فرانسيوس فيلون

يتمه: مات ابوه في شبابه.
مجاله: شاعر فرنسي

François Villon (c. 1431 – after 5 January 1463) was a French poet, thief, and vagabond. He is perhaps best known for his Testaments and his Ballade des Pendus, written while in prison. The question "Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?", taken from the Ballade des dames du temps jadis and translated by Dante Gabriel Rossetti as "Where are the snows of yesteryear?", is one of the most famous lines of translated secular poetry in the English-speaking world.
Villon's real surname has been a matter of dispute; he has been called François de Montcorbier and François Des Loges and other names, though in literature Villon is the sole name used. Villon was born in 1431, almost certainly in Paris. The singular poems called Testaments, which form his chief if not his only certain work, are largely autobiographical.
It appears that he was born in poverty and that his father died in his youth, but that his mother was still living when her son was thirty years old.
The name "Villon" was stated by the sixteenth-century historian Claude Fauchet to be merely a common noun, signifying "cheat" or "rascal", but this seems to be a mistake. It is, however, certain that Villon was a person of loose life, and that he continued, throughout his recorded life, a reckless way of living common among the wilder youth of the University of Paris. It is possible that he derived his surname from his uncle, a close friend and benefactor named Guillaume de Villon, chaplain in the collegiate church of Saint-Benoît-le-Bestourne, and a professor of canon law, who took Villon into his house.
Villon became a student in arts, perhaps at about twelve years of age. He received a bachelor's degree in 1449 and a master's degree in 1452. Between this year and 1455, nothing is known of his activities. As the author of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article writes, "Attempts have been made, in the usual fashion of conjectural biography, to fill up the gap with what a young graduate of Bohemian tendencies would, could, or might have done, but they are mainly futile."
On 5 June 1455, the first major recorded incident of his life occurred. In the company of a priest named Giles and a girl named Isabeau, he met, in the Rue Saint-Jacques, a Breton, Jean le Hardi, a master of arts, who was also with a priest, Philippe Chermoye (or Sermoise or Sermaise). A scuffle broke out, daggers were drawn and Sermaise, who is accused of having threatened and attacked Villon and drawn the first blood, not only received a dagger-thrust in return, but a blow from a stone, which struck him down. He died of his wounds. Villon fled, and was sentenced to banishment – a sentence which was remitted in January 1456 by a pardon from King Charles VII after he received the second of two petitions which made the claim that Sermaise had forgiven Villon before he died

ميجويل دي انومو جنكو

يتمه : مات ابوه وعمره 6 سنوات.
مجاله: مؤلف وفيلسوف اسباني.

Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo
(1864-1936
Spanish author, philosopher, and educator, predecessor of Existentialist philosophy with Søren Kierkegaard. Unamuno was one of the foremost representatives of the movement Generation '98 (see also: Ángel Ganivet). Main themes in Unamuno's work are the conflict between life and thought, the tension between reason and Christian faith, and the tragedy of death in man's life, the horrendous void of non-being, in which reason offers no consolation. As a philosopher Unamuno did not create a systematic presentation of his thought. He objected strongly to academic philosophers and stressed that the deepest of all human desires is the hunger for personal immortality against all our rational knowledge of life. Unamuno wrote his works in Spanish, although his mother tongue was Basque. His essays had a great influence in early 20th-century Spain.
"The man of flesh and blood; the one who is born, suffers and dies - above all, who dies; the man who eats and drinks and plays and sleeps and thinks and wills; the man who is seen and is heard; the brother, the real brother." (from The Tragic Sense of Life, 1913)
Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo was born in Bilbao, the third of six children of Félix Unamuno, a proprietor of a bakery shop, and Salomé de Jugo, who was also his niece.
When his father died, Unamuno was brought up by an uncle. In his childhood he witnessed the violence between traditionalist and progressive forces during the siege of Bilbao. This experience left deep traces in his political thinking.
His father, a baker, who died when Unamuno was only six years old, had settled in that city upon his return from Mexico, where he had hoped to...
Unamuno studied in his native city at the Colegio de San Nicolás and the Instituto Vizacaíno. In 1880 he entered the University of Madrid, where he studied philosophy and letters, receiving his Ph.D. four years later. Unamuno's dissertation dealt with the origin and prehistory of his Basque ancestors.

