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جون دي ويرني

John de Warenne

, 8th Earl of Surrey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

John de Warenne (30 June 1286 – June 1347), 8th Earl of Surrey or Warenne, was the last Warenne earl of Surrey.
He was the son of William de Warenne, the only son of John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey. His mother was Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford.
Warenne was only six months old when his father died, and was 8 years old when his mother died. He succeeded his grandfather as earl when he was 19.
He was one of the great nobles offended by the rise of Edward II's favorite Piers Gaveston, and helped secure Gaveston's 1308 banishment. The two were somewhat reconciled after Gaveston's return the next year, but in 1311 Warenne was one of the nobles who captured Gaveston. He was however unhappy about Gaveston's execution at the behest of the earl of Warwick, which pushed him back into the king's camp.
The baronial opposition was led by the king's cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and he and Warenne became bitter enemies. Private war erupted between the two, and over the new few years Warenne lost a good part of his estates to Lancaster.
Warenne was one of the four earls who captured the two Roger Mortimers, and in 1322 he was one of the nobles who condemned to death the earl of Lancaster.
Warenne and his brother-in-law Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel were the last two earls to remain loyal to Edward II after the rise to power of Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. After Arundel's execution he went over to the queen's side, urging Edward II's abdication in 1327.
He was the guardian of his cousin Edward Balliol, and after Balliol lay claim to the Scottish throne, accompanied him on his campaign in Lothian. Balliol created Warenne earl of Strathern, but this was in name only for the properties of the earldom were held by another claimant.
Warenne died in 1347 and is buried at the monastery of Lewes. He was succeeded as earl by his nephew Richard Fitzalan, who was also earl of Arundel.
Family
On 25 May 1306 Warenne married Joan of Bar, daughter of count Henry III of Bar and Eleanor of England, eldest daughter of king Edward I of England. The two were soon estranged and live apart, and had no children, though the marriage was never dissolved.
Warenne instead took up with Matilda de Nerford, by whom he had several illegitimate children, and later with Isabella Holland, sister of Thomas Holland, later earl of Kent.

06-12-2011, 02:43 PM

المشاركة 783

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ديفد الكسندر براون

David Alexander Brown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Alexander Brown was a geologist who played an important role in developing the study of Geology in Australia. He was born on 8 February 1916 in Scotland.

His father fought and died at Gallipoli in World War I. His mother took him to New Zealand when he was four years old.

He studied at the University of New Zealand and graduated in 1937 with a Master of Science degree. In 1936 he started work in a field geologist job at the New Zealand Geological Survey. In 1938 he changed jobs, working for the New Zealand Petroleum Exploration Group.
When World War II broke out he first joined the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and then later the Royal Navy. He took up flying aircraft from aircraft carriers, in the Fleet Air Arm. He was posted to the Barents Sea and North Sea. His highlight was to bomb the German battleship Tirpitz in April 1944 in Altenfjord a Norwegian fjord while flying a Fairey Barracuda torpedo bomber in Operation Tungsten.
He found his wife Patrica in the Women's Royal Naval Service. After the war they lived in London.
Brown was given a post graduate scholarship to study Bryozoa (or Polyzoans) from the Tertiary period in New Zealand. His jobs were at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the British Museum of Natural History. In 1948 he graduated with a PhD and a DIC, and an award of the Lyell Fund from the Geological Society of London in 1953.[3] He became a world expert on polyzoa, and a good taxonomist.
After this he migrated back to New Zealand and rejoined the New Zealand Geological Survey. The Otago University recruited him as a lecturer in 1950. In 1959 he accepted at job at the Canberra University College as the chair of geology. He set up the geology department, not specialising but employing people with a range of specialities. At various times he was the dean of science, dean of students, and he ensured the library had a good range of journals.
Brown was the president of the Geological Society of Australia. He was skilled at translating Russian to English and wrote a Russian to English dictionary for geoscience.
A Bryzoan species from the Schizoporellidae was named after him, Dakaria dabrowni. A mollusc Mauidrillia browni is named after him.
He had three children and nine grandchildren. He died 3 November 2009 in Sydney.

