسو يحنها قرر ان يتفرغ للكتابة ز عمل بعد قراره هذا كمراسل لاحدى الصحف وزار العديد من العواصم الاوربية كبرلين وبروكسل ولندن وسافرا إلى الولايات المتحدة بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى اصيب في حادث في عام 1900 مما اثر على صحته طيلة حياته

اعماله

كتب ريمونت العديد من الروايات من اشهرها رواية "الفلاحون" التي نشرها عام 1904 وكتبها أثناء اقامته في نورماندي وهيى الرواية التي نال عنها جائزة نوبل. ومن رواياته الأخرى المشهورة "الموت"و هي قصة قصيرة نشرها عام 1893 و"الصينية" المنشورة عام 1894 وروايات ,"المهرجون", "الخفاش" ,"عام 1797" التي يصف فيها الفترة التي اتحدت فيها بولندا مع ليتوانيا قبل موته بثلاث سنين قال سيأتي يوم وسوف تعرفون شاب تونسي قد يغير العالم

Władysław Stanisław Reymont (Kobiele Wielkie, May 7, 1867 – December 5, 1925, Warsaw) was a Polish novelist and the 1924 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature.[1] His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel Chłopi (The Peasants).

Surname
Reymont's baptism certificate lists his original surname as Stanisław Władysław Rejment. The change of name from "Rejment" to "Reymont" was made by the author himself during his publishing debut, as it was supposed to protect him, in the Russian part of Poland, from any potential trouble for having already published in Galicia a work not allowed under the Tsar's censorship. Kazimierz Wyka, an enthusiast of Reymont's work, believes that the correction could also have been meant to remove any association with the word rejmentować, which in some local Polish dialects means "to swear".
Life
Reymont was born in the village of Kobiele Wielkie, near Radomsko as one of nine children to Józef Rejment, an organist. He spent his childhood in Tuszyn near Łódź, to which his father had moved in order to work at a richer church parish. Reymont was defiantly stubborn; after a few years of education in the local school he was sent by his father to Warsaw into the care of his eldest sister and her husband to teach him his vocation. In 1885, after passing his examinations and presenting "a tail-coat, well-made", he was given the title of journeyman tailor – his only formal certificate of education.
To his family's annoyance he did not work a single day as a tailor. Instead he first ran away to work in a travelling provincial theatre and then returned in the summer to Warsaw for the "garden theatres". Without a penny to his name he then returned to Tuszyn after a year and, thanks to his father's connections, took up employment as a gateman at a railway crossing near Koluszki for 16 rubles a month. He escaped twice more: in 1888 to Paris and London as a medium with a German spiritualist, and then again to a theatre troupe.
After his lack of success (he was not a talented actor), he returned home again. Reymont also stayed for a time in Krosnowa near Lipce and for a time considered joining the Pauline Order in Częstochowa. He also lived in Kołaczkowo, where he bought a mansion.[2]
Work
When his Korespondencje (Correspondence) from Rogowo, Koluszki and Skierniewice was accepted for publication by Głos (The Voice) in Warsaw in 1892, he returned to Warsaw once more, clutching a group of unpublished short stories along with a few rubles in his pocket. Reymont then visited the editorial offices of various newspapers and magazines, and eventually met other writers who became interested in his talent including Mr. Świętochowski. In 1894 he went on an eleven-day pilgrimage to Częstochowa and turned his experience there into a report entitled "Pielgrzymka do Jasnej Góry" (Pilgrimage to the Mountain of Light) published in 1895, and considered his classic example of travel writing.[2]
Rejmont proceeded to send his short stories to different magazines, and, encouraged by good reviews, decided to write novels: Komediantka (The Deceiver) (1895) and Fermenty (Ferments) (1896). No longer poor, he would soon satisfy his passion for travel, visiting Berlin, London, Paris, and Italy. Then, he spent a few months in Łódź collecting material for a new novel ordered by the Kurier Codzienny (The Daily Courier) from Warsaw. The earnings from this book Ziemia Obiecana (The Promised Land) (1897) enabled him to go on his next trip to France where he socialized with other exiled Poles (Jan Lorentowicz, Żeromski, Przybyszewski, Rydel, etc.).
His earnings did not allow for this kind of life of travel. However, in 1900 he was awarded 40,000 rubles in compensation from the Warsaw-Vienna Railway after an accident in which Reymont as a passenger was severely injured. During the treatment he was looked after by Aurelia Szacnajder Szabłowska, whom he married in 1902, having first paid for the annulment of her earlier marriage. Thanks to her discipline, he restrained his travel-mania somewhat, but never gave up either his stays in France (where he partly wrote Chłopi between 1901 and 1908) or in Zakopane. Rejmont also journeyed to the United States in 1919 at the (Polish) government's expense. Despite his ambitions to become a landowner, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to manage an estate he bought in 1912 near Sieradz, the life of the land proved not to be for him. He would later buy Kołaczkowo Gmina Kołaczkowo near Poznań in 1920, but still spent his winters in Warsaw or France
==
Wladyslaw Reymont was a sickly child who loved reading. He was one of nine children in an oppressive, dogmatically Catholic family, and his formal education ended after third grade, when he failed the required test for entrance to secondary school. He trained as a tailor but never finished his apprenticeship, and instead joined a travelling troupe of actors. He worked as a store clerk, telegraph operator, railroad gatekeeper, farm hand, and served as a spiritualist's assistant until he realized that the customers were being duped. He lived for several years in almost complete solitude, occasionally selling stories but just as often contemplating suicide