موريس اوتريللو

يتمه: لا يعرف من هو أبوه، ربته جدته وأصابه انهيار عصب في سن 21.
مجاله: فنان- رسام.

المخمور الذي لم ترتعش له يد
كتبها ضياء يوسف ، في 1 يناير 1992 الساعة: 01:00 ص


من السهل أن يرسم الفنان ما يراه .. لكن من الإبداع حقا أن يرسم مايشعر به لا مايراه . هكذا كانت عين اتريللو عن كل عيوب باريس كليلة ..غطى وحلها بمشاعره البيضاء ..تلك المدينة التي رمت حزنه بالحجارة ولم ترحم أكثر حالات تيهه وضعفه .
ولد لأمٍّّ تشكيلية أيضا تحقد على الفن وممارسيه، حيث أنها عملت ردحاً طويلاً كموديل للرسامين المغامرين ما أورثها قرف واحتقار لا ينتهي ..عززه وجود موريسالذي لم يعرف أبيه بل أعطاه محسن كريم اسمه .
وبرغم أن الفنانة سوزان فالادون الأم دفعته دفعاً للرسم إلا أنه بعد أن تشبع به وأورثه مزيدًا من التشرد كانت بكل طاقة الغضب والإرغام في داخلها تحاول إنقاذ ولدها بردعه عن الألوان، إلا أنه قد خلق وقدر الألوان معه .
كل هذا جعل من موريسشاباً أضعف من مجابهة أحزانه وهزمها بقي أسفلها تدكه في مابين التشرد و السُكر ..في مابين الألوان التي يحب والرفض الذي يصفعه به المجتمع كإبن غير شرعي ومدمن خمر مشرد ..
نقل الأستاذ حسين بيكار في أحد كتبه الفنية عن مدام (هيرزي ) _ إحدى العلامات بكلية (رولان )_ قولها عن موريساوترللو: « كان المسكين دائم الهرب. مثل كلب طريد.. كل الناس يطردونه، يضربونه: أمه، معارفه، أولاد الحارة، البوليس.. وكان إذا ما أراد أن يرد عنه اعتداءهم يزيد الأمور سوءاً.. وعندما يُفقده الشرب صوابه، كان يذهب إلى ميدان (بيجال ) وهناك يخلع معطفه ويبسط ذراعيه على امتداداهما كالمصلوب، معترضاً (الأوتوبيس) القادم فيضطر السائق أن ينزل من مقعد لينحيه عن الطريق بـ (علقه) ساخنة، ويتركه على الأرض فاقداً النطق!
كان (موريس أوتريللو) موهوب لازمته اللعنة منذ الولادة.. كان مجهول الأب، منبوذاً من كل إنسان.. وكان برغم شدة ذكائه وقوة بنيانه، قد استسلم منذ صباه للشيطان.. ولم تقو أمه الفنانة (سوزان فالادون ) على تقويم إعوجاجه، وعبثا حاولت أن تثنيه عن انحرافاته بإجباره على الرسم، حتى أنها كانت تضع في يده فرشاة، وتقول له: « إما أن ترسم أو أحبسك في زنزانة..»!.
أما الأسطورة التي تركها موريسخلفه وخلدته كباقي الفنانين العظام فهي في أنه أول أروع من رسم شوارع باريس وأزقتها بذلك الجمال .. بدى في رسومه عاشقاً حاراً في التعبير عن صورة محبوبته في داخله ففتح لها صدره لتراها .
وماكان يثير العجب والدهشة حقا هو في أنه كان يرسم مخمورا ويبيع رسومه لأجل زجاجة نبيذ جديدة مما كان يصعب على أي إنسان أن يتخيل كيف لمخمور هذه القدرة في رسم الخطوط الثابتة والمتقنة ! .