Publications
· The Tertiary Cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New Zealand published Rudolph William Sabbot January 1952, ISBN 0565000640
· Ore Deposits Of Ussr, Vol. 3 ISBN-13 9780273010395
· The geological evolution of Australia & New Zealand 1968
· Fossil Bryozoa from drill holes on Eniwetok Atoll 1964
· On the polyzoan genus Crepidacantha Levinsen 1954
· Proceedings of Specialists' Meeting held at Canberra, 25-31 May 1968
· The Facies of regional metamorphism at high pressures 1975[1]
· Dannevirke Subdivision maps and bulletin 1953, Montague Ongley, Albert Mathieson Quennell, David Alexander Brown and Arnold Robert Lillie (mapping from 1936 to 1941)
· Te Aute Subdivision, central Hawkes Bay maps and bulletin Jacobus Theodorus Kingma and David Alexander Brown pub 1971
· Fossil cheilostomatous polyzoa from south-west Victoria Melbourne Department of Mines, 1957
· Deep-seated inclusions in kimberlites and the problem of the composition of the upper mantle / by N. V. Sobolev, translation
· A Russian - English Geosciences Dictionary РУССКО – АНГЛИЙСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ: НАУК О ЗЕМЛЕ 2001 Canberra

06-12-2011, 02:44 PM

المشاركة 784

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جورج كالفرت

George Calvert

1st Baron Baltimore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, 8th Proprietary Governor of Newfoundland (1579 – 15 April 1632) was an English politician and coloniser. He achieved domestic political success as a Member of Parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I, though he lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Prince Charles and the Spanish royal family. Rather than continue in politics, he resigned all of his political offices in 1625 except for his position on the Privy Council and declared his Catholicism publicly. He was granted the title of 1st Baron Baltimore in the Irish peerage upon his resignation.
Calvert took an interest in the colonisation of the New World, at first for commercial reasons and later to create a refuge for English Catholics. He became the proprietor of Avalon, the first sustained English settlement on the island of Newfoundland. Discouraged by the climate and the sufferings of the settlers there, Calvert looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region that was to become the state of Maryland. Calvert died five weeks before the new charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecilius. His son Leonard Calvert was the first colonial governor of Maryland. Historians have long recognized George Calvert as the founder of Maryland, in spirit if not in fact.

Family and early life
Little is known of the extraction of the Yorkshire Calverts, although at George Calvert's knighting it was claimed that his family originally came from Flanders.[1] Calvert's father, Leonard, was a country gentleman who had achieved some prominence as a tenant of Philip Lord Wharton,[2] and was wealthy enough to marry a gentlewoman, Alicia or Alice Crossland, and establish his family on the estate of Kiplin, near Catterick in Richmondshire, North Yorkshire.[3] George Calvert was born at Kiplin in late 1579.

His mother died on 28 November 1587, when he was eight years old. His father then married Grace Crossland, Alicia's first cousin.