- واحد من تسعة ابناء.
- عائلته كاثوليكية متطرفة.
- فشل في الدراسة.
تدرب ليصبح خياط لكنه فشل فيها ايضا.
-عمل في عدة اعمال وضيعه بعض الشيء .
-عاش منعزلا بصورة شبه كاملة لعدة سنوات
- لطالما فكر في الانتحار.

لا يعرف متى مات والديه لكن واضح انه كان شخص مأزوم

مأزوم.

10-18-2012, 04:06 PM

المشاركة 29

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مراقب عام سابقا

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جورج برنارد شو
(بالإنجليزية: George Bernard Shaw) (ولد 26 يوليو 1856 - توفي 2 نوفمبر 1950)، مؤلف أيرلندي شهير. وُلِد في دبلن، وانتقل إلى لندن حين أصبح في العشرينات. أول نجاحاته كانت في النقد الموسيقي والأدبي، ولكنه انتقل إلى المسرح، وألّف مايزيد عن ستين مسرحية خلال سنين مهنته. أعماله تحتوي على جرعة كوميديا، لكن تقريباً كلها تحمل رسائل اتهامات أمِل برنارد شو أن يحتضنها جمهوره.
كان أحد مفكري ومؤسسي الاشتراكية الفابية، كانت تشغله نظرية التطور والوصول إلى السوبر مان وفكريا كان من الملحدين المتسامحين مع الأديان. يعد أحد أشهر الكتاب المسرحيين في العالم، وهو الوحيد الذي حاز على جائزة نوبل في الأدب للعام 1925 وجائزة الأوسكار لأحسن سيناريو (عن سيناريو بيجماليون) في العام 1938.