Maurice Utrillo, born Maurice Valadon, (26 December 1883 – 5 November 1955) was a Frenchpainter who specialized in cityscapes. Born in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, France, Utrillo is one of the few famous painters of Montmartre who were born there
Utrillo was the son of the artist Suzanne Valadon (born Marie-Clémentine Valadon), who was then an eighteen-year-old artist's model. She never revealed who had been the father of her child; speculation exists that he was the offspring from a liaison with an equally young amateur painter named Boissy, or with the well established painter, Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes, or even with Renoir (see below under Utrillo's Paternity).
In 1891 a Spanish artist, Miguel Utrillo y Molins, signed a legal document acknowledging paternity, although the question remains as to whether he was in fact the child's father.
Valadon, who had become a model after a fall from a trapeze ended her chosen career as a circusacrobat, found that posing for Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and others provided her with an opportunity to study their techniques; in some cases, she had also become their mistress. She taught herself to paint, and when Toulouse-Lautrec introduced her to Edgar Degas, he became her mentor. Eventually she became a peer of the artists she had posed for.
Meanwhile, her mother was left in charge of raising the young Maurice, who soon showed a troubling inclination toward truancy and alcoholism. When a mental illness took hold of the 21-year-old Utrillo in 1904, he was encouraged to paint by his mother.
He soon showed real artistic talent. With no training beyond what his mother taught him, he drew and painted what he saw in Montmartre. After 1910 his work attracted critical attention, and by 1920 he was internationally acclaimed. In 1928, the French government awarded him the Cross of the Légion d'honneur.[4] Throughout his life, however, his mental disorder would result in his being interned in mental asylums repeatedly.
Today, tourists to the area will find many of his paintings on post cards, one of which is his very popular 1936 painting entitled, Montmartre Street Corner or Lapin Agile.
In middle age Utrillo became fervently religious and in 1935, at the age of fifty-two, he married Lucie Valore and moved to Le Vesinet, just outside of Paris. By that time, he was too ill to work in the open air and painted landscapes viewed from windows, from post cards, and from memory.
Although his life also was plagued by alcoholism, he lived into his seventies. Maurice Utrillo died on 5 November 1955, and was buried in the Cimetière Saint-Vincent in Montmartre.

وليم ريتشارد فاغنر

يتمه: مات ابوه بعد 6 اشهر من ولادته.
مجاله : موسيقار الماني

Wilhelm Richard Wagner: 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a Germancomposer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works.
Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born at No. 3 ('The House of the Red and White Lions'), the Brühl, in the Jewish quarter of Leipzig, on 22 May 1813, the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, who was a clerk in the Leipzig police service,[ and his wife Johanna Rosine (née Paetz), the daughter of a baker.
Wagner's father died of typhus six months after Richard's birth, following which Wagner's mother began living with the actor and playwright Ludwig Geyer, who had been a friend of Richard's father.
In August 1814 Johanna married Geyer, and moved with her family to his residence in Dresden. Until he was fourteen, Wagner was known as Wilhelm Richard Geyer. He almost certainly suspected that Geyer was his natural father

Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein 24 September 1583 – 25 February 1634), also known as Albrecht von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period (1625–29) of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), to the Holy Roman EmperorFerdinand II. He became the supreme commander of the armies of the Habsburg Monarchy and one of the major figures of the Thirty Years' War.
A successful generalissimo who had made himself ruler of the lands of the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia, Wallenstein found himself released from service in 1630 after Ferdinand grew wary of his ambition. Several Protestant victories over Catholic armies induced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein, who again turned the war in favor of the Imperial cause. Dissatisfied with the emperor's treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with the Protestants. However, Ferdinand had the general assassinated at Eger (Cheb) in Egerland by one of the army's officials, Walter Devereux.
Wallenstein, born in Heřmanice, Bohemia, into a poor Protestant branch of an old noble family, lost both his parents, Vilém of Waldstein and Markéta of Smiřický at the age of 12.
His maternal uncle, Albrecht Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk, raised him and sent him to the school of the Unity of the Brethren at Košumberk Castle (Eastern Bohemia) and to the Protestant grammar school at Goldberg in Silesia. From 1599 Wallenstein continued his education at the University of Altdorf and then at the universities of Bologna and Padua.[3]

يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 11 سنة.
مجاله: فنان- راسم امريكي.

Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was an Americanpainter, born four miles east of Anamosa, Iowa. He is best known for his paintings depicting the rural American Midwest, particularly the painting American Gothic, an iconic image of the 20th century.
His family moved to Cedar Rapids after his father died in 1901. Soon thereafter he began as an apprentice in a local metal shop. After graduating from Washington High School, Wood enrolled in an art school in Minneapolis in 1910, and returned a year later to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.[3] In 1913 he enrolled at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and did some work as a silversmith.
From 1920 to 1928 he made four trips to Europe, where he studied many styles of painting, especially impressionism and post-impressionism. But it was the work of the fifteenth-century Flemish artist Jan Van Eyck that influenced him to take on the clarity of this new technique and to incorporate it in his new works. From 1924 to 1935 Wood lived in the loft of a carriage house that he turned into his personal studio at "5 Turner Alley" (the studio had no address until Wood made one up himself). In 1932, Wood helped found the Stone City Art Colony near his hometown to help artists get through the Great Depression. He became a great proponent of regionalism in the arts, lecturing throughout the country on the topic.[4]
Wood taught painting at the University of Iowa's School of Art from 1934 to 1941. During that time, he supervised mural painting projects, mentored students, produced a variety of his own works, and became a key part of the University's cultural community. A closetedhomosexual, he was fired because of a relationship with his personal secretary.[5] On February 12, 1942, one day before his 51st birthday, Wood died at the university hospital of liver cancer.
When Wood died, his estate went to his sister, Nan Wood Graham, the woman portrayed in American Gothic. When she died in 1990, her estate, along with Wood's personal effects and various works of art, became the property of the Figge Art Museum in Davenport, Iowa.

جون ملنجتون سنج

يتمه: مات ابوه خلال العام الاول.
مجاله: مؤلف ومسرحي عظيم- ايرلندي.

John Millington Synge (1871-1909) Irish dramatist, author and poet contributed greatly to the Irish dramatic movement.

John Millington Synge was born on 16 April 1871 at Rathfarnham, near Dublin, Ireland. His father, John Hatch Synge (1823–1872) died a year after he was born.

His mother, Kathleen, née Traill (1838–1908) decided to move her family to Rathgar, in Orwell Park, next door to her own mother. Synge and his siblings Robert, Edward, Annie and Samuel spent the summers at a country rental home, the Greystones, in Co. Wicklow. Much more of a listener than a talker, young Synge, who suffered ill-health all his life spent much time outside watching birds and collecting their eggs around Rathfarnham Castle, outings that he kept a diary of.
I knew the stars, the flowers, the birds,
The grey and wintry sides of many glens,
And did but half remember human words,
In converse with the mountains, moors and fens
He was very close to his cousin Florence Ross, who accompanied him on many of his daily explorations. Later in life he would join the Dublin Naturalist's Field Club.
Synge has written that the first crisis in his faith happened when he was very young, possibly around the time his father died of smallpox. Images of Hell struck fear in his heart and tormented him in waking and in dreams. He was grasping with the concepts of eternal pain and damnation. Reading the theories of Charles Darwin, especially his comparison of the similarities between a man's hand a bat's wing contributed to his confusion and doubt and he would later become alienated from his family over this.