A decade before George was born, Sir Thomas Gargrave had described Richmondshire as a territory where all gentlemen were "evil in religion", by which he meant Roman Catholic; it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception. During the reign of Elizabeth I, the royal government over the church and of compulsory religious uniformity were enacted by parliament and enforced through penal laws.[4] The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity of 1559 included an oath of allegiance to the queen and an implicit denial of the Pope's authority over the church. This oath was required of any common citizen who wished to hold high office, attend university, or take advantage of opportunities controlled by the state.[5]
The Calvert household was not spared the intrusion of the Elizabethan penal laws. From the year of George's birth onwards, Leonard Calvert was subjected to repeated harassment by the Yorkshire authorities, who in 1580 extracted a promise of conformity from him, compelling his attendance at church.[6] In 1592, when George was twelve, the authorities denounced one of his tutors for teaching "from a popish primer" and instructed Leonard and Grace to send George and his brother Christopher to a Protestant tutor, and, if necessary, to present the children before the commission “once a month to see how they perfect in learning”.[6] As a result, the boys were sent to a Protestant tutor called Mr Fowberry at Bilton. Once again, Leonard was obliged to give a bond of conformity; he was also banned from employing Catholic servants and forced to purchase an English Bible, which was to "ly open in his house for everyone to read".
To what extent Leonard's conformity was genuine cannot be determined; but in 1593, records show that Grace Calvert was committed to the custody of a "pursuivant", an official responsible for identifying and persecuting Catholics, and in 1604, she was described as the "wife of Leonard Calvert of Kipling, non-communicant at Easter last". George Calvert went up to Trinity College, Oxford, matriculating in 1593/94, where he studied foreign languages and received a bachelor’s degree in 1597.[3] As the oath of allegiance was compulsory there after the age of sixteen, he would almost certainly have pledged conformity while at Oxford.
The same pattern of conformity, whether pretended or sincere, continued through Calvert’s early life. After Oxford, he moved to London in 1598, where he studied municipal law at Lincoln’s Inn for three years. In November 1604, he married Anne Mynne (or Mayne) in a Protestant ceremony at St Peter’s, Cornhill, where his address was registered as St Martin in the Fields. His children, including his heir, Cæcilius, who was born in the winter of 1605–6, were all baptized as Protestants, and when Anne died on 8 August 1622, she was buried at Calvert’s local Protestant church, St Martin in the Fields.

Political success
Calvert named his son Cecilius for Sir Robert Cecil,[9][10] spymaster to Queen Elizabeth, whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to Europe between 1601 and 1603,[3] after which he became known as a specialist in foreign affairs. Calvert carried a packet for Cecil from Paris, and so entered the service of the principal engineer of James VI of Scotland’s succession to the English throne in 1603.[7] James was keen to reward Cecil, whom he made a privy councillor and secretary of state, earl of Salisbury in 1605, and in 1608 Lord High Treasurer, making him the most powerful man at the royal court.[7] And as Cecil rose, Calvert rose with him. Calvert’s foreign languages, legal training, and discretion made him an invaluable aide to Cecil, who, no lover of Catholics,[8] seems to have accepted Calvert’s conformity as beyond question. Working at the centre of court politics, Calvert exploited his influence by selling favours, an accepted practice for the times.[11] One by one, Calvert accumulated a number of small offices, honours, and sinecures. In August 1605, he attended the king at Oxford, and received an honorary master-of-arts degree in an elaborate ceremony at which the Duke of Lennox, the Earls of Oxford and Northumberland, and Cecil received degrees.[12] Given the prestige of the other graduates, Calvert's was the last awarded, but his presence in such company signalled his growing stature.

06-12-2011, 02:45 PM

المشاركة 785

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لويس بتشر

Louis Bettcher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Louis A. Bettcher, Jr. (May 7, 1914 – December 14, 1999) was an inventor and pioneering manufacturer of handheld powered circular knives used in the meat processing industry. He was the founder and president of Bettcher Industries, Inc., a worldwide manufacturer of precision cutting and trimming tools for meat processing and industrial applications.

Early years
Louis Andrew Bettcher, Jr. was born May 7, 1914 in Electra, Texas.