حياته
- ولد في دبلن بايرلندا من طبقة متوسطة واضطر لترك المدرسة وهو في الخامسة عشرة من عمره ليعمل موظفاً.
- كان والده سكيراً مدمناً للكحول مما شكل لديه ردة فعل بعدم قرب الخمر طوال حياته.
- كما كان نباتياً لا يقرب اللحم الأمر الذي كان له أثراً في طول عمره وصحته الدائمة.
- تركت أمه المنزل مغادرة إلى لندن مع ابنتيها ولحق بهم شو سنة 1876. ولم يعد لايرلندا لما يقرب الثلاثين عاماً.
- فقد عاش برناردشو حياة فقيرة وبائسة أيام شبابه
وعندما أصبح غنياً لم يكن بحاجة لتلك الجائزة التي تُمنح أحياناً لمن لا يستحقها.. ولأن
- حياته كانت في بدايتها نضالاً ضد الفقر، فقد جعل من مكافحة الفقر هدفاً رئيسياً لكل ما يكتب وكان يرى أن الفقر مصدر لكل الآثام والشرور كالسرقة والإدمان والانحراف، وأن الفقر معناه الضّعف والجهل والمرض والقمع والنفاق.
ويظهر ذلك جلياً في مسرحيته "الرائد باربرا" التي يتناول فيها موضوع الفقر والرأسمالية ونفاق الجمعيات الخيرية. عندما غادر إلى لندن بدأ يتردد على المتحف البريطاني لتثقيف نفسه الأمر الذي كان له الفضل الكبير في أصالة فكره واستقلاليته. بدأت مسيرته الأدبية في لندن حيث كتب خمس روايات لم تلق نجاحاً كبيراً وهي: " عدم النضج " و " العقدة اللاعقلانية" و "الحب بين الفنانين" و " مهنة كاشل بايرون " و" الاشتراكي و اللااشتراكي " لكنه اشتُهِر فيما بعد كناقد موسيقي في أحد الصحف. ثم انخرط في العمل السياسي وبدأ نشاطه في مجال الحركة الاشتراكية socialism وانضم للجمعية الفابيّة (وهي جمعية إنكليزية سعى أعضاؤها إلى نشر المبادئ الاشتراكية بالوسائل السلمية.) كان شو معجباً بالشاعر والكاتب المسرحي النروجي هنريك إبسن (الذي يعتبر أعظم الكتاب المسرحيين في كل العصور. وكان السبّاق في استخدام المسرح لمعالجة القضايا الاجتماعية). فكان تأثير إبسن واضحاً على شو في بداياته.
رغم تركه للمدرسة مبكراً إلا أنه استمر بالقراءة وتعلّم اللاتينية والاغريقية والفرنسية وكان بذلك كشكسبير الذي غادر المدرسة وهو طفل ليساعد والده ومع ذلك لم يثنه عدم التعلم في المدارس عن اكتساب المعرفة والتعلّم الذاتي. فالمدارس برأي برناردشو " ليست سوى سجون ومعتقلات". كان مناهضاً لحقوق المرأة ومنادياً بالمساواة في الدخل.
- على الرغم من الحاد جورج برناد شو كان مثله الأعلى النبى محمد صلى الله عليه و سلم، فقد كان يرى في حياة الجهاد التي عاشها النبي شبهاً بالحياة المثالية التي أراد هو نفسه أن يعيشها، وبلغ به الإعجاب أن حاول قبل سنة 1910م أن يكتب مسرحية عن عنه.
وقد أراد أن يدعو إلي ذلك الفكر الذي أمن به من خلال عرض مسرحي، فما كان له إلا أن يصور بطله الديني في مسرحية عامة، لنشر آراءه الدينية من حيث الكفاح في سبيل حرية الرأي، ومن حيث الخلاص من التعصب الأعمى، ومن حيث التحرر من استبعاد السلطة، لقد أراد أن يكتب مسرحية "محمد" ليلقي بآرائه هذه في صعيد واحد.
قول برناردشو في حق النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم حيث قال برناردشو: "إنّ رجال الدين في القرون الوسطى، ونتيجةً للجهل أو التعصّب، قد رسموا لدين محمدٍ صورةً قاتمةً، لقد كانوا يعتبرونه عدوًّا للمسيحية، لكنّني اطّلعت على أمر هذا الرجل، فوجدته أعجوبةً خارقةً، وتوصلت إلى أنّه لم يكن عدوًّا للمسيحية، بل يجب أنْ يسمّى منقذ البشرية، وفي رأيي أنّه لو تولّى أمر العالم اليوم، لوفّق في حلّ مشكلاتنا بما يؤمن السلام والسعادة التي يرنو البشر إليها".
"لو تولى العالم الأوربي رجل مثل محمد لشفاه من علله كافة، بل يجب أن يدعى منقذ الإنسانية، إني أعتقد أن الديانة المحمدية هي الديانة الوحيدة التي تجمع كل الشرائط اللازمة وتكون موافقة لكل مرافق الحياة، لقد تُنُبِّئتُ بأن دين محمد سيكون مقبولاً لدى أوروبا غداً وقد بدا يكون مقبولاً لديها اليوم، ما أحوج العالم اليوم إلى رجل كمحمد يحل مشاكل العالم."
ويقول برناردشو: "إنه لحكمة عليا كان الرجل أكثر تعرضاً للمخاطر من النساء فلو أصيب العالم بجائحة أفقدته ثلاثة أرباع الرجال، لكان لابد من العمل بشريعة محمد في زواج أربع نساء لرجل واحد ليستعيض ما فقده بعد ذلك بفترة وجيزة.

