الموضوع
:
ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-01-2011, 04:05 PM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
والان ننتقل لمعرفة سر روعة:
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علاقات خطرة
للمؤلف
بيير شوديرلوس دي لاكلوس
للاسف لم اعثر على مادة في اللغة العربية حول الرواية ولا حول الروائي وحبذا لو ان من يعرف الفنرسية يعود الى المصادر الفرنسية ليقدم لنا شيئا عن طفولته التي تبدو مجهولة:
Les Liaisons dangereuses
(French pronunciation:
[le lj
ɛ
.z
ɔ
̃
d
ɑ
̃.
ʒə
.
ʁ
øz]
;
The Dangerous Liaisons
) is a
French
epistolary novel
by
Choderlos de Laclos
, first published in four volumes by Durand Neveu from March 23, 1782.
It is the story of the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont, two rivals (and ex-lovers) who use
sex
as a weapon to humiliate and degrade others, all the while enjoying their cruel games. It has been claimed to depict the decadence of the French
aristocracy
shortly before the
French Revolution
, thereby exposing the perversions of the so-called
Ancien Régime
. However, it has also been described as a vague, amoral story.
The book is an
epistolary novel
, composed entirely of letters written by the various characters to each other. In particular, the letters between Valmont and the Marquise drive the plot, with those of other characters serving as illustrations to give the story its depth.
It is often claimed to be the source of the saying "
Revenge is a dish best served cold
", a paraphrased translation of
"La vengeance est un plat qui se mange froid"
(more literally, "Revenge is a dish that is eaten cold"). However the expression does not actually occur in the original novel.
Plot summary
The Vicomte de Valmont is determined to seduce the virtuous (and married) Madame de Tourvel, who is living with Valmont's aunt while Monsieur de Tourvel, a magistrate, is away on a court case. At the same time, the Marquise de Merteuil is determined to corrupt the young Cécile de Volanges, whose mother has only recently brought her out of a convent to be married – to Merteuil's recent lover, who has become bored with her and discarded her. Cécile falls in love with the Chevalier Danceny (her music tutor) and Merteuil and Valmont pretend to want to help the secret lovers in order to gain their trust, so that they can use them later in their own schemes.
Merteuil suggests that the Vicomte seduce Cécile in order to exact her revenge on Cécile's future husband. Valmont refuses, finding the task too easy, and preferring to devote himself to seducing Madame de Tourvel. Merteuil promises Valmont that if he seduces Madame de Tourvel and provides her with written proof, she will spend the night with him. He expects rapid success, but does not find it as easy as his many other conquests. During the course of his pursuit, he discovers that Cécile's mother has written to Madame de Tourvel about his bad reputation. He avenges himself in seducing Cécile as Merteuil had suggested. In the meantime, Merteuil takes Danceny as a lover.
By the time Valmont has succeeded in seducing Madame de Tourvel, it is suggested that he might have fallen in love with her. Jealous, Merteuil tricks him into deserting Madame de Tourvel – and reneges on her promise of spending the night with him. In response Valmont reveals that he prompted Danceny to reunite with Cécile, leaving Merteuil abandoned yet again. Merteuil declares war on Valmont, and in revenge she reveals to Danceny that Valmont has seduced Cécile. Danceny and Valmont duel, and Valmont is fatally wounded. Before he dies he is reconciled with Danceny, giving him the letters proving Merteuil's own involvement. These letters are sufficient to ruin her reputation, and she flees to the countryside, where she contracts smallpox. Her face is left permanently scarred and she is rendered blind in one eye, so she loses her greatest asset: her beauty. But the innocent also suffer from the protagonist's schemes: hearing of Valmont's death, Madame de Tourvel succumbs to a fever and dies, while Cécile returns to the convent.
