Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916), was an Irish-born British Field Marshal and proconsul who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of the First World War, although he died halfway through it.
Kitchener won fame in 1898 for winning the Battle of Omdurman and securing control of the Sudan, after which he was given the title "Lord Kitchener of Khartoum"; as Chief of Staff (1900–02) in the Second Boer War he played a key role in Lord Roberts' conquest of the Boer Republics, then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief – by which time Boer forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer civilians in concentration camps. His term as Commander-in-Chief (1902–09) of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General (de facto administrator).
In 1914, at the start of the First World War, Lord Kitchener became Secretary of State for War, a Cabinet Minister. One of the few to foresee a long war, he organised the largest volunteer army that Britain, and indeed the world, had seen and a significant expansion of materials production to fight Germany on the Western Front. His commanding image, appearing on recruiting posters demanding "Your country needs you!", remains recognised and parodied in popular culture to this day. Despite having warned of the difficulty of provisioning Britain for a long war, he was blamed for the shortage of shells in the spring of 1915 – one of the events leading to the formation of a coalition government – and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy.
Kitchener was killed in 1916 when the warship taking him to negotiations in Russia was sunk by a German mine. After his death he was criticised, and often dismissed as a great poster but not a great administrator. Lloyd George for instance – who may have taken credit for some of Kitchener's achievements in the field of munitions – was critical of Kitchener in his War Memoirs. After many years' experience of commanding relatively small forces in imperial campaigns, Kitchener had made his reputation worse by his habit of secrecy, unwillingness to explain his actions to his colleagues, and reluctance to delegate.
Since 1970, the opening of new records has led historians to rehabilitate Kitchener's reputation to some extent. Neillands, for instance, note that Kitchener consistently rose in ability as he was promoted.[1] Some historians now praise his strategic vision in World War I, especially his laying the groundwork for the expansion of munitions production and his central role in the raising of the British army in 1914 and 1915, providing a force capable of meeting Britain's continental commitment.[2]

Early life</SPAN>

Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near Listowel, County Kerry, in Ireland, son of Lt. Col. Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805 – 1894) and Frances Anne Chevallier-Cole (d. 1864; daughter of The Rev. John Chevallier and his third wife, Elizabeth, née Cole).
His father had only recently bought land in Ireland under a scheme to encourage the purchase of land after the recent potato famine. The year his mother died of tuberculosis, they had moved to Switzerland in an effort to improve her condition; the young Kitchener was educated there and at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
Pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the Franco-Prussian War. His father took him back to England after he caught pneumonia after ascending in a balloon to see the French Army of the Loire in action. He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 4 January 1871. His service in France had violated British neutrality, and he was reprimanded by the Duke of Cambridge, the commander-in-chief. He served in Palestine, Egypt, and Cyprus as a surveyor, learned Arabic, and prepared detailed topographical maps of the areas.[3] His brother, Lt. Gen. Sir Walter Kitchener, had also entered the army, and was the Governor of Bermuda from 1908 'til 1912.
Kitchener, at 6'2", towered over most of his contemporaries

كارل دونتز (بالألمانية: Karl D&ouml;nitz) أمير بحر وسياسي ألماني (16 سبتمبر 1891 -24 ديسمبر 1980) عمل في البحرية الألمانية في الحرب العالمية الأولى وقادها في الحرب العالمية الثانية من عام 1943 إلى نهاية الحرب. عيّنه الزعيم الألماني أدولف هتلر خليفة له قبل أنتحاره بقليل، وقد شغل دونتز منصب رئيس ألمانيا النازية لعشرين يوما فقط قبل سقوطها في قبضة الحلفاء.
اعتقل وحوكم في محكمة نورنبيرغ وقضى عشر سنوات في السجن. ألف مذكراته ونشرها سنة 1958 تحت عنوان عشرة سنوات وعشرون يوما. بعد وفاته لم تقم له جنازة عسكرية و حظر فيها ارتداء الزي العسكري و لكن البعض لم يلتزم و منهم د.جون كاميرون. رزق بولدين و بنت و كلا الولدين قتلا في الحرب العالمية الثانية.

ولد كارل دونيتس في برلين, أبوه كان مهندسا اسمه إميل دونيتس و أمه هي أنا بيير. و لكارل أخ أكبر اسمه فريدريك.

Karl D&ouml;nitz (German pronunciation: [ˈd&oslash;ːnɪts] (listen); 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval commander during World War II. He started his career in the German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine, or "Imperial Navy") before World War I. In 1918, while he was in command of UB-68, the submarine was sunk by British forces and D&ouml;nitz was taken prisoner. While in a prisoner of war camp, he formulated what he later called Rudeltaktik[2] ("pack tactic", commonly called "wolfpack"). At the start of World War II, he was the senior submarine officer in the German Navy. In January 1943, D&ouml;nitz achieved the rank of Gro&szlig;admiral (Grand Admiral) and replaced Grand Admiral Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine). On 30 April 1945, after the death of Adolf Hitler and in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament, D&ouml;nitz was named Hitler's successor as Staatsoberhaupt (Head of State), with the title of Reichspr&auml;sident (President) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. On 7 May 1945, he ordered Alfred Jodl to sign the German instruments of surrender in Rheims, France.[3] D&ouml;nitz remained as head of the Flensburg Government, as it became known, until it was dissolved by the Allied powers on 23 May.

84- كيم ايل سونج

Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.[1] He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966). He also sent his army to South Korea and caused a civil war between North Korea and South Korea. This was also referred as the Korean war, which lasted for 3 years. The Korean war started in 1950 and ended in 1953 with a ceasefire.
His tenure as leader of North Korea has often been described as autocratic, and he established an all-pervasive cult of personality. From the mid-1960s, he promoted his self-developed Juche variant of socialist national organisation,[2] which later replaced Marxism-Leninism as the ideology of the state in 1972. In the Library of Congress Country Study on North Korea in 2009, he was described as "one of the most intriguing figures of the twentieth century". He outlived Joseph Stalin by four decades, Mao Zedong by two, and remained in power during the terms of office of six South Korean presidents, 7 Soviet leaders, ten U.S. presidents, fourteen UK Prime Ministers and twenty-one Japanese prime ministers.
Following his death in 1994, he was succeeded by his oldest son Kim Jong-il and later in 2012 by his grandson Kim Jong-un. North Korea officially refers to Kim Il-sung as "The Great Leader" (Suryong in Korean 수령) and he is designated in the North Korean constitution as the country's "Eternal President". His birthday is a public holiday in North Korea.