املينوي زباتا سالزار

يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 17 سنة.
مجاله: قائد عظيم.

Emiliano Zapata was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Salazar of Zacatepillo. Zapata's family were Mestizos, being of mixed Nahua and Spanish ancestry;
Emiliano was the ninth of ten children. A peasant since childhood, he gained insight into the severe difficulties of the countryside. He received a limited education from his teacher, Emilio Vara. He had to care for his family because his father died when Zapata was 17. Around the turn of the 20th century Anenecuilco was an indigenous Nahuatl speaking community; there exist eyewitness accounts stating that Emiliano Zapata spoke Nahuatl fluently.

When Porfirio Díaz rose to power in 1876, the Mexican social and economic system was essentially a proto-capitalist[citation needed]feudal system, with large estates (haciendas) controlling much of the land and squeezing out the independent communities of the people who were subsequently forced into debt slavery (peonaje) on the haciendas. Díaz ran local elections to pacify the people, and a government that could be argued was self-imposed. Under Díaz, close confidants and associates were given offices in districts throughout Mexico. These officials became enforcers of "land reforms" that drove the haciendas into the hands of progressively fewer and wealthier landowners.
Zapata came from a middle class family who were able to avoid peonage and to maintain their own land (rancho). In fact, the family had been porfiristas: supporters of Porfirio Díaz. Zapata had the reputation of a dandy, appearing at bullfights and rodeos in his elaborate charro (cowboy) outfit. In 1906, he attended a meeting in Cuautla to discuss a way to defend the land of the people, on which he had worked as a farmhand. In 1908, due to his first acts of rebellion, he was drafted into the Ninth Regiment and sent to Cuernavaca. However, because of his skill with horses, he remained a soldier for only six months. At the request of Ignacio de la Torre, who employed him as a groom, he left for Mexico City. Though his gaudy attire might have suggested an affiliation with the rich hacendados who controlled the lands, he retained the admiration of the people of his village, Anenecuilco.

بول غرينغارد

يتمه: ماتت امه اثناء ولادته.
مجاله: طبيب اعصاب امريكي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب عن اكتشافه المتعلق بنقل الاشارات العصبية.


(بالإنجليزية: Paul Greengard‏) (ولد في مدينة نيويورك في 11 ديسمبر1925 لأسرة أمريكية ترجع إلى أصول يهودية ألمانية) هو طبيب أعصاب أمريكي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب سنة 2000 بالاشتراك مع مواطنه إريك كاندلو السويديأرفيد كارلسون وذلك عن اكتشافاتهم المتعلقة بنقل الإشارات العصبية في الجهاز العصبي. يعمل حالياً أستاذ كرسي فنسنت أستور في جامعة روكفلر.