Literary significance and criticism
Les Liaisons dangereuses
is celebrated for its exploration of
seduction
,
revenge
, and human
malice
, presented in the form of fictional letters collected and published by a fictional author. The book was viewed as scandalous at the time of its initial publication, though the real intentions of the author remain unknown. It has been suggested that Laclos's intention was the same as that of his fictional author in the novel; to write a
morality tale
about the corrupt, squalid nobility of the
Ancien Régime
. However, this theory has been questioned on several grounds. In the first place, Laclos enjoyed the patronage of France's most senior
aristocrat
– the duc d'Orléans. Secondly, all the characters in the story are aristocrats, including the virtuous heroines – Madame de Tourvel and Madame de Rosemonde. Finally, many ultra-royalist and conservative figures enjoyed the book, including Queen
Marie-Antoinette
, which suggests that – despite its scandalous reputation – it was not viewed as a political work until the events of the
French Revolution
years later made it appear as such, with the benefit of hindsight.
Wayland Young notes that most critics have viewed the work as
... a sort of celebration, or at least a neutral statement, of
libertinism
... pernicious and damnable... Almost everyone who has written about it has noted how perfunctory are the wages of sin..."
[1]
He argues, however, that
... the mere analysis of libertinism… carried out by a novelist with such a prodigious command of his medium... was enough to condemn it and play a large part in its destruction.
[1]
Adaptations
The novel was adapted by the German playwright Heiner Müller in 1981, entitled
Quartet
. The novel has also been made into a
play
by
Christopher Hampton
which opened on London's West End and later crossed over to Broadway with
Alan Rickman
originating the role of the Vicomte de Valmont,
Lindsay Duncan
as Marquise de Merteuil, and
Juliet Stevenson
as Madame de Tourvel. It has also been adapted into various other media, under many different names.
Film
·
Les Liaisons dangereuses
(1959), directed by
Roger Vadim
and starring
Jeanne Moreau
,
Gérard Philipe
, and
Annette Vadim
. In this version, Vadim updates the story to a late-1950s French
bourgeois
milieu.
·
Uiheomhan gwangye
– literally "Dangerous Liaison" in Korean – (1970), a Korean adaptation directed by
Young Nam Ko
and starring
Mu-ryong Choi
,
Hie Mun
, and
Ji-myeong Oh
.
[2]
·
Dangerous Liaisons
(1988), directed by
Stephen Frears
and starring
Glenn Close
,
John Malkovich
, and
Michelle Pfeiffer
(based on Hampton's play). This version uses 18th century costumes and dazzling shots of the
Île-de-France
region around
Paris
. It was nominated for multiple
Academy Awards
including
Best Picture
.
·
Valmont
(1989), directed by
Miloš Forman
and starring
Annette Bening
,
Colin Firth
, and
Meg Tilly
.
·
Cruel Intentions
(1999), directed by
Roger Kumble
and starring
Sarah Michelle Gellar
,
Ryan Phillippe
, and
Reese Witherspoon
relocates the story to modern-day
New York
and is set amongst upper-class High School teens.
·
Untold Scandal
(2003), directed by
Lee Je Yong
and starring
Lee Mik Suk
,
Jeon Do Yeon
, and
Bae Yong Joon
(transposes setting to 18th century Korea).
·
Michael Lucas' Dangerous Liaisons
(2005), an
X-rated
gay
pornographic film
variously described as a
film adaptation
and a
remake
. Directed by
Michael Lucas
with non-sexual cameo appearances by
Boy George
,
Lady Bunny
,
Amanda Lepore
,
Hedda Lettuce
,
Michael Musto
,
Graham Norton
,
RuPaul
, and
Bruce Vilanch
.
Television
·
Les Liaisons dangereuses
(1980), a French television film directed by
Claude Barma
, starring
Claude Degliame
,
Jean-Pierre Bouvier
and
Maïa Simon
).
[3]
·
Les Liaisons dangereuses (TV miniseries)
(2003), a French television
miniseries
directed by
Josée Dayan
and starring
Catherine Deneuve
,
Rupert Everett
,
Leelee Sobieski
and
Nastassja Kinski
, which relocates the story to the 1960s.
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