مجاله : أديب ألماني.

أوسكار ماريا جراف Oskar Maria Graf (ولد في 22 يوليو 1894 في بيرج – ومات في 28 يونيو 1967 في نيويورك) في بداياته كان ينشر أعماله تحت اسمه الأصلي أوسكار جراف. ولكن في عام 1918 بدأ نشر مقالات للصحف تحت اسم مستعار هو أوسكار جراف بيرج Oskar Graf-Berg، وكما أراد فإنه كان يرى أن ينشر أعماله التي تستحق البقاء من وجهة نظره تحت اسم أوسكار ماريا جراف.

ولد أوسكار ماريا جراف في 22 يوليو 1894 وهو الابن التاسع للخباز ماكس جراف وابنة المزارع تيريزه (مولودة بلقب هايمرات)، في بيرج الواقعة على بحيرة شتارنبيرجStarnberger See. التحق بالمدرسة القروية في أوفكيرشن في عام 1900. وبعد موت الأب تعلم حرفته وهي الخبازة وعمل في المخبز الذي كان يديره أخوه ماكس.
وفي عام 1911 هرب بسبب سوء معاملة أخيه ماكس له، إلى ميونخ أملا في نشر أعماله الشعرية. وخالط أوساط البوهيميين وكان يكسب قوت يومه من مهن مؤقتة, فعمل مساعدا في البوسطة وحمالا في فندق. وفي عامي 1912 و 1913 عاش حياة التشرد في تيسن وأوبرإيطاليا، برفقة الرسام جيورج شريمبف Georg Schrimpf الذي ربطته به صداقة حميمة طيلة حياته.
وفي الأول من ديسمبر 1914 تم تجنيده في الجيش. وبعد عام نشرت له مجلة "الشارع الحر" Die Freie Straße لأول مرة إحدى قصصه. عوقب جراف في عام 1916 بسبب عصيانه للأوامر العسكرية. وبعد إضراب عن الطعام لمدة تسعة أيام أحيل إلى مستشفى الامراض العقلية، وطرد من الخدمة العسكرية.
تزوج في 26 مايو 1917 من كارولينه بريتلنج، وأنجبا في العام الذي يليه في 13 يونيو 1918 ابنتهما Annemarie. لكت الزوجان انفصلا في العام نفسه. ووصف جراف زواجه الأول بأنه سيءٌ من البداية، أما الابنة فقد عاشت مع والدتها.
وفي بداية العام نفسه تم اعتقال جراف بسبب مشاركته في إضراب عمال الذخيرة Munitionsarbeiterstreik. وتم اعتقاله مجددا في عام 1919 بسبب اشتراكه في الحركات الثورية في ميونخ. وفي 1919 التقى باليهودية ميريام زاكس التي ظلت بجانبه طويلا. وفي عام 1920 عمل جراف دراماتورج في المسرح العمالي "المسرح الجديد" Die neue Bühne، حتى عام 1927 حين نشر سيرته الذاتية Wir sind Gefangene (نحن سجناء) وحقق بها نجاحه الأدبي الأولى، أمن له هذا النجاح أن يتفرغ للكتابة الحرة.
وفي 17 فبراير 1933 قام برحلة إلى فيينا لإلقاء بعض أعماله، وكانت هذه البداية لمنفاه الاختياري freiwillige Exil. ولم يحرق النازيون كتبه ضمن الكتب التي حرقوها. ونشر جراف في 12 مايو 1933 في صحيفة العمال Arbeiter-Zeitung في فيينا ندائه : "أحرقوني! فبعد حياتي كلها وبعد كتاباتي كلها أمتلك الحق في أرغب في أن يكون صوت كتبي أعلى من صوت اللهيب الصافي لكوم الحطب, وألا تصير إلى الأيدي الملوثة بالدماء وإلى العاهرات المنحطات من فرقة الموت البنية. أحرقوا أعمال الفكر الألماني فهو نفسه يستحيل محوه كما هو عاركم".
وفي العام التالي 1934 تم حرق كتبه في الساحة الداخلية لجامعة ميونخ، ومنعت أعماله في ألمانيا وجرد من الجنسية الألمانية في 24 مارس. وهاجر في فبراير إلى برون في تشيكوسلوفاكيا. ثم رحل إلى براج حيث شارك مع أنا زيجرس وفيلاند هيرتسفيلده في تحرير المنشور الشهري "أوراق ألمانية جديدة" Neue Deutsche Blätter التي يصدرها جريته فايسكوبف. ومن هناك شارك في المؤتمر الاتحادي الأول للكتاب السوفييت في عام 1934 في موسكو.
هرب في عام 1938 عبر هولندا إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية حيث استقر في نيويورك في يوليو. وأصبح في أكتوبر من العام نفسه رئيسا لجمعية الكتاب الألمان الأمريكان. وفي عام 1942 أسس مع فيلاند هيرتسفيلده وكتاب ألمان مهاجرون آخرون دار نشر أوْرورا Aurora-Verlag في نيويورك، والتي كانت خلفا لدار نشر ماليك Malik-Verlag.
وكان جراف شديد الحنين إلى وطنه بافاريا، حتى أنه كان يتنزه في شوارع نيويورك مرتديا البنطال الجلدي Lederhosen الذي يرتدى في بافاريا. وحصل جراف على الجنسية الأمريكية في ديمسبر 1957. وكان يكره العنف والحرب كرها شديدا وكان ميالا إلى التسامح والسلام مع الآخر. وعاد لأول مرة بعد انتهاء الحرب إلى أوروبا في عام 1957. وتوفيت زوجته ميريام في 11 نوفمبر 1959. ومنحته إحدى الجامعات في ديترويت في عام 1960 الدكتوراه الفخرية اعترافا بموقفه الفكري المنحاز للسلام. وتلا ذلك قيامه برحلته الثانية إلى أوروبا.
وفي عام 1962 تزوج بزوجته الثالثة جيزيلا براونر. وفي عام 1964 قام برحلته الثالثة إلى أوروبا وألقى مجموعة من المحاضرات في برلين الشرقية والغربية. أما رحلته الأخيرة إلى أوروبا فقام بها في في عام 1965 إلى ألأمانيا والنمسا وسويسرا.
مات جراف في نيويورك في يونيو 1967. ونقل رفاته بعد عام على موته إلى ميونخ ودفن في مقبرة بوجنهاوزن القديمة alten Bogenhausener Friedhof.