Many of the early records of his life come from his own personal accounts and official North Korean government publications, which often conflict with external sources. Nevertheless, there is some consensus on at least the basic story of his early life, corroborated by witnesses from the period.
Kim was born to Kim Hyŏng-jik and Kang Pan-sŏk, who gave him the name Kim Sŏng-ju; he had two younger brothers, Ch’ŏl-chu and Yŏng-ju. The ancestral seat (pon’gwan) of Kim's family is Chŏnju, North Chŏlla Province, and, if the legend of the Chŏnju Kim is true, he was a descendant of King Gyeongsun of Silla.[3] What little that is known about the family contends that sometime around the time of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), a direct ancestor moved north. The claim may be understood in light of the fact that the early Chosŏn government’s policy of populating the north resulted in mass resettlement of southern farmers in Pyŏngan and Hamgyŏng regions in the 15th and 16th centuries. At any rate, the majority of the Chŏnju Kim today live in North Korea, and extant Chŏnju Kim genealogies provide spotty records.
The exact history of Kim's family is somewhat obscure. According to Kim himself the family was neither very poor nor comfortably well-off, but was always a step away from poverty. Kim claims he was raised in a Presbyterian family, that his maternal grandfather was a Protestant minister, that his father had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and that his parents were very active in the religious community.[4][5][6] According to the official version, Kim’s family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920 they fled to Manchuria. Another view seems to be that his family settled in Manchuria like many Koreans at the time to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim’s parents apparently did play a minor role in some activist groups, though whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both is unclear.[7][8]
Kim's father died in 1926, when Kim was fourteen years old

يتيم الاب في سن الـ 14

David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 – August 14, 1870) was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy.[1][2] He is remembered in popular culture for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, usually paraphrased: "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" by U.S. Navy tradition.[1][3]

Farragut was born in 1801 to Elizabeth Shine (b. 1765 – d. 1808), of North Carolina Scots-Irish descent, and her husband George Farragut, a native of Minorca, Spain, at Lowe's Ferry on the Holston River. It was a few miles southeast of Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee.[4] His father operated the ferry and also served as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia.[2] Born Jordi Farragut, son of Antoni Farragut and Joana Mesquida, his father became a Spanish merchant captain from Minorca. He had joined the American Revolutionary cause after arriving in America in 1766, when he changed his first name to George.[4] The Farraguts moved west to Tennessee after George finished serving in the American Revolution.
David's birth name was James. After his mother's death, he agreed to living with and being adopted in 1808 by David Porter, a naval officer whose father had been friends with his father. In 1812 James adopted the name David in honor of his adoptive father, with whom he went to sea late in 1810. David Farragut grew up in a naval family, as the adoptive brother of future Civil War admiral David Dixon Porter and commodoreWilliam D. Porter.

Through the influence of his adoptive father, at the age of nine, Farragut was commissioned a midshipman in the United States Navy on December 17, 1810. A prize master by the age of 12, Farragut fought in the War of 1812, serving under Captain David Porter. Farragut participated in capture of HMS Alert on August 13 of 1812 and then helped to establish America's first naval base and colony in the Pacific, named Madisonville during the ill-fated Nuku Hiva Campaign. At the same time the Americans battled the hostile tribes on the islands with the help of their Te I'i allies.
Farragut was 12 years old when, during the War of 1812, he was given the assignment to bring a ship captured by the USS Essex, safely to port.[5] He was wounded and captured while serving on the Essex during the engagement at Valparaiso Bay, Chile against the British on March 28, 1814.

After appointment and an initial cruise as acting Lieutenant commanding USS Ferret, Farragut married Susan Caroline Marchant. After years of ill-health, Susan Farragut died on December 27, 1840. Farragut was noted for his kindly treatment of his wife during her illness.[6] After the death of his first wife, Farragut married Virginia Loyall, on December 26, 1843, with whom he had one surviving son, named Loyall Farragut, born October 12, 1844.

والده :
Jordi Farragut, also known as Jorge Farragut and George Farragut (born September 29 or September 30, 1755, – June 4, 1817), was a United States Navy officer during the American Revolutionary War

Field Marshal Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, KP, GCB, OM, GCMG, VD, PC (4 June 1833 – 25 March 1913) was an Anglo-Irish officer in the British Army. He served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China, Canada, and widely throughout Africa—including his Ashanti campaign (1873–1874) and the Nile Expedition against Mahdist Sudan in 1884–85. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1895 to 1900. His reputation for efficiency led to the late 19th-century English phrase "everything's all Sir Garnet", meaning "all is in order."

Born the eldest son of Major Garnet Joseph Wolseley of "the King's Own Scottish Borderers" (25th Foot) and Frances Anne Wolseley (née Smith), Wolseley was educated in Dublin and first worked in a surveyor’s office.[1]
He obtained a commission as an ensign in the 12th Foot on 12 March 1852[2] without purchase, in recognition of his father's service.[1] He then transferred to the 80th Foot on 13 April 1852,[3] with which he served in the Second Anglo-Burmese War.[4] He was severely wounded in the thigh on 19 March 1853[4] in the attack on Donabyu, was mentioned in despatches, and received the war medal. Promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1853 and invalided home, Wolseley transferred to the 84th Regiment of Foot on 27 January 1854[5] and then to the 90th Light Infantry,[6] at that time stationed in Dublin, on 24 February 1854.[4] He was promoted to captain on 29 December 1854.[7]

He accompanied the regiment to the Crimea, and landed at Balaklava in December 1854. He was selected to be an assistant engineer, and attached to the Royal Engineers during the Siege of Sevastopol.[4] Wolseley served throughout the siege, where he was wounded at "the Quarries" on 7 June 1855, and again in the trenches on 30 August 1855, losing an eye.[4]
After the fall of Sevastopol, Wolseley was employed on the quartermaster-general's staff, assisting in the embarkation of the troops and supplies, and was one of the last British soldiers to leave the Crimea in July 1856.[4] For his services he was twice mentioned in dispatches, received the war medal with clasp, the 5th class of the French Légion d'honneur[8] and the 5th class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidie.[9]
Six months after joining the 90th Foot at Aldershot, he went with it in March 1857 to join the troops being despatched for the Second Opium War.[4] Wolseley was embarked in the transport Transit which was wrecked in the Strait of Banka - the troops were all saved, but with only their personal arms and minimal ammunition. They were taken to Singapore, and from there were dispatched to Calcutta on account of the Indian Mutiny.[10]

Wolseley distinguished himself at the relief of Lucknow[4] under Sir Colin Campbell in November 1857, and in the defence of the Alambagh position[4] under Outram, taking part in the actions of 22 December 1857, of 12 January 1858 and 16 January 1858, and also in the repulse of the grand attack of 21 February 1858.[1] That March, he served at the final siege and capture of Lucknow. He was then appointed deputy-assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Sir Hope Grant's Oudh division,[1] and was engaged in all of the operations of the campaign, including the actions of Bari, Sarsi, Nawabganj, the capture of Faizabad, the passage of the Gumti and the action of Sultanpur. In the autumn and winter of 1858 he took part in the Baiswara, trans-Gogra and trans-Rapti campaigns ending with the complete suppression of the rebellion.[10] For his services he was frequently mentioned in dispatches, and having received the Mutiny medal and clasp, he was promoted to brevet major on 24 March 1858[11] and to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 26 April 1859.[12]
Wolseley continued to serve on Sir Hope Grant's staff in Oudh, and when Grant was nominated to the command of the British troops in the Anglo-French expedition to China of 1860,[4] accompanied him as the deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. He was present at the action at Sin-ho, the capture of Tang-ku, the storming of the Taku Forts,[4] the Occupation of Tientsin, the Battle of Pa-to-cheau and the entry into Beijing (during which the destruction of the ChineseImperialOld Summer Palace was begun).[4] He assisted in the re-embarkation of the troops before the winter set in. He was mentioned, yet again, in dispatches, and for his services received the medal and two clasps. On his return home he published the Narrative of the War with China in 1860.[13] He was given the substantive rank of major on 15 February 1861
==