His father, Louis A. Bettcher, Sr., who died when Louis was 8 years old, was a Church of Christ preacher who had studied engineering before switching to the ministry.
His mother, Cora Lee Hall Bettcher, who lived to the age of 93, was a school teacher and lecturer. From the age of eight through his high school years, he was raised in the town of Elyria, Ohio.
He worked on truck farms doing general farming, butchering and blacksmithing until he graduated from high school in 1931. In 1932, Bettcher hitchhiked to the state of Arizona where he worked as a cowboy. He was also a woodcutter, a hard rock miner, and a laborer building mule trains used at the Grand Canyon.
Returning to Elyria in 1936, Bettcher was employed as an apprentice tool and die maker. He also started taking night courses at Fenn College (now Cleveland State University). During 12 years of night school, he studied machine tool design, metallurgy and business. Throughout his life, he had a fascination with how things work and how they could work better, which led him to design, engineer and manufacture machinery and tools that became commercial successes. In a 1988 newspaper interview, Bettcher stated, “Even as a child, everyone called me an inventor.” [2]
First years in business
At the age of 29, Bettcher established Bettcher Dieweld Company with a starting capital investment of $800. Founded in 1944, the business was a small machine shop located in the meatpacking district on Cleveland’s West Side. The company’s first products were jigs, fixtures, tools, dies and special machinery. “I made $883 profit my first week, but there were also tough times. I believed in myself, so I didn’t give up when times got rough,” he would later recall.[3]
During World War II, it was nearly impossible for the meat processing plants operating in the area to purchase new equipment. Because the company was located near several meat processing plants, Bettcher Dieweld was called upon to keep the old machinery running through repairs and maintenance.
During one of these repair visits, Bettcher was told that if just a few ounces of meat on a carcass could be saved instead of lost to scrap, it could mean hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of increased yield and profits each year. With this knowledge as his inspiration, Bettcher invented and began to manufacture new machinery as World War II ended. One such tool was the Bettcher Carcass Splitter, a highly efficient band saw.
Invention of handheld powered meat trimmers
In 1954, Bettcher invented a handheld powered circular knife and introduced it to meat processing plants. Originally called the “Dumbutcher,” this name was quickly dropped in favor of the more appealing “Whizard®” brand name. Today there are thousands of Whizard® trimmers in use throughout the world, and the company, today named Bettcher Industries, Inc., is a leading worldwide manufacturer of precision cutting and trimming tools for the meat processing industry and industrial applications.
Bettcher’s inquisitive mind and innovative approach to precision equipment design resulted in more than 400 patents to his name.[4]
Later years
Bettcher led Bettcher Industries until 1986 and retired as chairman of the board in 1987. He remained on the company’s board of directors until his death in 1999. In addition to his business activities, he was involved in the community. He was an active supporter of the Boy Scouts and received the Boy Scouts of America Distinguished Citizen Award in 1988. He and his family also endowed the Bettcher Convocation Center at Lake Ridge Academy in North Ridgeville, Ohio, established as a center for educators, religious leaders and philosophers to study complex ethical and moral issues.
In a 1969 newspaper interview, Bettcher spoke of how his own father had advised him “not to work or try to create things solely for the love of money. Do it with the thought in mind of how much good you can do for the most people. This opens up the creative channels.” [5]
Louis Bettcher died on December 14, 1999 at the age of 85

06-12-2011, 02:45 PM

المشاركة 786

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ثومس كيالاكاكوم

Thomas Kayalackakom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

J Thomas Kayalackakom (1884–1968) was a politician and public figure of the erstwhile Travancore-Cochin State of pre-independent India (which became part of Kerala after India's independence). He was an elected member of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly, one of the earliest popularly-elected legislatures on the Indian sub-continent.

He was born on April 8, 1888 in Palai, a small town in the central part of Travancore. His father died when he was nine years old, and after that he grew up under the guardianship of his paternal uncle Augusti Mathai. He was also inspired and guided by his elder brother Joseph Augusti.