نشأته
بعد وفاة والدته اليهودية أثناء ولادته، تزوج والده بأخرى تدين بالمسيحية، فنشأ غرينغارد على المسيحية الأسقفية .
تعلم غرينغارد بالمدارس الحكومية في بروكلين وكوينز ثم خدم بالبحرية الأمريكية لمدة ثلاث سنوات خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية كفني إلكترونيات، ثم عين ضمن فريق في معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية كان يقوم على تطوير نظام للإنذار المبكر ضد طائرات الانتحاريين (الكاميكاز) اليابانية لحماية سفن البحرية الأمريكية من هجماتها.
دراسته وتأهيله الطبي
بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية التحق غرينغارد بكلية هاملتون في كلينتون بنيويورك حيث حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في الرياضيات والفيزياء وتخرج سنة 1948، وبعد تفكيره في استكمال دراسته العليا في الفيزياء النظرية قرر غرينغارد التراجع عن ذلك، وكان سبب تراجعه ـ على حد قوله ـ أن الأبحاث الفيزيائية في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية كانت تنصبّ على الأسلحة النووية التي كان قد شاهد لتوه مدى الدمار الذي أحدثته في اليابان لذلك اتجه غرينغارد إلى دراسة الفيزياء الحيوية بجامعة بنسلفانيا تحت إشراف البروفيسور ديتليف برونك (لغة إنجليزية | بالإنجليزية DetlevW. Bronk) الذي انتقل إلى رئاسة جامعة جونز هوبكنز بعد التحاق غرينغارد بالفريق بفترة وجيزة وأخذ بعض أعضاء الفريق معه إلى جامعة جونز هوبكنز لإنشاء قسم للفيزياء الحيوية هناك ومن بينهم هالدان هارتلاين الذي عين سنة 1949 رئيساً لذك القسم، والحائز هو الآخر على جائزة نوبل في الطب فيما بعد (سنة 1967) والذي أشرف على غرينغارد في أول أبحاثه المعملية في جامعة جونز هوبكنز.
اتجه غرينغارد إلى البحث في الوظائف الجزيئية والخلوية للخلايا العصبية بعد أن تأثر بمحاضرة ألقاها ألان هودجكين. حصل غرينغارد على درجتي الدكتوراه في الطب ودكتوراه فلسفة من جامعة جونز هوبكنز في بالتيمور سنة 1953 ثم عمل بالتدريس في كلية ألبرت أينشتين الطبية بمدينة نيويورك وفي جامعة ييل بنيو هافن بولاية كونيكتكت، وشغل منصب أستاذ ورئيس قسم العلوم العصبية الجزيئية والخلوية بجامعة روكفلر بمدينة نيويورك منذ سنة 1983.
مناصب علمية أخرى
يشغل غرينغارد منصب عضو مجلس المحافظين العلميين بمعهد سكريبس البحثي، كما أنه رئيس عامل لمركز فيشر لأبحاث الألزهايمر وعضو بمجلس مؤسسة ميكل ستيرن البحثية المتخصصة في دراسة الشلل الرعاش، كما انتخب سنة 2006 عضواً بالأكاديمية الصربية للعلوم والفنون.
أعماله البحثية
درس غرينغارد تأثير هرمون الدوبامين (وهو أحد الناقلات العصبية)، والذي كان وجوده معروفاً للعلماء غير أن طريقة عمله لم تكن واضحة لهم تماماً [4]، وقد وجد غرينغارد أن الدوبامين يتسبب في بدء مجموعة من التفاعلات داخل الخلية العصبية (النيورون) والتي يوجد على سطحها مستقبلات تسمى "مستقبلات الدوبامين". وعندما تقوم خلية عصبية ما بإفراز ناقل عصبي تقوم خلية عصبية مجاورة باستقبال هذه المادة الكيميائية وتستجيب عن طريق إطلاق إشارة كهربية، ويسمى هذا النوع من التواصل ما بين الخلايا العصبية بالتوصيل الإشاري (بالإنجليزيةsignal transduction )ـ. وقد كان حصوله على جائزة نوبل "لأنه وضح كيفية تأثير النواقل العصبية على الخلية وكيف يمكنها تنشيط جزيء مركزي يعرف بـ DARPP-32
جائزة بيرل مايستر غرينغارد
خصص غرينغارد المبلغ المالي الذي حصل عليه من جائزة نوبل لتمويل جائزة باسم "جائزة بيرل مايستر غرينغارد" (نسبة إلى أمه التي توفيت أثناء ولادته) التي أنشأها سنة 2004 وخصص قيمتها (البالغة 50 ألف دولار) لإحدى العالمات من السيدات اللائي يعملن في مجال الأبحاث الطبية والحيوية، وذلك بهدف "القضاء على التمييز ضد المرأة في مجال العلوم".
وصلات خارجية
سيرة ذاتية لغرينغارد بقلمه على موقع مؤسسة نوبل
محاضرة نوبل التي ألقاها غرينغارد في معهد كارولنسكا باستكهولم