ولد شيانج في فينج هوا بمقاطعة شيكيانغ بالقرب من شنغهاي في 31 أكتوبر1887 حاد عن تقليدية العائلة في الزراعةوالتجارة البسيطة ليلتحق بالجيش وبعد قضائه مدة وجيزة في الاكاديمية العسكرية الوطنية في باودينغ سافر إلى طوكيو ليلتحق بكلية اركان الجيش. وهناك تقابل مع سن يات سن وانضم إلى التحالف الثوري المتحد والذي صار فيما بعد الحزب الوطني (كومنتانج Kuomintang) الذي كان يهدُف إلى إطاحة الحكومة الملكية وتوحيد الصين في جمهورية.
تنقل تشانغ ما بين الصين واليابان على مدى سنوات عديدة تلقى خلالها تدريبه العسكري وشحذ فكره السياسي. وفي عام 1911 تولى -بوصفه معاوناً لسن- قيادة أحد الأفواج في الثورة التي قادت إلى إقامة جمهورية الصين عام 1912. وعلى مدى العقد التالى قسّم شيانج وقته ما بين محاربة الأعداء في الصين ومواصلة تعليمه العسكري وطلب المساعدات المالية لبلاده. وعند عودته إلى الصين عام 1924 تولى إدارة اكاديمية وامبو العسكرية التابعة للحزب الوطني حيث تهيأت له الفرصة للتأثير في الضباط الصغار وتوسيع قاعدة قوته المتنامية

Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th-century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièsh&iacute; (蔣介石) or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (蔣中正) in Mandarin.
Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader.[3] He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting western democracy and the nationalist democratic socialism that Sun Yat-sen and some other members of the KMT embraced in favor of a nationalist authoritarian government.
Chiang's predecessor, Sun Yat-sen, was well-liked and respected by the Communists, but after Sun's death Chiang was not able to maintain good relations with the Communists. A major split between the Nationalists and Communists occurred in 1927; and, under Chiang's leadership, the Nationalists fought a nation-wide civil war against the Communist Party of China (CPC). After Japan invaded China in 1937, Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CPC. Despite some early cooperative military successes against Japan, by the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CPC nor the KMT trusted each other or were actively cooperating. After American-sponsored attempts to negotiate a coalition government failed in 1946, the Chinese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted people critical of his rule in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled the island securely as the self-appointed President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975.

Early life>

Childhood>

Chiang was born in Xikou, a town approximately 30 kilometers southwest of downtown Ningbo, in Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang. However, his ancestral home, a concept important in Chinese society, was the town of Heqiao (和橋鎮) in Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu (approximately 38 km (24 mi) southwest of downtown Wuxi, and 10 km (6.2 mi) from the shores of Lake Tai).
Chiang's father, Jiang Zhaocong (蔣肇聰), and mother, Wang Caiyu (王采玉), were members of an upper-middle to upper-class family of salt merchants. Chiang's father died when he was only eight years of age, and he wrote of his mother as the "embodiment of Confucian virtues".


يتيم الاب في سن الـ 8

Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, Bt, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, KStJ, PC (30 September 1832 – 14 November 1914) was a distinguished Indian born[1]British soldier who regarded himself as Anglo-Irish[2] and one of the most successful British commanders of the 19th century. He served in the Indian rebellion, the Expedition to Abyssinia and the Second Anglo-Afghan War before leading British Forces to success in the Second Boer War. He also became the last Commander-in-Chief of the Forces before the post was abolished in 1904.

Born at Cawnpore, India, on 30 September 1832, Lord Roberts was the second son of GeneralSir Abraham Roberts, a native of County Waterford in the south-east of Ireland At the time Sir Abraham was commanding the 1st Bengal European Regiment. Roberts was named Sleigh in honour of the garrison commander, Major-General William Sleigh. His mother was Edinburgh-born Isabella Bunbury, daughter of Major Abraham Bunbury from Kilfeacle in County Tipperary.
Roberts was educated at Eton, Sandhurst and Addiscombe Military Academy before entering the East India Company Army as a Second Lieutenant with the Bengal Artillery on 12 December 1851. He became ADC to his father in 1852, transferred to the Bengal Horse Artillery in 1854 and was promoted to lieutenant on 31 May 1857.

He fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) seeing action during the siege and capture of Delhi where he was slightly wounded, and being present at the relief of Lucknow, where, as Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General, he was attached to the staff of Sir Colin Campbell, Commander-in-Chief, India. Roberts was awarded the Victoria Cross medal for actions on 2 January 1858 at Khudaganj. The citation reads:
He was also mentioned in despatches for his service at Lucknow in March 1858.[9] In common with other officers he transferred from the East India Company Army to the Indian Army that year

89- صلاح الدين الايوبي

ولد صلاح الدين في تكريتبالعراق عام 532 هـ/1138م في ليلة مغادرة والده نجم الدين أيوب قلعة تكريت حينما كان واليًا عليها، ويرجع نسب الأيوبيين إلى أيوب بن شاذي بن مروان من أهل مدينة دوين في أرمينيا،[5] ويرجع ابن الأثير نسب أيوب بن شاذي بن مروان إلى الأكراد الروادية وهم فخذ من الهذبانية،[5] يقول أحمد بن خلكان: «قال لي رجل فقيه عارف بما يقول، وهو من أهل دوين، إن على باب دوين قرية يُقال لها "أجدانقان" وجميع أهلها أكراد روادية، وكان شاذي قد أخذ ولديه أسد الدين شيركوه ونجم الدين أيوب وخرج بهما إلى بغداد ومن هناك نزلوا تكريت، ومات شاذي بها وعلى قبره قبة داخل البلد»،[6] بينما يرفض بعض ملوك الأيوبيين هذا النسب وقالوا: «إنما نحن عرب، نزلنا عند الأكراد وتزوجنا منهم".»[7] الأيوبيون نفسهم اختلفوا في نسبهم فالملك المعز إسماعيل صاحب اليمن أرجع نسب بني أيوب إلى بني أمية وحين بلغ ذلك الملك العادل سيف الدين أبي بكر بن أيوب قال كذب إسماعيل ما نحن من بني أمية أصلاً،[7] أما الأيوبيون ملوك دمشق فقد أثبتوا نسبهم إلى بني مرة بن عوف من بطون غطفان وقد أحضر هذا النسب على المعظم عيسى بن أحمد صاحب دمشق وأسمعه ابنه الملك الناصر صلاح الدين داود.[7]
وقد شرح الحسن بن داود الأيوبي في كتابه "الفوائد الجلية في الفرائد الناصرية"[8] ما قيل عن نسب أجداده وقطع أنهم ليسوا أكرادًا، بل نزلوا عندهم فنسبوا إليهم. وقال: "ولم أرَ أحداً ممن أدركتُه من مشايخ بيتنا يعترف بهذا النسب".
كما أن الحسن بن داود قد رجَّح في كتابه صحة شجرة النسب التي وضعها الحسن بن غريب، والتي فيها نسبة العائلة إلى أيوب بن شاذي بن مروان بن أبي علي (محمد) بن عنترة بن الحسن بن علي بن أحمد بن أبي علي بن عبد العزيز بن هُدْبة بن الحُصَين بن الحارث بن سنان بن عمرو بن مُرَّة بن عُوف بن أسامة بن بَيْهس بن الحارث بن عوف بن أبي حارثة بن مُرّة بن نَشبَة بن غَيظ بن مرة بن عوف بن لؤي بن غالب بن فِهر (وهو جد قريش).
وكان نجم الدين والد صلاح الدين قد انتقل إلى بعلبك حيث أصبح واليًا عليها مدة سبع سنوات وانتقل إلى دمشق، وقضى صلاح الدين طفولته في دمشق حيث أمضى فترة شبابه في بلاط الملك العادل نور الدين محمود بن زنكي أمير دمشق.[9] إن المصادر حول حياة صلاح الدين خلال هذه الفترة قليلة ومبعثرة، لكن من المعروف أنه عشق دمشق عشقًا شديدًا، وتلقى علومه فيها، وبرع في دراساته، حتى قال عنه بعض معاصريه أنه كان عالمًا بالهندسة الإقليديةوالرياضيات المجسطيةوعلوم الحسابوالشريعة الإسلامية،[10] وتنص بعض المصادر أن صلاح الدين كان أكثر شغفًا بالعلوم الدينية والفقه الإسلامي من العلوم العسكرية خلال أيام دراسته.[11] وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، كان صلاح الدين ملمًا بعلم الأنسابوالسير الذاتية وتاريخ العرب والشعر، حيث حفظ ديوان الحماسة لأبي تمام عن ظهر قلب، أيضًا أحب الخيول العربية المطهمة، وعرف أنقى سلالاتها دمًا.[10]