He started political and social activities at a young age. In 1913, he started a literary magazine by name "Vijnaana Rathnaakaram", with Mahakavi (Great Poet) Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai as Editor, the second literary magazine of Travancore, and one of the early such publications in Malayalam language.
In 1922, he was elected a member of 50-member Sree Moolam Popular Assembly. The Assembly had 28 elected members and 22 nominated members. He served the Assembly for 3 terms. He was also the first chairman of the local Village Union, the forerunner of Panchayat & Municipality. In 1927, he was instrumental in holding in Palai the first all Kerala catholic conference, as part of organising on a state-wide basis, the All Kerala Catholic Congress, which was formed in 1918.
In the early 1930s, he set up of one of the first brick-making units of central Travancore, and also pioneered backwater-farming by reclaiming land, in the backwaters near Vaikom. He was in the fore-front developing large plantations in Mangulam, Vaalakom, Nellappara, Mannamkandom etc. In 1943, together with his elder brother, he oversaw the public-issue of the 2,800-acre (11 km2) Mysore Plantations Limited, the State’s first plantation-public-issue. In 1946, he along with two of his cousins started "Kayalackakom Company" Cochin, the first stock & share brokers' firm in the state.
He was very popular and influential in political and social circles. He donated land from his property to the Kadappattoor Temple in Palai for building a foot bridge over the Meenachil River for the benefit of devotees. He died on February 27, 1972.

06-12-2011, 02:46 PM

المشاركة 787

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جون ودكوك جريفس

John Woodcock Graves
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

John Woodcock Graves (9 February 1795 – 17 August 1886) was a composer and author of "D'ye ken John Peel".
Graves was born in Wigton, Cumberland, England, the son of Joseph Graves, a plumber, glazier and ironmonger and his wife Ann, née Matthews.

His father died when he was nine years old and he had comparatively little education. At 14 he began to work for an uncle in Cockermouth who was a house, sign, and coach painter, but he learnt little from him.

He owed more to an old bachelor, Joseph Falder, a friend of John Dalton the scientist. Graves afterwards said of Falder "he fixed in me a love of truth, and bent my purpose to pursue it". Graves did some drawing, and at one time wished to study art, but his circumstances did not allow of this, and he became a woollen miller at Caldbeck. There he was friendly with John Peel (1776-1854), with whom he hunted. He was sitting in his parlour one evening with Peel when Graves's little daughter came in and said, "Father what do they say to what granny sings?" "Granny was singing to sleep my eldest son with a very old rant called 'Bonnie (or Cannie) Annie'. The pen and ink being on the table, the idea of writing a song to this old air forced itself upon me, and thus was produced, impromptu, 'D'ye ken John Peel with his coat so grey'. . . . I well remember saying in a joking style, 'By jove, Peel you'll be sung when we're both run to earth'."[1][2]
Graves neglected his woollen mills and lost a court case concerning it. Graves left for Tasmania, and arrived at Hobart in 1833 with his wife and four children, and about £10 in his pocket. Except for a short period at Sydney he remained in Tasmania for the rest of his life. Graves was inventive and "brought to considerable perfection several machines--especially one for preparing the New Zealand flax". His fortunes varied but he was able to give his children a good education. His eldest son, his namesake, became a well-known Hobart barrister but died before his father, and another son in business in Hobart looked after him in his last days. Graves died at Hobart. He was married twice: firstly to Jane Atkinson and secondly to Abigail Porthouse. There were eight children of the second marriage, of whom at least one son and a daughter survived him. In 1958 a memorial to him was erected in St David's Park. Sidney Gilpin's The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland includes six poems by Graves]

06-12-2011, 02:46 PM

المشاركة 788

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بر الاهي بوكس

Pir Ilahi Bux
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pir Ilahi Bux or Pir Ilahi Buksh (Urdu: پیر الہی بخش ) was born at Pir Jo Goth near Bhansyedabad in 1890 in a spiritual family of Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan. He was only 9 years of age when his father Pir Nawaz Ali Shah died. He was brought up by his maternal uncle Pir Lal Muhammad. His family was a descendant of Makhdoom Moosa, 5th son of Hazrat Makhdoom Sarwar Nooh.