جوزف فيلدنج سمث
يتمه: سجن والده قبل ولادته وقتل الوالد وعمه وهو في سن السادسة
مجاله: الرئيس السادس لكنيسة عيسى اليسوع ( المورمون ). في امريكا

Joseph Fielding Smith, Sr. (November 13, 1838 – November 19, 1918) was the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the last president of the LDS Church to have personally known the founder of the Mormon faith, Joseph Smith, Jr., who was the brother of his father Hyrum Smith.
Smith was the son of PatriarchHyrum Smith and his second wife Mary Fielding, a British convert to the Church who married Hyrum after the death of his first wife, Jerusha Barden Smith. In addition to her two children, Mary Fielding Smith raised the five children from the union of Hyrum and Jerusha.
[Early Life

Smith was born in Far West, Missouri on November 13, 1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father Hyrum had been taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44 (infamously called the "extermination order"). At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and ordered to say farewell to his wife. He was told that his "doom was sealed" and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri when his son Joseph Fielding was born. He was named after his uncle, Joseph Smith, Jr. and his mother's brother Joseph Fielding. His mother and maternal aunt Mercy Fielding Thompson fled with their children to Quincy, Illinois early in 1839, and later they moved to Nauvoo, Illinois when the majority of the members of the Church settled there. Joseph F. Smith stated as an adult that he had memories of Nauvoo, and could recall his uncle, the prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. and events that occurred at his uncle's home; he was nearly six years old when on June 27, 1844, Joseph's uncle and father were killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois.

تيكوميش

يتمه: قتل ابوه وهو صغير وكان عمره 6 سنوات
مجاله: قائد هندي احمر .

Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813), also known as Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy that opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. He grew up in what the British-American colonists called the Ohio country during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War, where he was constantly exposed to warfare.[1]
After difficult years as a young man who suffered alcoholism, his younger brother Tenskwatawa became a religious leader. Known as "The Prophet", he advocated a return of the Shawnee and other American Indians to their ancestral lifestyle and rejection of the colonists and Americans.