Saladin was born in Tikrit, Iraq. His personal name was "Yusuf"; "Salah ad-Din" is a laqab, a descriptive epithet, meaning "Righteousness of the Faith."[7] His family was of Kurdish background and ancestry,[2] and had originated from the village of Ajdanakan near the city of Dvin, in medieval Armenia.[8][9] In 1132, the defeated army of the Lord of Mosul, Imad ad-Din Zengi, found their retreat blocked by the Tigris opposite the Tikrit fortress where Saladin's father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub was warden. Ayyub provided ferries for the army and gave them refuge in Tikrit. Mujahed al-Din Bihruz, a former greek slave who had been appointed the military governor of northern Mesopotamia for his service to the Seljuks had reprimanded Ayyub for giving Zengi refuge and in 1137, he banished Ayyub from Tikrit after his brother Asad al-Din Shirkuh killed a friend of Bihruz in an honour killing. According to Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Saladin was born the same night his family left Tikrit. In 1139, Ayyub and his family moved to Mosul where Imad ad-Din Zengi acknowledged his debt and appointed Ayyub commander of his fortress in Baalbek. After the death of Zengi in 1146, his son, Nur ad-Din, became the regent of Aleppo and the leader of the Zengids.[10]
Saladin, who now lived in Damascus, was reported to have a particular fondness of the city, but information on his early childhood is scarce. About education, Saladin wrote "children are brought up in the way in which their elders were brought up." According to one of his biographers, al-Wahrani, Saladin was able to answer questions on Euclid, the Almagest, arithmetic, and law, but this was an academic ideal and it was study of the Qur'an and the "sciences of religion" that linked him to his contemporaries.[10] Several sources claim that during his studies he was more interested in religion than joining the military.[11] Another factor which may have affected his interest in religion was that during the First Crusade, Jerusalem was taken in a surprise attack by the Christians.[11] In addition to Islam, Saladin had a knowledge of the genealogies, biographies, and histories of the Arabs, as well as the bloodlines of Arabian horses. More significantly, he knew the Hamasah of Abu Tammam by heart.[

Early life
Dewey was born in Montpelier, Vermont, directly opposite the Vermont State House, to Julius Yemans Dewey and his first wife, Mary Perrin.[1][2] Julius was a physician, having received his degree from The University of Vermont. He was among the founders of the National Life Insurance Company in 1848[1][3] and a member of the Episcopal Church and was among the founders of the Christ Episcopal Church in Montpelier. George was baptized and attended Sunday school there. George had two older brothers and a younger sister.
Dewey attended school in the nearby town of Johnson. When he was fifteen years old he went to the Norwich Military School. The school, better known as Norwich University, had been founded by Alden Partridge and aimed at giving cadets a well-rounded military education. Dewey attended for two years (1852–1854).[1] Dewey found a military role model when he read a biography of Hannibal.

Dr. Julius Yemans Dewey ((1801-08-22)August 22, 1801[1] - May 29, 1877(1877-05-29)[1]) was an American doctor of medicine and businessman in the state of Vermont during the 19th century. He was born in Berlin, Vermont.[2] He attended Washington County Grammar School and then the University of Vermont.[3]
His first wife and the mother of his children was Mary Perrin whom he married in 1825.[4] She died young, however, and he had two later marriages without issue, to Susan Edson Tarbox and Susan Elizabeth Griggs Lilley

Louis was born in Paris, the son of Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency. His father was a first cousin-once-removed of Henry IV, the King of France, and his mother was an heiress of one of France's leading ducal families.
Conde's father saw to it that his son received a thorough education – Louis studied history, law, and mathematics during six years at the Jesuits' school at Bourges. After that he entered the Royal Academy at Paris. At seventeen, in the absence of his father, he governed Burgundy.

His father betrothed him to Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé, niece of the powerful Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of the king, before he joined the army in 1640. Despite being barely twenty years of age and in love with Mlle du Vigean (Marthe Poussard, called mademoiselle du Vigean, daughter of the king's gentleman of the bedchamber François Poussard, marquis de Fors and baron du Vigean, by his wife Anne de Neubourg, daughter of Roland, sieur de Sercelles), he was compelled by his father to marry his fiancée, a child of thirteen.[1] Although she bore her husband three children, Enghien later claimed she committed adultery with different men in order to justify locking her away at Châteauroux, but the charge was widely disbelieved: Saint-Simon, while admitting that she was homely and dull, praised her virtue, piety and gentleness in the face of relentless abuse.
Enghien took part with distinction in the siege of Arras. He also won Richelieu's favor when he was present with the Cardinal during the plot of Cinq Mars, and afterwards fought in the siege of Perpignan (1642).

In 1643 Enghien was appointed to command against the Spanish in northern France. He was opposed by experienced generals, and the veterans of the Spanish army were held to be the toughest soldiers in Europe. The great Battle of Rocroi (19 May) put an end to the supremacy of the Spanish army and inaugurated the long period of French military predominance. Enghien himself conceived and directed the decisive attack, and at the age of twenty-two won his place amongst the great generals of the 17th century.
After a campaign of uninterrupted success, Enghien returned to Paris in triumph, and tried to forget his enforced and hateful marriage with a series of affairs (after Richelieu's death in 1642 he would unsuccessfully seek annulment of his marriage in hopes of marrying Mlle du Vigean, until she joined the order of the Carmelites in 1647). In 1644 he was sent with reinforcements into Germany to the assistance of Turenne, who was hard pressed, and took command of the whole army.
The Battle of Freiburg (August) was desperately contested, but in the end the French army won a great victory over the Bavarians and Imperialists, commanded by Franz Baron von Mercy. As after Rocroi, numerous fortresses opened their gates to the duke.
Enghien spent the next winter, as every winter during the war, amid the gaieties of Paris. The summer campaign of 1645 opened with the defeat of Turenne by Mercy at Mergentheim, but this was retrieved in the brilliant victory of N&ouml;rdlingen, in which Mercy was killed, and Enghien himself received several serious wounds. The capture of Philippsburg was the most important of his other achievements during this campaign. In 1646 Enghien served under Gaston, Duke of Orléans in Flanders, and when, after the capture of Mardyck, Orléans returned to Paris, Enghien, left in command, captured Dunkirk (11 October).

ليس يتيم لكن والده مات وعمره 25 سنة وامه ماتت بعد ذلك بسنوان قليلة لكن احداث حياتة تقول انه عاش طفولة عاصفة.

طفولة عاصفة.

