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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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John Locke
- John Locke was a phenomenal English philosopher. Locke’s ideas had a huge influence on the development of political philosophy and he is considered one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment and one of the biggest contibutors to liberal theory. Locke’s influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of “consciousness.” John Locke was an independent thinker and among the greatest philosophers.
=
John Locke; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the
Father of
Classical Liberalism
, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of
Enlightenment
thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British
empiricists
, following the tradition of
Francis Bacon
, he is equally important to
social contract
theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of
epistemology
and
political philosophy
. His writings influenced
Voltaire
and
Rousseau
, many
Scottish Enlightenment
thinkers, as well as the
American revolutionaries
. His contributions to
classical republicanism
and
liberal theory
are reflected in the
United States Declaration of Independence
.
[5]
Locke's
theory of mind
is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of
identity
and the
self
, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as
Hume
,
Rousseau
and
Kant
. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of
consciousness
. He postulated that the
mind
was a blank slate or
tabula rasa
. Contrary to pre-existing
Cartesian
philosophy, he maintained that we are born without
innate ideas
, and that
knowledge
is instead determined only by
experience
derived from
sense
perception
.
[6]
Biography
Locke's father, also called John, was a
country lawyer
and clerk to the Justices of the Peace in
Chew Magna
, who had served as a captain of cavalry for the
Parliamentarian
forces during the early part of the
English Civil War
. His mother was Agnes Keene. Both parents were
Puritans
. Locke was born on
29 August 1632
, in a small thatched
cottage
by the church in
Wrington
, Somerset, about twelve miles from
Bristol
. He was
baptised
the same day. Soon after Locke's birth, the family moved to the
market town
of
Pensford
, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural
Tudor
house in
Belluton
.
In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious
Westminster School
in London under the sponsorship of
Alexander Popham
, a member of Parliament and his father's former commander. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to
Christ Church, Oxford
. The dean of the college at the time was
John Owen
, vice-chancellor of the university. Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time. He found the works of modern philosophers, such as
René Descartes
, more interesting than the
classical
material taught at the university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the
Royal Society
, of which he eventually became a member.
Locke was awarded a
bachelor's degree
in 1656 and a master's degree in 1658. He obtained a
bachelor of medicine
in 1674, having studied medicine extensively during his time at
Oxford
and worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as
Robert Boyle
,
Thomas Willis
,
Robert Hooke
and
Richard Lower
. In 1666, he met Lord
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for a
liver
infection. Cooper was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue.
Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Shaftesbury's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashley's personal physician. In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of
Thomas Sydenham
. Sydenham had a major effect on Locke's natural philosophical thinking – an effect that would become evident in the
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
.
Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesbury's liver infection became life-threatening. Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Shaftesbury to undergo an operation (then life-threatening itself) to remove the cyst. Shaftesbury survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life.
It was in Shaftesbury's household, during 1671, that the meeting took place, described in the Epistle to the reader of the Essay, which was the genesis of what would later become the Essay. Two extant Drafts still survive from this period. It was also during this time that Locke served as Secretary of the
Board of Trade and Plantations
and Secretary to the
Lords and Proprietors of the Carolinas
, helping to shape his ideas on international trade and economics.
Shaftesbury, as a founder of the
Whig
movement, exerted great influence on Locke's political ideas. Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became
Lord Chancellor
in 1672. Following Shaftesbury's fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France as tutor and medical attendant to
Caleb Banks
.
[8]
He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the
Two Treatises of Government
. While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the
Glorious Revolution
of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date,
[9]
and it is now viewed as a more general argument against
absolute monarchy
(particularly as espoused by
Robert Filmer
and
Thomas Hobbes
) and for individual consent as the basis of
political legitimacy
. Though Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history.
Locke fled to the
Netherlands
in 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in the
Rye House Plot
, although there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme. In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the Essay and composing the Letter on Toleration. Locke did not return home until after the
Glorious Revolution
. Locke accompanied
William of Orange
's wife back to England in 1688. The bulk of Locke's publishing took place upon his return from exile – his aforementioned
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
, the
Two Treatises of Civil Government
and
A Letter Concerning Toleration
all appearing in quick succession.
Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams' country house in Essex. Although his time there was marked by variable health from
asthma
attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters with such figures as
John Dryden
and
Isaac Newton
.
He died in 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of
High Laver
,
[10]
east of
Harlow
in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691. Locke never married nor had children.
Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the
English Restoration
, the
Great Plague of London
and the
Great Fire of London
. He did not quite see the
Act of Union
of 1707, though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in
personal union
throughout his lifetime.
Constitutional monarchy
and
parliamentary democracy
were in their infancy during Locke's time.
وفي 1661
مات
والده بالسل،
تاركاً له ثروة ضئيلة ورئتين ضعيفتين
.
ودرس الطب ولكنه لم يحصل على درجة فيه إلا في 1674. وفي الوقت نفسه قرأ ديكارت، وأحس بسحر الفلسفة حين تحدثت في جلاء ووضوح. وساعد
روبرت بويل
في تجاربه المعملية، وملأه الإعجاب بالمنهج العلمي. وفي 1667 تلقى دعوة للحضور والإقامة في قصر إكستر ليكون طبيباً خاصاً لأنطوني آشيلي كوبر الذي سرعان ما أصبح أرل شافتسبري الأول، وعضو الوزارة أيام شارل الثاني، ومنذ هذا التاريخ إلى ما بعده، وعلى الرغم من احتفاظه رسمياً بمنصبه في أكسفورد حتى 1683، وجد لوك نفسه غارقاً في خضم السياسة الإنجليزية حيث شكلت أحداثها ورجالاتها أفكاره
http://www.marefa.org/index.php/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 21 .
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