George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.
In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he survived. They settled in Ayot St Lawrence in a house now called Shaw's Corner. Shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder.
He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on the film Pygmalion (adaptation of his play of the same name), respectively.[1] Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance translation of Swedish books into English.[2]

Early years and family
George Bernard Shaw was born in Synge Street, Dublin, on 26 July 1856 to George Carr Shaw (1814–85), an unsuccessful grain merchant and sometime civil servant, and Lucinda Elizabeth Shaw, née Gurly (1830–1913), a professional singer. He had two sisters, Lucinda Frances (1853–1920), a singer of musical comedy and light opera, and Elinor Agnes (1855–76).

Education
Shaw briefly attended the Wesley College, Dublin, a grammar school operated by the Methodist Church in Ireland, before moving to a private school near Dalkey and then transferring to Dublin's Central Model School. He ended his formal education at the Dublin English Scientific and Commercial Day School. He harboured a lifelong animosity toward schools and teachers, saying: "Schools and schoolmasters, as we have them today, are not popular as places of education and teachers, but rather prisons and turnkeys in which children are kept to prevent them disturbing and chaperoning their parents".
In the astringent prologue to Cashel Byron's Profession young Byron's educational experience is a fictionalized description of Shaw's own schooldays. Later, he painstakingly detailed the reasons for his aversion to formal education in his Treatise on Parents and Children. In brief, he considered the standardized curricula useless, deadening to the spirit and stifling to the intellect. He particularly deplored the use of corporal punishment, which was prevalent in his time.
When his mother left home and followed her voice teacher, George Vandeleur Lee, to London, Shaw was almost sixteen years old.
His sisters accompanied their mother but Shaw remained in Dublin with his father, first as a reluctant pupil, then as a clerk in an estate office. He worked efficiently, albeit discontentedly, for several years. In 1876, Shaw joined his mother's London household. She, Vandeleur Lee, and his sister Lucy, provided him with a pound a week while he frequented public libraries and the British Museum reading room where he studied earnestly and began writing novels. He earned his allowance by ghostwriting Vandeleur Lee's music column, which appeared in the London Hornet. His novels were rejected, however, so his literary earnings remained negligible until 1885, when he became self-supporting as a critic of the arts.

Personal life
Influenced by his reading, he became a dedicated Socialist and a charter member of the Fabian Society, a middle class organization established in 1884 to promote the gradual spread of socialism by peaceful means. In the course of his political activities he met Charlotte Payne-Townshend, an Irish heiress and fellow Fabian; they married in 1898. The marriage was never consummated, at Charlotte's insistence, though he had had a number of affairs with married women.
In 1906 the Shaws moved into a house, now called Shaw's Corner, in Ayot St. Lawrence, a small village in Hertfordshire, England; it was to be their home for the remainder of their lives, although they also maintained a residence at 29 Fitzroy Square in London
==
When Shaw was just short of his sixteenth birthday, his mother left her husband and son and moved with Vandeleur Lee to London, where the two set up a household, along with Shaw's older sister Lucy (who later became a successful music hall singer). Shaw remained in Dublin with his father, completing his schooling (which he hated passionately), and working as a clerk for an estate office (which he hated just as much as school).

It may not be a accidental, then, that Shaw's plays, including Misalliance, are filled with problematic parent-child relationships: with children who are brought up in isolation from their parents; with foundlings, orphans, and adopted heirs; and with parents who wrongly presume that they are entitled to their children's obedience and affection.

In 1876, Shaw left Dublin and his father and moved to London, moving in with his mother's menage. There he lived off of his mother and sister while pursuing a career in journalism and writing

واضح انه طفولته كانت كارثية. والده سكير وامه غادر المنزل وعمره 16 سنة مما يجعله يتيم اجتماعي. كما غادر والده وعمره 20 سنة . ركز في كتاباته على الاطفال المهملين الذين تركوا ليعشوا مع الايتام والمشردين.