Student entered the Imperial German Army as an officer candidate in 1910 and was commissioned a lieutenant in March 1911. After serving initially with a light infantry (J&auml;ger) battalion, he underwent pilot training in 1913. He served from the beginning of World War I until February 1916 with Feldflieger-Abteilung 17 on the Galician front, rising to command of the unit on 1 June 1916. On 5 July, he became a charter member of the Fokker Scourge when he scored his first confirmed victory, forcing Nieuport 11 no. 1324 to land behind German lines. Student re-equipped the French plane with a Spandau machine gun, and seems to have flown it in combat.[2]
He then switched to the Western Front in aerial units of the Third Army, including Jagdstaffel 9 (Jasta 9), which he commanded from October 1916 – May 1917. He scored six air-to-air victories over French aircraft between 1916 – 1917 before being wounded.[3]
[edit] Interwar years

During the interwar period, Student tried to keep German military aviation from becoming technologically obsolete, since under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forbidden to maintain an air force. In the immediate post-war years, he was assigned to military research and development. He became involved in military gliders, since gliding was not forbidden by the treaty. He also attended the Red Army Air Forces maneuvres, where he first came in contact with the idea of airborne operations.
After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, the Luftwaffe was secretly reestablished. Student transferred from the Army to the Luftwaffe and was appointed by Hermann G&ouml;ring to be the head of its training schools, a position which became official when the Treaty of Versailles was renounced in 1935. In July 1938, he was named commander of airborne and air-landing troops, and in September commanding general of the 7. Flieger-Division, Germany's first Fallschirmj&auml;ger division

===
Kurt Student Biography
Kurt Student (1890-1978) played an important role in establishing Hitler's secret Luftwaffe (air force). He promoted the idea of using parachute assaults and glider attacks in warfare. Student masterminded the German airborne attack on Crete and was responsible for death of thousands.
Kurt Student was born into an upper middle class German family in the city of Birkholz on May 12, 1890. He hoped to be a doctor, but his family could not afford the education needed. Student's mother died when he was 11. His father sent him to the Royal Prussian Cadet School in Potsdam in 1901, where he could train for a career in the military. The school emphasized strict discipline, sports, and loyalty to the emperor and nation. Student did well in school, except in mathematics. Upon graduating in 1911, he became a lieutenant in the Imperial German Army. In 1913, he trained to be a pilot in the army air force.

يتيم الام في سن الـ 11.

George Smith Patton, Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was an officer in the United States Army best known for his leadership as a general during World War II. He also developed a reputation for eccentricity and for sometimes-controversial gruff outspokenness—such as during his profanity-laced speech to his expeditionary troops.
He was on the U.S. 1912 Olympic pentathlon team and also designed the U.S. Cavalry's last combat saber: the "Patton Saber" (the M-1913). In 1916 he led the first-ever U.S. motorized-vehicle attack during the Mexican Border Campaign. In World War I, he was the first officer assigned to the new United States Tank Corps and saw action in France.

In World War II, he commanded corps and armies in North Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of Operations. In 1944, Patton assumed command of the U.S. Third Army, which under his leadership advanced farther, captured more enemy prisoners, and liberated more territory in less time than any other army in history. A German field marshal speaking to American reporters called Patton "your best" (general).

] Early life and family
George Smith Patton Jr. was born in San Gabriel, California in 1885 (in what is now the city of San Marino, California,[citation needed] near Los Angeles), to George Smith Patton Sr. (1856–1927) and his wife Ruth Wilson (1861–1928), daughter of Benjamin Davis Wilson. Although he was actually the third George Smith Patton after his grandfather, he was called Junior. The Pattons were an affluent family of Scots-Irish and English descent.
As a boy, Patton read widely in the classics and military history. His father was a friend of John Singleton Mosby, the noted cavalry leader of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War who served first under J.E.B. Stuart and then as a guerrilla fighter. Patton grew up hearing Mosby's stories of his adventures, and longed to become a general himself.
Patton came from a military family, his ancestors including General Hugh Mercer of the American Revolution. His great uncle, Waller T. Patton, died of wounds received in Pickett's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg. John M. Patton and Isaac Patton, also his great uncles, were colonels in the Confederate States Army. His great uncle William T. Glassell was a Confederate States Navy officer. Hugh Weedon Mercer, a Confederate general, was his close relative. John M. Patton, a great-grandfather, was a lawyer and politician who had served as acting governor of Virginia.
Patton's paternal grandparents were Colonel George Smith Patton and Susan Thornton Glassell. His grandfather, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, graduated from Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Class of 1852, second in a class of 24. After graduation, George Smith Patton studied law and practiced in Charleston, Virginia (now West Virginia). When the American Civil War broke out, he served in the 22nd Virginia Infantry of the Confederate States of America. Colonel George S. Patton, his grandfather, was killed during the Battle of Opequon. The Confederate Congress had promoted Colonel Patton to brigadier general; however, at the time, he had already died of battle wounds, so that promotion was never official.
Patton's grandfather left behind a namesake son, born in Charleston, Virginia (now West Virginia). The second George Smith Patton (born George William Patton in 1856, changing his name to honor his late father in 1868) was one of four children. Graduating from the Virginia Military Institute in 1877, Patton's father served as Los Angeles County, California, District Attorney and the first City Attorney for the city of Pasadena, California and the first mayor of San Marino, California. He was a Wilsonian Democrat.
His maternal grandparents were Benjamin Davis Wilson (December 1, 1811 to March 11, 1878), mayor of Los Angeles in 1851–1852 and the namesake of Southern California's Mount Wilson, and his second wife, Margaret Hereford. Wilson was a self-made man who was orphaned in Nashville, Tennessee, came to Alta California as a fur trapper and adventurer during the American Indian Wars before marrying Ramona Yorba, the daughter of a California land baron, Bernardo Yorba, and made his fortune through the wedding dowry, receiving Rancho Jurupa, settling what would become California's San Gabriel Valley, after the Mexican American War. He was part of the Hispanic-dominated Los Angeles society, who affectionately dubbed him "Benito," a name by which he was best known. Benjamin Wilson was also a well known Indian fighter who served as justice of the peace for the Mexican authorities and it was while hunting down renegade Indians that he discovered what is present day Big Bear, California which received that name because Wilson and his posse lassoed and killed over thirty grizzly bears while passing through.[6]
The future General Patton married Beatrice Banning Ayer (January 12, 1886 – September 30, 1953), the daughter of wealthy textile baron Frederick Ayer, on May 26, 1910. They were childhood friends, since his father and her uncle, Phinneas Banning, were partners in the ownership of Catalina Island, where the families spent their summers. They had three children, Beatrice Smith (March 19, 1911 – October 24, 1952), Ruth Ellen Patton Totten (February 28, 1915 – November 25, 1993), who wrote The Button Box: A Loving Daughter's Memoir of Mrs. George S. Patton, and George Patton IV (December 24, 1923 – June 27, 2004), who followed in his father's footsteps, attending West Point and eventually rising to the rank of Major General as an armor officer in the United States Army.