He attracted a large following among Indians who had already suffered major epidemics and dispossession of their lands. With Americans continuing to encroach on Indian territory after the British ceded the Ohio Valley to the new United States, the Shawnee moved further into the northwest and in 1808 settled Prophetstown in present-day Indiana. Tecumseh met with Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison to demand the recission of land purchase treaties the US had forced on the Shawnee and other tribes. With a vision of establishing an independent American Indian nation east of the Mississippi, Tecumseh worked to recruit tribes to the confederacy from the southern United States.[1] While he was traveling, Tenskwatawa went to war with confederacy warriors although much outnumbered by an attack by Harrison and his forces, and was defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe.
During the War of 1812, Tecumseh and his confederacy allied with the British in Canada and helped in the capture of Fort Detroit. They sought British support for continuing to defend their lands against the Americans. Harrison led a much larger counter assault and invaded Canada. The British faded away before his forces, but Tecumseh and the outnumbered Shawnee Confederacy fought on. Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Tecumseh has become an icon and heroic figure in American Indian and Canadian history; he is remembered as a hero by many Canadians for his defense of the country

When Tecumseh was a boy, his father Puckeshinwawas was brutally murdered by white frontiersmen who had crossed onto Indian land in violation of a recent treaty, at the Battle of Point Pleasant during Lord Dunmore’s War in 1774. Tecumseh resolved to become a warrior like his father and to be "a fire spreading over the hill and valley, consuming the race of dark souls."[4]
Tecumseh's mother was Methoataske (or Methoataaskee, meaning "[One who] Lays Eggs in the Sand"), who was believed to be either Muscogee Creek, Cherokee, or Shawnee, possibly of the Pekowi division and the Turtle Clan[5][6]
At age 15,after the American Revolutionary War, Tecumseh joined a band of Shawnee who were determined to stop the white invasion of their lands by attacking settlers' flatboats traveling down the Ohio River from Pennsylvania. In time, Tecumseh became the leader of his own band of warriors. For a while, these Indian raids were so effective that river traffic virtually ceased.[4]

ثومس جيمز

يتمه: تخلى عنه والديه لميتم تابع للكنسية عند الولادة وتم تبنيه.
مجاله: سياسي امريكي زوزير الزراعة الحالي في ادارة باراك اوباما وحاكم ولاية ايوا سابقا.

Thomas James "Tom" Vilsack (pronounced /ˈvɪlsæk/; born December 12, 1950) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and presently the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He served as the 40th Governor of the state of Iowa. He was first elected in 1998 and re-elected to a second four-year term in 2002. On November 30, 2006, he formally launched his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, but ended his bid on February 23, 2007.[1]
Barack Obama announced Vilsack's selection to be the United States Secretary of Agriculture under his administration on December 17, 2008. Vilsack's nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on January 20, 2009.

Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Tom Vilsack was abandoned at birth and placed in a Roman Catholic orphanage. He was adopted in 1951 by Bud and Dolly Vilsack, who raised him in the Roman Catholic faith. His adoptive father was a real-estate agent and insurance salesman, and his adoptive mother was a homemaker.
He attended high school at Shady Side Academy, a preparatory school in Pittsburgh. He received a Bachelor's degree in 1972 from Hamilton College in New York. While at Hamilton he joined the Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) in 1975 from Albany Law School. Eventually, he settled in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, a small town in the southeastern portion of the state.

Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 – January 10, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator, diplomat, and feminist who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1945. Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. Gabriela Mistral was of Basque and Mapuche descent.[1][2]

Early life
Mistral was born in Vicuña, Chile, but was raised in the small Andean village of Montegrande, where she attended the Primary school taught by her older sister, Emelina Molina. She respected her sister greatly, despite the many financial problems that Emelina brought her, in later years. Her father, Juan Gerónimo Godoy Villanueva, was also a schoolteacher. He abandoned the family before she was three years old, and died, long since estranged from the family, in 1911.

Throughout her early years she was never far from poverty. By age fifteen, she was supporting herself and her mother, Petronila Alcayaga, a seamstress, by working as a teacher's aide in the seaside town of Compañia Baja, near La Serena, Chile.
In 1904 Mistral published some early poems, such as Ensoñaciones ("Dreams"), Carta Íntima ("Intimate Letter") and Junto al Mar, in the local newspaper El Coquimbo: Diario Radical, and La Voz de Elqui using a range of pseudonyms and variations on her civil name.
Probably in about 1906, while working as a teacher, Mistral met Romelio Ureta, a railway worker, who killed himself in 1909. The profound effects of death were already in the poet's work; writing about his suicide led the poet to consider death and life more broadly than previous generations of Latin American poets.

While Mistral had passionate friendships with various men and women, and these impacted her writings, she was secretive about her emotional life.