الموضوع: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
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قديم 08-05-2010, 09:40 PM
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افتراضي رد: دراسة احصائية عن اليتم والشخصيات الخالدة
32



فرويد



Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, in Moravia, on 6th of May 1856. People from here were Czechs, but Jewish people were talking German and were mostly assimilated to the Austro-Hungarian ruling class. His father, Jacob Freud, was a textile dealer.
- He married for the first time when he was seventeen and had two children: Emmanuel and Philipp.
- After he became a widower, he remarried in 1851 or 1852 with a certain Rebecca, about whom we don't know if she died young or she was repudiated,.
- and for the third time with a young woman of twenty, Amalia Nathansohn (1835 - 1930), whose first child will be Sigmund. He will be succeeded by Julius, who died at eighteen months, Anna, Rosa, Mitzi, Dolfi, Paula and Alexander.
From the age of eight also comes another remembrance less pleasant that will play an important role in the later victory dream, which the dreamer himself will interpret. The remembrance under discussion put him in a position of humiliating inferiority before his parents.
What's this about: he would have been scolded by his father because he intentionally had urinated in his parents' bedroom and apostrophized by these words: "There will come nothing of this boy!". When he narrates this happening, Freud states precisely that this phrase should have deeply afflicted him "in my dreams the scene often repeated, always accompanied by an enumeration of my works and successes, as if I intended to say: <<You see, nevertheless I became somebody! >>."
http://www.freudfile.org/childhood.html


In the mentioned text, Freud tries to elucidate this feeling of strangeness, of unreality. He then showed that the trip to Athens was the object of wish mingled with guilt. That was a desire because, from his early childhood even, he had had dreams of traveling expressing his wish to evade the family atmosphere, the narrow-mindedness and poverty of living conditions he had known in his youth.
Another grievous remembrance: his father took him for a walk and narrated an unpleasant event with a passerby who had apostrophized him: "You, Jew - get down from the sidewalk!" Freud was extremely disappointed when he found out his father hadn't reacted upon the insult of that stranger.
"To this scene, which annoyed me - he writes - I opposed another one, more consonant with my feelings, the scene when Hamilcar Barcas asks his son to swear, before the sanctuary, that he'll take his vengeance on the Romans." Hannibal becomes a hero to Freud's view and he reappears under the form of the dreams about Rome in his associations from "The Interpretation of Dreams"(1900), from which we also took out this details.
When he was four years old, as his father met with a business failure, Freud and his family settled down in Vienna, a noisy and cosmopolitan metropolis, which will sensitively stand in contrast with the lawns and mountains from Moravia, to which Freud will forever feel attached.
Backdrop to his Thought


Although a highly original thinker, Freud was also deeply influenced by a number diverse factors which overlapped and interconnected with each other to shape the development of his thought.
As indicated above, both Charcot and Breuer had a direct and immediate impact upon him, but some of the other factors, though no less important than these, were of a rather different nature.
First of all, Freud himself was very much a Freudian – his father had two sons by a previous marriage, Emmanuel and Philip, and the young Freud often played with Philip’s son John, who was his own age. Freud’s own self-analysis – which forms the core of his masterpiece The Interpretation of Dreams - originated in the emotional crisis which he suffered on the death of his father, and the series of dreams to which this gave rise.


This analysis revealed to him that the love and admiration which he had felt for his father were mixed with very contrasting feelings of shame and hate (such a mixed attitude he termed ‘ambivalence’).
Particularly revealing was his discovery that he had often fantasised as a youth that his half-brother Philip (who was of an age with his mother) was really his father, and certain other signs convinced him of the deep underlying meaning of this fantasy – that he had wished his real father dead, because he was his rival for his mother’s affections. This was to become the personal (though by no means exclusive) basis for his theory of the Oedipus complex.

فرويد

تأليف :روث سناودين


مؤلفة هذا الكتاب هي الشاعرة والمفكرةالانجليزية روث سناودين. وهي تقدم هنا لمحة عامة عن حياة مؤسس التحليل النفسي وأعماله. ومنذ البداية تقول بما معناه: ولد سيغموند فرويد يوم السادس من مايو عام 1856 في مدينة صغيرة تدعى فريبرغ بمنطقة مورافيا: أي في جمهورية تشيكياحاليا.
ولكن عائلته سرعان ما هاجرت إلى مدينة فييناعاصمة النمسا، ولم يكن عمره يتجاوز آنذاك أربع سنوات. وقد تحدث عن نفسه لاحقا وقال: كنت الأول في الصف طيلة سبع سنوات متواصلة، وكنت أتمتع بوضع استثنائي نتيجة ذلك. فقد أعفوني من الامتحانات نظرا لتفوقي.


ويبدو أن والده تزوج مرتين وربما ثلاث مرات. ولكن لا نعرف شيئا عن زواجه الثاني. كل ما نعرفه هو أن زواجه الأول حصل وعمره سبعةعشر عاما. وقد أنجبت له امرأته الأولى ولدين هما إيمانويل وفيليب. ثم طلق زوجته،وبعد فترة من الزمن تزوج للمرة الثالثة من أم فرويد وكان عمره أربعينعاما.



أما زوجته فكان عمرها عشرين عاما: أي من عمرولديه!وفي العام الذي تزوج فيه من أم فرويد تزوج ابنه الأكبر ايمانويل ثم لحقه فيليب. وكانوا جميعا يعيشون في بيوت متجاورة.