[Education and early military service

Patton at Virginia Military Institute
Patton attended Virginia Military Institute for one year, where he rushed VMI's chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order. He then left VMI and enrolled in the United States Military Academy. The Academy required him to repeat his first "plebe" year because of his poor performance in mathematics. However, he did so with honors and was appointed Cadet Adjutant (the second highest position for a cadet), graduating in 1909 instead of 1908 and receiving his commission as a cavalry officer.[7]
[edit] 1912 Summer Olympics

Patton participated in the first-ever modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. He finished fifth overall.[8] He placed seventh out of 37 contestants in the 300 meter freestyle swimming. He was fourth out of 29 fencers. In the equestrian cross-country steeplechase, he was among the riders who turned in perfect performances, but he placed sixth because of his time. Patton "hit the wall" 50 yards (46 m) from the finish line of the four kilometer cross-country footrace, then fainted after crossing the line at a walk; he finished third out of 15 contestants. He made the U.S. Modern Pentathlon team for the 1916 Summer Olympics, scheduled for Berlin, Germany, but the Games were canceled because of World War I.
[
Pistol shooting controversy

In pistol shooting, Patton placed 20th out of 32 contestants. He used a .38 caliber pistol, while most of the other competitors chose .22 caliber firearms. He claimed that the holes in the paper from his early shots were so large that some of his later bullets passed through them, but the judges decided he missed the target completely once. Modern competitions on this level frequently now employ a moving background to specifically track multiple shots through the same hole.[9] There was much controversy, but the judges' ruling was upheld. Patton neither complained, nor made excuses. Patton's only comment was:
The high spirit of sportsmanship and generosity manifested throughout speaks volumes for the character of the officers of the present day. There was not a single incident of a protest or any unsportsmanlike quibbling or fighting for points which I may say, marred some of the other civilian competitions at the Olympic Games. Each man did his best and took what fortune sent them like a true soldier, and at the end we all felt more like good friends and comrades than rivals in a severe competition, yet this spirit of friendship in no manner detracted from the zeal with which all strove for success
من عائلة من العسكرين له اقارب ماتو في المعارك عاش بيئة عسكرين لكنه ليس يتيم.

ليس يتيم.

ميشيل ني Michel Ney مارشال فرنسا Maréchal de France دوق إلشينغن Duc d’Elchingen، ويعرف باسم ميشيل الأحمر Michel le Rouge لغزارة شعره الأحمر المتألق، إضافة إلى لقب أشجع الشجعان

Michel Ney (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl ˈnɛ]), 1st Duc d'Elchingen, 1st Prince de la Moskowa (10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815) popularly known as Marshal Ney was a French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of France created by Napoleon. He was known as Le Rougeaud ("red faced" or "ruddy"[1]) by his men and nicknamed le Brave des Braves ("the bravest of the brave") by Napoleon.

Early life
Michel Ney was born in Saarlouis, the second son of Pierre Ney (1738–1826), a masterbarrel-cooper and veteran of the Seven Years' War, and of his wife Margarethe Grewelinger (1739–1791). Ney was the paternal grandson of Matthias Ney (1700–1780) and wife Margarethe Becker (d. 1767), and the maternal grandson of Valentin Grewelinger and wife Margaretha Ding.[2] His hometown at the time of his birth comprised a French-speaking enclave in a predominantly German-speaking portion of Lorraine, and Ney grew up bilingual.

Ney was educated at the Collège des Augustins, and subsequently became a notary in Saarlouis, and then overseer of mines and forges.
[edit] French Revolutionary Wars

Life as a civil servant did not suit Ney, and he enlisted in the Colonel-General Hussar Regiment in 1787.[2] Ney rapidly rose through the non-commissioned ranks. He served in the Army of the North from 1792 to 1794, with which he saw action at the Cannonade of Valmy, the Battle of Neerwinden, and other engagements. Ney was commissioned in October 1792, transferred to the Sambre-et-Meuse in June 1794, and wounded at the Siege of Mainz. Ney was promoted to général de brigade in August 1796, and commanded cavalry on the German fronts. On 17 April 1797, during the Battle of Neuwied, Ney led a cavalry charge against Austrian lancers trying to seize French cannons. The lancers were beaten back, but Ney’s cavalry were counter-attacked by heavy cavalry. During the mêlée, Ney was thrown from his horse and made a prisoner of war; on 8 May he was exchanged for an Austrian general.[3] Following the capture of Mannheim, Ney was promoted to géneral de division in March 1799. Later in 1799, Ney commanded cavalry in the armies of Switzerland and the Danube. At Winterthur Ney received wounds in the thigh and wrist. After Ney’s recovery he fought at Hohenlinden under General Moreau in December 1800. From September 1802, Ney commanded French troops in Switzerland and performed diplomatic duties.

[ Napoleonic Wars
Further information: Napoleonic Wars
On 19 May 1804, Ney received his Marshal's baton, emblematic of his status as a Marshal of the Empire, the Napoleonic era's equivalent of Marshal of France.[4] In the 1805 campaign Ney took command of VI Corps of La Grande Armée, and was praised for his conduct at Elchingen.[4] In November 1805, Ney invaded the Tyrol, capturing Innsbruck from Archduke John. In the 1806 campaign, Ney fought at Jena and then occupied Erfurt. Later in the campaign, Ney successfully besieged Magdeburg. In the 1807 campaign Ney arrived with reinforcements in time to save Napoleon from defeat at Eylau, although the battle ended as a draw. Later in the campaign, Ney fought at Güttstadt, and commanded the right wing at Friedland. On 6 June 1808, Ney was created Duke of Elchingen.[4] In August 1808 Ney was sent to Spain in command of VI Corps, and won a number of minor actions. In 1809 he routed an Anglo-Portuguese force under Sir Robert Wilson at Ba&ntilde;os. In 1810 Ney joined Marshal Masséna in the invasion of Portugal, where he took Ciudad Rodrigo from the Spanish and Almeida from the British and Portuguese, brusquely defeated the British on the River Côa, and fought at Buçaco. During the retreat from Torres Vedras, Ney worsted Wellington's forces in a series of lauded rearguard actions (Pombal, Redinha, Casal Novo, Foz d'Aronce) with which he delayed the pursuing enemy forces enough to allow the main French force to retreat unmolested. He was ultimately removed from command for insubordination.

Charles XII also Carl of Sweden, Swedish: Karl XII, Latinized to Carolus Rex, Turkish: Demirbaş Şarl (which means Charles the Habitué or Charles the Fixture) (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718) was the King of the Swedish Empire from 1697 to 1718. Charles was the only surviving son of King Charles XI of Sweden and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder, he assumed power after a seven-month caretaker government at the age of fifteen.
In 1700, a triple alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony–Poland–Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of Swedish Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Livonia and Ingria, aiming to draw advantage as Sweden was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the Great Northern War. Leading the formidable Swedish army against the alliance, Charles had by 1706 forced to submission all parties but Russia.
Charles' subsequent march on Moscow ended with the dismemberment of the Swedish army at Poltava and Perevolochna, and he spent the following years in exile in the Ottoman Empire before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two failed campaigns concluded with his death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent Treaty of Nystad. The close would see not only the end of the Swedish Empire but also of its effectively organized absolute monarchy and war machine, commencing a parliamentarian government unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by Gustav III.
Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts he is quoted by Voltaire as saying, upon the outbreak of the war; "I have resolved never to start an unjust war but never to end a legitimate one except by defeating my enemies." With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children, and was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and opted to surrender the throne to her husband, who became King Frederick I of Sweden.

والده Charles XI also Carl, Swedish: Karl XI (24 November 1655old style – 5 April 1697

يتيم الاب في سن الـ 15

Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, 1st Marquess of Maranh&atilde;o, GCB, ODM (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831,[1][2] was a Scottish naval flag officer and radical politician.
He was a daring and successful captain of the Napoleonic Wars, leading the French to nickname him Le Loup des Mers ('The Sea Wolf').
He was dismissed from the Royal Navy in 1814, following a conviction for fraud on the Stock Exchange and he then served in the rebel navies of Chile, Brazil and Greece during their respective wars of independence.
In 1832, he was pardoned and reinstated in the Royal Navy with the rank of Rear Admiral of the Blue. After several further promotions, he died in 1860 with the rank of Admiral of the Red, and the honorary title of Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.
His life and exploits served as one source of inspiration for the naval fiction of nineteenth and twentieth-century novelists, particularly C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower and Patrick O'Brian's Jack Aubrey.
Contents

Cochrane's father Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald.