يتيم اجتماعي .

10-18-2012, 04:07 PM

المشاركة 30

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



غراتسيا ديليدا

(بالإيطالية: Grazia Deledda) هي أديبة إيطالية من مواليد جزيرة سردينيا ولدت في 27 سبتمبر 1871 وتوفيت في 15 اغسطس 1936. هاجرت إلى روما في أوائل القرن العشرين حصلت على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1926. وهي ثاني امرأة تحصل على الجائزة. كانت اعمالها شديدة الارتباط بموطنها الاصلي سردينيا.

أعمالها

"البحر الازرق" وهي مجموعة قصصية نشرت في عام 1890 لاقت نجاح كبير وروايات "نصوص سردينيا" التي نشرت عام 1892 و"زهور سردسنيا" نشرت عام 1894 و"ارواح شريرة" نشرت عام 1896 وقد كتب مقدمتها الكاتب الإيطالي الكبير روجيرو بونجي "عجوز الجبل" 1900 والتي تعتبر مفتاحا للكثير من اعمالها ثمتلت ذلك بروايات "الياس بورتولو" نشرت عام 1903 تم روايات "رماد" و"اموت أو احبك" ثم في عام 1912 نشرت رواية "أبيض غامض" "الحب والحقد" وفي عام 1915 نشرت "الطفل المختبئ" و"ماريانا" ثم تلت ذلك برواية "الام" عام 1920 واله الأحياء في 1922

Grazia Deledda (September 27, 1871 – August 15, 1936) was an Italian writer whose works won her the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1926.

Biography
Born in Nuoro, Sardinia into a bourgeois family, she attended elementary school and then was educated by a private tutor (a guest of one of her relatives) and moved on to study literature on her own.
She first published some novels in the magazine L'ultima moda when it still published works in prose and poetry. Nell'azzurro, published by Trevisani in 1890 might be considered as her first work.
Still between prose and poetry are, among the first works, Paesaggi sardi, published by Speirani in 1896. In 1900, after having married Palmiro Madesani, functionary of the Ministry of War met in Cagliari in the October 1899, the writer moved to Rome and after the publishing of Anime oneste in 1895 and of Il vecchio della montagna in 1900, plus the collaboration with magazines La Sardegna, Piccola rivista and Nuova Antologia, her work began to gain critical interest.
In 1903 she published Elias Portolu that confirmed her as a writer and started her work as a successful writer of novels and theatrical works: Cenere (1904), L'edera (1908), Sino al confine (1911), Colombo e sparvieri (1912), Canne al vento (1913) -her most well known book in Italy-, L'incendio nell'oliveto (1918), Il Dio dei venti (1922).
Cenere was the inspiration for a movie with the famous Italian actress Eleonora Duse.
She died in Rome at the age of 64.
Her work has been highly regarded by Luigi Capuana and Giovanni Verga plus some younger writers such as Enrico Thovez, Pietro Pancrazi, [[Renato Serra], and later until today by Sardinian writers such as Sergio Atzeni and Giulio Angioni.
Work
Deledda's whole work is based on strong facts of love, pain and death upon which rests the feeling of sin and of an inevitable fatality.
In her works we can recognize the influence of the verism of Giovanni Verga and, sometimes, also that of the decadentism by Gabriele D'Annunzio.

In Deledda's novels there is always a strong connection between places and people, feelings and environment. The environment depicted is that one harsh of native Sardinia, but it is not depicted according to regional veristic schemes neither according to the otherworldly vision by D'Annunzio, but relived through the myth

==
Born: 27-Sep-1871
Birthplace: Nuoro, Sardinia, Italy
Died: 15-Aug-1936
Father: Giovanni Deledda (Mayor of Nuoro, d. 1892)
Mother: Francesca Cambosu Deledda

احد رواياتها الشهيرات " الام " حيث يبدو انها يتمة الام في الطفولة. والدها مات عام 1892 اي وهي في سن 21 مما يجعلها يتمى الاب في سن 21 وعلى الاغلب هي يتمة الام ايضا حيث لا يوجد تاريخ لموت امها.

يتيمة الاب في سن 21