ولهذا السبب فإن فرويد كان يلعب في طفولته مع أبناء إخوته الكبار لأنهم كانوا من عمره. كان يلعب معهم وكأنهم إخوته أو أبناء عمه في حين أنه كان عمهم!وهذه الحالة العائلية المعقدة هي التي تفسر لنا سبب اهتمامفرويد بالتحليل النفسي للمشكلات العائلية.
ففي رأيه أن كل واحد منا هو نتاج طفولته وماحصل فيها من أحداث. نقول ذلك وبخاصة أن والده يعقوب (جاكوب) غطّى على أسرار حياتهالأولى بحجاب صفيق. وربما لهذا السبب حاول فرويد أن يفك اللغز والأسرار لاحقا بعدأن بقيت في الظل مستورة لفترة طويلة.
في الواقع أن الوضع المعقد لعائلته هو الذي دفعه لاحقا إلى دراسة أسرار العائلات لكي يفهم سبب العقد والأمراض النفسية الناتجةعنها.


http://www.alimbaratur.com/All_Pages/Baydat_T_Stuff/B_T_53/B_T_53.htm




http://www.hayatnafs.com/ra2y/freud-is-not-dead.htm




Freud's story, like most people's stories, begins with others. In his case those others were his mentor and friend, Dr. Joseph Breuer, and Breuer's patient, called Anna O.
Anna O. was Joseph Breuer's patient from 1880 through 1882. Twenty one years old, Anna spent most of her time nursing her ailing father. She developed a bad cough that proved to have no physical basis. She developed some speech difficulties, then became mute, and then began speaking only in English, rather than her usual German.
When her father died she began to refuse food, and developed an unusual set of problems. She lost the feeling in her hands and feet, developed some paralysis, and began to have involuntary spasms. She also had visual hallucinations and tunnel vision. But when specialists were consulted, no physical causes for these problems could be found.
If all this weren't enough, she had fairy-tale fantasies, dramatic mood swings, and made several suicide attempts. Breuer's diagnosis was that she was suffering from what was then called hysteria (now called conversion disorder), which meant she had symptoms that appeared to be physical, but were not.
In the evenings, Anna would sink into states of what Breuer called "spontaneous hypnosis," or what Anna herself called "clouds." Breuer found that, during these trance-like states, she could explain her day-time fantasies and other experiences, and she felt better afterwards. Anna called these episodes "chimney sweeping" and "the talking cure."
Sometimes during "chimney sweeping," some emotional event was recalled that gave meaning to some particular symptom. The first example came soon after she had refused to drink for a while: She recalled seeing a woman drink from a glass that a dog had just drunk from. While recalling this, she experienced strong feelings of disgust...and then had a drink of water! In other words, her symptom -- an avoidance of water -- disappeared as soon as she remembered its root event, and experienced the strong emotion that would be appropriate to that event. Breuer called this catharsis, from the Greek word for cleansing.
It was eleven years later that Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book on hysteria. In it they explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world. The emotions appropriate to the trauma are not expressed in any direct fashion, but do not simply evaporate: They express themselves in behaviors that in a weak, vague way offer a response to the trauma. These symptoms are, in other words, meaningful. When the client can be made aware of the meanings of his or her symptoms (through hypnosis, for example) then the unexpressed emotions are released and so no longer need to express themselves as symptoms. It is analogous to lancing a boil or draining an infection.
In this way, Anna got rid of symptom after symptom. But it must be noted that she needed Breuer to do this: Whenever she was in one of her hypnotic states, she had to feel his hands to make sure it was him before talking! And sadly, new problems continued to arise.
According to Freud, Breuer recognized that she had fallen in love with him, and that he was falling in love with her. Plus, she was telling everyone she was pregnant with his child. You might say she wanted it so badly that her mind told her body it was true, and she developed an hysterical pregnancy. Breuer, a married man in a Victorian era, abruptly ended their sessions together, and lost all interest in hysteria.
It was Freud who would later add what Breuer did not acknowledge publicly -- that secret sexual desires lay at the bottom of all these hysterical neuroses.
To finish her story, Anna spent time in a sanatorium. Later, she became a well-respected and active figure -- the first social worker in Germany -- under her true name, Bertha Pappenheim. She died in 1936. She will be remembered, not only for her own accomplishments, but as the inspiration for the most influential personality theory we have ever had.


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The second is moral anxiety. This is what we feel when the threat comes not from the outer, physical world, but from the internalized social world of the superego. It is, in fact, just another word for feelings like shame and guilt and the fear of punishment.
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http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html
His family had recognized his special scholarly gifts from the beginning, and although they had only four bedrooms for eight people, Sigmund had his own room throughout his school days. He lived with his parents until he was 27, as was the custom at that time.



http://www.answers.com/topic/sigmund-freud




- حياة والده يشوبها الكثر من الغموض؟



- المعلومات المتوفرة تشير أن والده تزوج مرتين وربما ثلاث مرات.؟ولكن لا يعرف شيئا عن زواجه الثاني؟ هل كانت Rebeca أم فرويد ؟ وليس ابن الزوجة الثالثة.



- هل كانت الزوجة الثانية أم الثالثة ؟



- هل كان فيليب أخاه الكبير والده فعلا كما كان يتخيل؟



- لماذا الغموض بخصوص Rebeca المرأة الثالثة؟ هل كانت زوجة أم عشيقة؟ ام أنها ماتت وتركت فرويد فتربى عند الثالثة وهو يظن أنها أمه؟



- لماذا تم إسكانه في غرفة لوحده رغم أن عدد أفراد العائلة 8 هل فعلا ان ذلك بسبب ذكاؤه ام لانه يتيم؟



- ثم ما سبب الأزمة النفسية التي أصابته عند موت والده وكتب عنها؟ فهل مات والده وهو طفل صغير ؟



- هل اثر فيه موت أخيه الثاني Julius, who died at eighteen months ؟



- لا يعرف متى مات والده وكم كان عمره؟



- المهم أن كل المؤشرات تقول انه عاش طفولة فوق العادية .



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