Thomas Cochrane was born at Annsfield, near Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald and Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter of Captain James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major John Roberton, 16th Laird of Earnock.[3]
Cochrane had six brothers. One was Major William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th Dragoon Guards, who served with distinction under Sir John Moore in the Peninsular War. Another was Captain Archibald Cochrane.
Cochrane was descended from lines of Scottish aristocracy and military service on both sides of his family. Through his uncle, Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane the sixth son of the 8th Earl of Dundonald, Cochrane was cousin to his namesake Sir Thomas John Cochrane who also enjoyed a distinguished naval career[4] and became Governor of Newfoundland and later Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom. The family fortune had been spent by 1793 and the family estate was sold to cover debts.[5]

[Early life
ِadmiral Cochrane bust in Culross

Cochrane spent much of his early life in Culross, Fife, where his family had an estate. There is now a bust in his honour outside the Culross Town House.
Through the influence of his uncle, Alexander Cochrane, he was listed as a member of the crew on the books of four Royal Navy ships starting when he was five years old.This common, though unlawful practice (called false muster), was a means of acquiring the years of service required for promotion, if and when he joined the Navy. His father secured him a commission in the British Army at an early age, but Cochrane preferred the Navy, which he joined in 1793 upon the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars

On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane joined the navy as a midshipman, spending his first months at Sheerness in a sixth-rate frigate, the 28-gun HMS Hind, commanded by his uncle, Captain Alexander Cochrane.[7] He then transferred to the 38-gun fifth rate HMS Thetis, also under his uncle's command. While on the Thetis he visited Norway then served at the North America station.[8] There, in 1795, he was appointed acting lieutenant. The following year, on 27 May 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant, after passing the examination.[8] After several transfers in America and a return home, he found himself as 8th Lieutenant on Lord Keith's flagship HMS Barfleur in the Mediterranean in 1798.[9]

==
Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald (1 January 1748 – 1 July 1831) was a Scottish nobleman and inventor..
He married three times. His first wife was Anne Gilchrist, daughter of Captain James Gilchrist whom he married in 1774. After her death, he married Isabella Raymond, daughter of Samuel Raymond, in 1788.
His third wife was Anna Maria Plowden, daughter of Francis Plowden whom he married in 1819. He had four sons: Thomas Cochrane who was a highly successful Royal Navy officer, Basil Cochrane who briefly served in the Royal Navy before transferring to the British Army, William Erskine Cochrane who served in the British Army and Archibald Cochrane who also served in the Royal Navy. His younger brother Sir Alexander Cochrane was a senior Royal Navy commander during the Napoleonic Wars

97- يوهان سركليس فون تيلي

johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly (Dutch: Johan 't Serclaes) (February 1559 – 30 April 1632), commanded the Catholic League's forces in the Thirty Years' War. He had a string of important victories against the Protestants but was then defeated by forces led by the King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Along with Duke Albrecht von Wallenstein of Friedland and Mecklenburg, he was one of two chief commanders of the Holy Roman Empire’s forces in the first half of the war.

Early years

Johann Tserclaes was born in February 1559 in Castle Tilly, Walloon Brabant, now in Belgium, then the Spanish Netherlands. Johann Tserclaes was born into a Roman CatholicBrabantine family and after receiving a Jesuit education in Cologne, he joined the Spanish army at age fifteen and fought under Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza in his campaign against the Dutch forces rebelling in the Eighty Years' War and participated in the successful Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585) in 1585. After this he joined in the Holy Roman Empire’s campaign against the Ottoman Turks in Hungary and Transylvania as a mercenary in 1600 and through rapid promotion became a Field Marshal in only five years. When the Turkish Wars ended in 1606, he remained in the service of Rudolf II in Prague until he was appointed commander of the Catholic League forces by Bavaria under Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria in 1610.
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Johann Tserclaes, Graf von Tilly was born in February 1559 at Castle Tilly, in Brabant (about 50 kilometers southeast of Brussels), in what was then known as the Spanish Netherlands. This area was part of the Holy Roman Empire under the rule of the House of Habsburg.
His father, Martin Tserclaes, was the lord of Tilly and an associate of Egmont, a local aristocrat. As the Duke of Alva's "Council of Blood" strove to put down the loyal Spanish subjects in the Netherlands, Egmont was executed in 1568.
Martin Tserclaes was forced to leave the Spanish Netherlands. The family remained loyal to the Habsburgs, and Johann and his brother Jakob were sent to Jesuit institutions to be taught doctrine more acceptable to the Holy Roman Empire.
By 1574, the family was allowed to return. Fifteen-year-old Johann became a cadet in a Walloon regiment under the command of General Alesandro Farnese, the Duke of Parma, who was considered a tactical genius in the use of infantry. From 1583 until 1585, Tilly fought in the campaign that took Antwerp. The tactical skills of Farnese would influence Tilly's later style. He served under Farnese in the French religious wars and as governor of Dun (on the Meuse) and Villefranch in Lorraine until the Duke's death in 1592.

http://www.answers.com/topic/johan-tzerclaes-count-of-tilly

Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby GCB, GCMG, GCVO (23 April 1861 – 14 May 1936) was a British soldier and administrator most famous for his role during the First World War, in which he led the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in the conquest of Palestine and Syria in 1917 and 1918.
Allenby, nicknamed the "Bloody Bull", was characterized by Lord Wavell, a British field marshal during the Second World War who had served under Allenby, as an intelligent, caring man and a consummate professional soldier. T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), whose efforts with the Arab Revolt were greatly aided by Allenby, thought similarly of him: "(He was) physically large and confident, and morally so great that the comprehension of our littleness came slow to him".[2] Allenby was arguably one of the most successful British commanders of the war, utilising strategies he developed from his experiences in the Boer War and on the Western Front towards his Palestinian Campaigns of 1917–18. His management of the Battle of Megiddo in particular, with its brilliant use of aeroplanes, infantry, and mobile cavalry, is considered by many to be a precursor to the Blitzkrieg tactics so widely employed by Germany during the Second World War.
Contents