Education
Pir Sahib got his primary education from the Government Primary School Bhansyedabad and did his matriculation from Naz High School, Khairpur (Mirs). Thereafter, he went to Aligarh Muslim University for his higher education. He was the first member of his family who received higher education. Deeply moved by the Khilafat Movement, led by Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar, he soon left Aligarh Muslim University and joined Jamia Millia Islamia headed by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and did his B.A. from there. But this Degree was not recognised by the British Government. He was so deeply motivated by the Khilafat Movement and the struggle for the freedom of the Muslim Ummah that he left his studies and returned to Sindh as a leader of Khilafat Movement.
On the suppression of the Khilafat Movement by the British Government, Pir Sahib was advised by Late Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the then President, District Local Board, Larkana to go back to Aligarh for completing his studies. He also awarded him scholarship of the District Board for pursuing his educational career.
Pir Sahib acceded to the advice of Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto and proceeded to Aligarh Muslim University from where he did his M.A. in History and thereafter obtained his degree in Bachelor of Law. Pir Sahib soon returned to Larkana and started his legal practice there as Dadu was part of Larkana district in those times.
Politics
After finishing his education he started taking part in politics, He was elected member of Sindh Legislative Assembly in 1937 in the election held under the 1935 Act. He got elected again by defeating influential landlords and Zamindars of that time.
Pir Ilahi Bux founded the Sindh United Front which aimed at separating Sindh from Bombay Presidency which ultimately contributed significantly toward the establishment of Sindh as a separate province.
Pir Ilahi Bux was inducted in Sindh Cabinet headed by late Khan Bahadur Allah Bux Soomro and was given the portfolio of Education besides other Departments. Pir Ilahi Bux remained Education Minister for ten years.
Pir Ilahi Bux having been deeply inspired by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, soon joined Muslim League and became one of his most trusted Lieutenants. He was an indefatigable fighter for education in Sindh and strived hard to introduce adult education and compulsory primary education in every nook and corner of the province.
Having been deeply committed to the cause of education, he steered Sindh University Act in the Sindh Assembly and got it through. Quaid-e-Azam was deeply moved by this act of Pir Illahi Bux and personally donated Rs. 150,00OI-towards the University at that time.
Pir Ilahi Bux was one of the pioneers of S.M. College and remained as the President of Sindh Madressah Board for years together.
In 1948, he was nominated the Chief Minister of Sindh province by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad All Jinnah. Pir Sahib was always proud to have been nominated as the Chief Minister of Sindh by no less than the Quaid-e-Azam himself. He was also the founder of Sindh University and was the prime mover of the establishment of Urdu College, Karachi.
Pir Ilahi Bux was deeply perturbed over the mass influx of Muslim refugees from India during the early period of the independence of Pakistan and initiated a number of moves for the settlement of refugees in Sindh. He established the famous Pir Ilahi Buksh Colony in Karachi towards the end in 1948.
He was also instrumental in inviting eminent educationists from Aligarh Muslim University, his alma mater, to serve the Muslims of Pakistan by appointing them in the Sindh University. One of such personalities was Professor A. B. A. Haleem from the Aligarh Muslim University, who was appointed by him as the first Vice Chancellor of Sindh University.
Pir Ilahi Bux died on October 8, 1975 leaving behind him 5 sons and 2 daughters. The names of the sons are Pir Muhammad Nawaz, Pir Shahnawaz, Pir Abdul Majeed, Pir Abdul Hameed and Pir Abdul Rasheed. His grandson Pir Mazhar Ul Haq Shahnawaz Advocate succeeded him in Pplitics and remained member of the Provincial assembly of Sindh and remained Minister of Law and Parliamentary Affairs in Sindh.
His great grand daughter Ms Marvi Mazhar is currently the member of the Sindh Legislative Assembly from the same constantuency in Dadu, The first ever directly elected woman from the district, His great grandson Barrister Mujeeb-Ul-Haq Pir is practising Law in his chambers at PIB Law Associates in Dadu.
Books
· Pioneers of Freedom (1997)
See also
· Pakistan
· Politics of Pakistan
· Chief Minister of Sindh
· Pir Mazhar Ul Haq

06-12-2011, 02:47 PM

المشاركة 789

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كاردينال رتشيليو

Cardinal Richelieu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (French pronunciation: [ʁiʃəljø]; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he fostered.
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years War. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.
Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the retention of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America.
He is also a leading character in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, père and its subsequent film adaptations, portrayed as a main antagonist, and a powerful ruler, even more powerful than the King himself, though events like the Day of the Dupes show that in fact he very much depended on the King's confidence to keep this power.

