الموضوع
:
سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
عرض مشاركة واحدة
10-20-2012, 09:28 PM
المشاركة
44
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
غبريالا ميسترال
هي شاعرة وديبلوماسية تشيلية ولدت 7 افريل 1889 وتوفيت في 10 جانفي 1957 في
نيو يورك
. تحصلت على
جائزة نوبل في الأدب
لسنة 1945.
اسمها الحقيقى لوثيا جودى الكاياجا واتخذت من جأبريلا ميسترال اسم مستعار لها بسبب اعجابها بالانجليزى دانتى جأبريل وأيضا بالشاعر الفرنسي فريدريك ميسترال. توفيت في نيويورك بعد معاناة مع مرض السرطان.
Gabriela Mistral
(1889–1957) was the
pseudonym
of
Lucila Godoy Alcayaga
, a
Chilean
poet
, educator, diplomat, and
feminist
who was the first
Latin American
(and, so far, the only
Latin American
woman) to win the
Nobel Prize in Literature
, in 1945. Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. Her portrait also appears on the 5,000 Chilean peso bank note.
Early life
Mistral was born in
Vicuña, Chile
, but was raised in the small
Andean
village of Montegrande, where she attended the
Primary school
taught by her older sister, Emelina Molina. She respected her sister greatly, despite the many financial problems that Emelina brought her in later years.
Her father, Juan Gerónimo Godoy Villanueva, was also a schoolteacher. He abandoned the family before she was three years old, and died, long since estranged from the family, in 1911
.
Throughout her early years
she was never far from poverty.
By age fifteen, she was supporting herself and her mother, Petronila Alcayaga, a seamstress, by working as a teacher's aide in the seaside town of Compañia Baja, near La Serena, Chile.
In 1904 Mistral published some early poems, such as
Ensoñaciones
("Dreams"),
Carta Íntima
("Intimate Letter") and
Junto al Mar
, in the local newspaper
El Coquimbo: Diario Radical
, and
La Voz de Elqui
using a range of pseudonyms and variations on her civil name.
Probably in about 1906, while working as a teacher, Mistral met Romelio Ureta, a railway worker, who killed himself in 1909. The profound effects of death were already in the poet's work; writing about his
suicide
led the poet to consider death and life more broadly than previous generations of Latin American poets. While Mistral had passionate friendships with various men and women, and these impacted her writings, she was secretive about her emotional life.
An important moment of formal recognition came on December 22, 1914, when Mistral was awarded first prize in a national literary contest
Juegos Florales
in
Santiago
(the capital of chile), with the work
Sonetos de la Muerte
(Sonnets of Death). She had been using the pen name Gabriela Mistral since June 1908 for much of her writing. After winning the
Juegos Florales
she infrequently used her given name of Lucilla Godoy for her publications. She formed her pseudonym from the two of her favorite poets,
Gabriele D'Annunzio
and
Frédéric Mistral
or, as another story has it, from a composite of the Archangel Gabriel and the Mistral wind of Provence.
[
edit
] Career as an educator
Gabriela Mistral during her youth
Mistral's meteoric rise in Chile's national school system plays out against the complex politics of Chile in the first two decades of the 20th century. In her adolescence, the need for teachers was so great, and the number of trained teachers was so small, especially in the rural areas, that anyone who was willing could find work as a teacher. Access to good schools was difficult, however, and the young woman lacked the political and social connections necessary to attend the Normal School: She was turned down, without explanation, in 1907. She later identified the obstacle to her entry as the school's chaplain, Father Ignacio Munizaga, who was aware of her publications in the local newspapers, her advocacy of liberalizing education and giving greater access to the schools to all social classes.
Although her formal education had ended by 1900, she was able to get work as a teacher thanks to her older sister, Emelina, who had likewise begun as a teacher's aide and was responsible for much of the poet's early education. The poet was able to rise from one post to another because of her publications in local and national newspapers and magazines. Her willingness to move was also a factor. Between the years 1906 and 1912 she had taught, successively, in three schools near
La Serena
, then in Barrancas, then Traiguen in 1910, in
Antofagasta, Chile
in the desert north, in 1911. By 1912 she had moved to work in a liceo, or high school, in
Los Andes
, where she stayed for six years and often visited Santiago. In 1918
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
, then Minister of Education, and a future president of Chile, promoted her appointment to direct a liceo in
Punta Arenas
. She moved on to
Temuco
in 1920, then to Santiago, where in 1921, she defeated a candidate connected with the Radical Party, Josefina Dey del Castillo to be named director of Santiago's Liceo #6, the newest and most prestigious girls' school in Chile. Controversies over the nomination of Gabriela Mistral to the highly coveted post in Santiago were among the factors that made her decide to accept an invitation to work in
Mexico
in 1922, with that country's
Minister of Education
,
José Vasconcelos
. He had her join in the nation's plan to reform libraries and schools, to start a national education system. That year she published
Desolación
in New York, which further promoted the international acclaim she had already been receiving thanks to her journalism and public speaking. A year later she published
Lecturas para Mujeres
(Readings for Women), a text in prose and verse that celebrates Latin America from the broad, Americanist perspective developed in the wake of the
Mexican Revolution
- انفصل الاب عن العائلة وهي في سن الثالثة وعاشت حياة فقر ومعاناة ومات الاب وهو بعيد عن العائلة في عام 1911 . عاشت حياة يتم اجتمماعي وحياة ازمة يتم فعلي.
يتيمة الاب في سن الثالثة
.
رد مع الإقتباس