Born in Brackenhurst, Nottinghamshire, Allenby was educated at Haileybury College. He had no great desire to be a soldier, and tried to enter the Indian Civil Service, failing the entry exam twice. In 1880, he sat the exam for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and came fifth out of one-hundred and ten applicants. After ten months at Sandhurst, he passed out twelfth and was commissioned into the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons in 1881.
In 1882, he joined his regiment in South Africa, and served in the Bechuanaland Expedition of 1884-1885 on patrol duties, and then in Zululand in 1888. In 1889, as a captain, he was made the adjutant of the regiment, responsible for the turnout, discipline and routine of the unit and soon gained a reputation for strictness. He returned to Britain in 1890 with his unit, which was posted to Brighton, during which time the regiment was confined to training and other routine duties. In 1893, Allenby’s time as adjutant came to an end, and in 1894 he sat – and failed – the entry exam for the Staff College in Camberley. Not deterred, he sat the exam again the next year and passed in twenty-first place, being the only cavalryman to enter the college by competition and the first officer from his regiment ever to do so. On the same day, Captain Douglas Haig of the 7th Hussars also entered the Staff College, albeit not by taking an exam, thus beginning a rivalry between the two that was to run until the First World War. Different in character, Haig and Allenby both worked hard at Staff College, although the latter was more popular with fellow officers, even being made Master of the Draghounds in preference to Haig who was the better rider. Whereas Haig had few interests outside military affairs, Allenby had already developed a passion for poetry, ornithology, travel and botany. James Edmonds, a contemporary, later claimed that the staff at Staff College thought Allenby dull and stupid but were impressed by a speech he gave to the Farmers’ Dinner, which had in fact been written for him by Edmonds and another.[3]
Allenby's Staff College assessment read as follows:
"This officer has sufficiently good abilities and much practical common sense. In all his work the practical bearing of the subject dealt with is always kept in view; and so long as the subject or situation falls within his knowledge, it is rapidly and thoroughly dealt with. In matters with which he is not so conversant he is not very good at working into details. He has energy, good judgement and rapid decision, and is a clear thinker and writer. He is active and a good soldier, and has the power of exerting influence on others and getting good work out of them."[citation needed]Before leaving Staff College in 1897, he was promoted to Major and had also married Miss Mabel Chapman, the daughter of a Wiltshire landowner. In 1898, Allenby joined the 3rd Cavalry Brigade, then serving in Ireland as the Brigade-Major.

مجهول الطفولة.

1- جورجواشنطن .... يتيم الاب في سن 11
2- نابليونالاول يتيم في سن الـ 16
3- الالكسندرالاكبر..... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20 .
4- جينكيزخان..... يتيم الاب في سن 13
5- يوليوسقيصير....... يتيم الاب وهو في سن الـ 15.
6- جوستافادولف يتيم الاب في سن الـ 17 .
7- شارلمان (شارل الاكبر ).... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20 .
8- سيمونبولفيار..... يتيم الاب في سن الثانية
9- وليمالفاتح يتيم في سن السابعة
10- ادولفهتلر يتيم الاب في سن الـ 14 ويتيم الام في سن الـ 16.
11- بطرسالاكبر يتيم الاب في سن الـ 4
12- اوليفيركرومويل... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 18 .
13- دوجلاسمكاثر... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 18 .
14- آرثر ويزلي (دوق ويلنجتون الاول) يتيم الاب في سن الثانية.
15- اوجين اميرسافوي......................... يتيم الاب في سن العاشرة
16- فردينانجونزالو(القرطبي).................... يتيم في الطفولة المبكرة
17- هينبعل,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, يتيم الاب في سن الـ 19 .
18- وينفليدسكوت.......... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 3 ويتيم الام فيسن الـ 17
19- هوراشيونيلسون.............. يتيمالام في سن الـ 9.
20- هنري دولاتور دو آفرون دو تورين..... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 12
21- موريسالنيساوي....... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 17..
22- آلنفرانسيس بروك (آلانبروك).... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 8
23- اومارنيلسون برادلي.................... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 13 او الـ 15 حسب ما هو مذكورهنا
24- الكسندرفسيلفتش سوفروف...... يتيم الام في سن الـ 15
25- لويسالكسندر بيتريه..... يتيم الأم؟
26- ايفانستيبالنوفيتش كونياف...... يتيم الام في اثناء الولادة 0
27- صامويل (سام)هيوستن يتيم الاب وهو في سن الـ 14.
28- روبيرتادوارد لي............... يتمالاب في سن الـ 11 ، ويتيم الام في سن الـ 22
29- تشستر وليمنيمستن.............. يتيم الاب قبل الولادة.
30- كارلايميلفومانرهايم........... يتيمالام في سن 14 .
31- ارنولد ................ يتيم الأم والأب فيسنوات 18 و20 .
32- مصتفىكمال (اتاتورك)................ يتيم الاب في سن الـ 7
33- جون آربثونفيشر........... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 15.
34- هيهاتشيروتوجو........... يتيمالاب في سن الـ 19
35- هارولدروبيرت الكسندر................ يتيم الاب في سن السابعة
36- ايفينروميل............. يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20.
37- صدام حسين............ يتيم الاب قبل الولادة بستة اشهر.
38- هوراشيوهربرتكيتشنز...........يتيم الام في سن الـ 14
39- كيم ايلسونج................ يتيم الاب في سن الـ 14
40- ديفيد جلاسجوفراجيت.............. يتيم الاب في سن الـ 16
41- جرانتجوزيف وولزلي.... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 7
42- تشانجكاي-شيك........ يتيم الاب في سن الـ 8
43- ميشيلني........................... ماتت والدته وعمره 22 عام.
44- شارلالثاني عشر.............. يتيم الاب في سن الـ 15.
45- كيراشتودينت.......... يتيم الام في سن الـ 11.
46- يوهانسركليس فون تيلي........يتيم الاب في سن الـ 9.
47- جورج ديوي يتيم الام في الطفولة
48- توماس كوكرين................. يتيم الأم في سن الثالثة عشرة.

1- فريدرليكالاكبر (فريدريكالثاني)........... طفولة كارثية
2- اتيلاالهوني طفولة كارثية
3- دوايتديفيد ايزنهارو... طفولة مأساويةلكنه ليس يتيم.
4- يوليسيسسيمبسون جرانت.... طفولته كارثية
5- لويسالثاني دي بوربون (امير كونديه).... طفولة عاصفة.
6- ادواردالاول...............طفولة عاصفة.
7- سليمالاول.....................................طفولة عاصفة.

1- جورج كاتليت مارشالمجهول الطفولة.
2- كارل فونكلاوسفيتس مجهول الطفولة
3- سونتسو..... مجهول الطفولة
4- تيمورلنك.................... مجهول الطفولة
5- انطو هنريجوميني................. مجهول الطفولة.
6- سيبيوافريكانس............. مجهول الطفولة.
7- آلفرد ثايرماهان................. مجهول الطفولة
8- فو نيجينجياب............... مجهول الطفولة.
9- جونجوزيفبيرشنج............ مجهول الطفولة.
10- رالفبركرومبي................. مجهول الطفولة.
11- نورمانشوارزكوف.......... مجهول الطفولة.
12- جوسيه ديسان مارتين............ مجهولالطفولة
13- جونيبيجاريبلدي............ مجهولالطفولة
14- كولنكامبل ............. مجهول الطفولة.
15- جيبهاردليبرخت فون بلوخر.......... مجهولالطفولة.
16- موشيديان... مجهول الطفولة.
17- فرنديانفوش..... مجهول الطفولة.
18- جوليودوهي..................... مجهولالطفولة.
19- هاينزجودريان............ مجهول الطفولة
20- كارلدونتز.............. مجهولالطفولة
21- فريدليكسليهروبرتس.... مجهول الطفولة.
22- صلاح الدينالايوبي...... مجهول الطفولة
23 ادموندهنري آلنبي................... مجهول الطفولة.
24- لينبياو...........مجهول الطفولة.
25- سباستيانلو بريستر دو فوبان المعلومات غير متوفرة. مجهول الطفولة.
26- جان باتسيتفاكيت دو جريبوفال........ المعلومات غير متوفرة. مجهول الطفولة

ليسوا ايتام :
1- سليمان الاول ............ ليس يتيم.
2- جورج باتون..................ليس يتيم.

" الايتام هم الحل "

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طبعا انه اليتم وبنسبة تتعدى عامل الصدفة