Early life
Born in Paris, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons: he was delicate from childhood, and suffered frequent bouts of ill-health throughout his life. His family, although belonging only to the lesser nobility of Poitou,[1] was somewhat prominent: his father, François du Plessis, seigneur de Richelieu, was a soldier and courtier, who served as the Grand Provost of France; his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist.
When he was five years old, his father died fighting in the French Wars of Religion, leaving the family in debt; with the aid of royal grants, however, the family was able to avoid financial difficulties. At the age of nine, young Richelieu was sent to the College of Navarre in Paris to study philosophy.[5] Thereafter, he began to train for a military career.[6] His private life seems to have been typical of a young officer of the era: in 1605, aged twenty, he was treated by Theodore de Mayerne for gonorrhea.[7]
King Henry III had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the bishopric of Luçon.[8] The family appropriated most of the revenues of the bishopric for private use; they were, however, challenged by clergymen, who desired the funds for ecclesiastical purposes. In order to protect the important source of revenue, Richelieu's mother proposed to make her second son, Alphonse, the bishop of Luçon.[9] Alphonse, who had no desire to become a bishop, became instead a Carthusian monk.[10] Thus, it became necessary that the younger Richelieu join the clergy. He had strong academic interests, and threw himself into studying for his new post.
In 1606 King Henry IV nominated Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon.[11] As Richelieu had not yet reached the official minimum age, it was necessary he journey to Rome for a special dispensation from the Pope. This secured, Richelieu was consecrated bishop in April, 1607. Soon after he returned to his diocese in 1608, Richelieu was heralded as a reformer.[12] He became the first bishop in France to implement the institutional reforms prescribed by the Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563.[13]
At about this time, Richelieu became a friend of François Leclerc du Tremblay (better known as "Père Joseph" or "Father Joseph"), a Capuchin friar, who would later become a close confidant. Because of his closeness to Richelieu, and the grey colour of his robes, Father Joseph was also nicknamed l'Éminence grise ("the Grey Eminence"). Later, Richelieu often used him as an agent during diplomatic negotiations.[14]

Rise to power

The young King Louis XIII was only a figurehead during his early reign; power actually rested with his mother, Marie de Médicis.
In 1614, the clergymen of Poitou demanded Richelieu to be one of their representatives to the States-General.[15] There, he was a vigorous advocate of the Church, arguing that it should be exempt from taxes and that bishops should have more political power. He was the most prominent clergyman to support the adoption of the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout France;[16] the Third Estate (commoners) was his chief opponent in this endeavour. At the end of the assembly, the First Estate (the clergy) chose him to deliver the address enumerating its petitions and decisions.[17] Soon after the dissolution of the Estates-General, Richelieu entered the service of King Louis XIII's wife, Anne of Austria, as her almoner.[18]
Richelieu advanced politically by faithfully serving the Queen's favourite, Concino Concini, the most powerful minister in the kingdom.[19] In 1616, Richelieu was made Secretary of State, and was given responsibility for foreign affairs.[20] Like Concini, the Bishop was one of the closest advisors of Louis XIII's mother, Marie de Médicis. The Queen had become Regent of France when the nine-year old Louis ascended the throne; although her son reached the legal age of majority in 1614, she remained the effective ruler of the realm.[21] However, her policies, and those of Concini, proved unpopular with many in France. As a result, both Marie and Concini became the targets of intrigues at court; their most powerful enemy was Charles de Luynes.[22] In April 1617, in a plot arranged by Luynes, King Louis XIII ordered that Concini be arrested, and killed should he resist; Concini was consequently assassinated, and Marie de Médicis overthrown.[23] His patron having died, Richelieu also lost power; he was dismissed as Secretary of State, and was removed from the court.[24] In 1618, the King, still suspicious of the Bishop of Luçon, banished him to Avignon. There, Richelieu spent most of his time writing; he composed a catechism entitled L'Instruction du chrétien.[25]
In 1619, Marie de Médicis escaped from her confinement in the Château de Blois, becoming the titular leader of an aristocratic rebellion. The King and the duc de Luynes recalled Richelieu, believing that he would be able to reason with the Queen. Richelieu was successful in this endeavour, mediating between her and her son.[26] Complex negotiations bore fruit when the Treaty of Angoulême was ratified; Marie de Médicis was given complete freedom, but would remain at peace with the King. The Queen was also restored to the royal council.
After the death of the King's favourite, the duc de Luynes, in 1621, Richelieu began to rise to power quickly. Next year, the King nominated Richelieu for a cardinalate, which Pope Gregory XV accordingly granted on 19 April 1622.[27] Crises in France, including a rebellion of the Huguenots, rendered Richelieu

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Reek da Villian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tariek Williams (Roosevelt, Long Island, New York, United States), better known as Reek da Villian, is an American rapper and former member of the rap group Flipmode Squad.[1][2]

Early life
Tariek Williams was born in Roosevelt, Long Island, New York. He was the third born of four siblings. As a kid he found his pleasure in music, dancing and sports. Williams started rapping at 7 years old after watching and listening to his older cousins.
His father died while he was incarcerated when Williams was only 9 years old. While growing up, he idolized his older brother and cousins. That’s where he first encountered with rapping.
Williams first started recording music at 15 years of age in his cousin's studio in Freeport, New York. His first song ever recorded was called "Bodies On The Tongue" where he talks about verbally murdering MC’s. After proving his skills to his older cousin Ike T & Belly Val (of I.G.T.) who had a record deal under Steve Rifkind’s Loud Records in 1999, they chose to make Reek an understudy of the group. Williams stated;
I Remember being in I.G.T.’s first studio session at the legendary Chung King Studio In Manhattan, New York. I freestyled for A&R’s Scott Free, Matty C, and Shawn C currently of Grind Music Productions. After rapping for them for hours, they all fell in love with my flow and spoke of signing me.
Due to bad management, nothing ever went through. In 2002, Williams founded C.O.E. (Cash Out Entertainment) with Brian Gilmore and Ike T. In 2003, he was incarcerated for possession of a loaded firearm, where he spent the next year in Nassau County Correctional Facility (NCCF).
Flipmode Entertainment
After serving his year, Tariek Williams was released in 2004 where he got back in the studio. He recorded for the next two years until he ran into his big break in 2006, where he met rapper Busta Rhymes at a mixtape/clothing store called Central Station in Uniondale, New York (Now Baldwin, New York). Williams explained:
I had just came back from Jamaica Ave and I stopped at Central Station to get a T-shirt. I seen Belly Val of I.G.T. talking to Busta and he called me over to rap for him. After rhyming for 5 Minutes straight, Busta stop me from rhyming and asked for my number. Two days later he called me and told me that I was Flipmode if anybody asked me, and it been on ever since.
Reek continued to release a serie of mixtapes, but his first big look was on the official remix of Busta Rhymes' "Don't Touch Me (Throw da Water on 'em)". Soon after he appeared on BET’s Rap City with The Game, Busta Rhymes, Tre Beatz and DJ Sratchator. Then a week later, he made an appearance on 106 & Park to perform with Flipmode Squad. Williams affirmed:
Coming out to perform in front of all those fans, and to have the ladies react the way they did was overwhelming. Furthermore, it put a stamp on my stardom and showed just how far I’ve come. Now my dreams are reality so look forward to hearing a whole lot of Reek da Villian in the near future.
. Williams left Flipmode in February 2009, because of business reasons.

In late 2010, Williams (Reek da Villian) once again reappeared back on the Hip hop scene. Collaborating with Busta Rhymes and Swizz Beats for the Song/Music Video titled: Mechanics.