قديم 06-14-2011, 09:57 PM
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افتراضي
هنري سنكلير

يتمه: فقد الاب وهو في سن الـ 13.
مجاله: مستشكف اسكتلندي.
Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and feudal baron of Roslin (c. 1345 – c. 1400) was a Scottishnobleman. He is sometimes identified by another spelling of his surname, St. Clair. He was the grandfather of William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, the builder of Rosslyn Chapel. He is best known today because of a modern legend that he took part in explorations of Greenland and North America almost 100 years before Christopher Columbus. William Thomson, in his History of Orkney, wrote: "It has been Earl Henry's singular fate to enjoy an ever-expanding posthumous reputation which has very little to do with anything he achieved in his lifetime.
Henry Sinclair was the son and heir of William Sinclair, Lord of Roslin, and his wife Isobel of Strathearn, a daughter of Maol Ísa, Earl of Orkney. Henry Sinclair's maternal grandfather had been deprived of much of his lands (the earldom of Strathearn being completely lost to the King of Scots).
Sometime after 13 Sep 1358, Henry's father died, at which point Henry Sinclair succeeded as Baron of Roslin, Pentland and Cousland, a group of minor properties in Lothian. The Sinclair Diploma states he married Joneta (or Joan, ou Jean) Haliburton, daughter of Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton, and that they had a son Henry, who became the next Earl of Orkney. Also they apparently had a daughter, Elizabeth Sinclair, who married the justiary John Drummond of Cargill.
Three cousins – Alexander de L'Arde, Lord of Caithness; Malise Sparre, Lord of Skaldale; and Henry Sinclair – were rivals for the succession to the earldom of Orkney. On August 2, 1379, at Marstrand, near Tønsberg, Norway, King Haakon VI of Norway invested and confirmed Sinclair as the Norwegian Earl of Orkney over a rival claim by his cousin Malise Sparre.
In 1389, Sinclair attended the coronation of King Eric of Pomerania in Norway, pledging his oath of fealty. Historians have speculated that in 1391 Sinclair and his troops slew Malise Sparre near Scalloway, Tingwall parish, Shetland.
It is unclear when Henry Sinclair died. The Sinclair Diploma, written or at least commissioned by his grandson states: "...he retirit to the parts of Orchadie and josit them to the latter tyme of his life, and deit Erile of Orchadie, and for the defence of the country was slain there cruellie by his enemiis..." We also know that sometime in 1401: "The English invaded, burnt and spoiled certain islands of Orkney." This was part of an English retaliation for a Scottish attack on an English fleet neer Aberdeen. The assumption is that Henry either died opposing this invasion, or was already dead.

قديم 06-14-2011, 09:57 PM
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ديفيد لويد جورج
يتمه: فقد الاب و هوفي الستة الاولى من عمره.
مجاله : زعيم سياسي – قائد.
(1863 - 1945م). أحد زعماء حزب الأحرار البريطاني. كان رئيسًا للوزراء أثناء النصف الأخير من الحرب العالمية الأولى.
المراحل الأولى من حياته المهنية

وُلد لويد جورج في مانشستر بإنجلترا لأبوين من ويلز. تُوفي والده عندما كان عمره عامًا واحدًا، فأخذته والدته إلىلانيسْتَمدَوِي كارنارفونْشاير (جُوينَد حاليًا) بمقاطعة ويلز، حيث نشأ في بيت عمه ريتشارد لويد الذي كان صانع أحذية، وقسًا بروتستانتيًا معمدانيًا. وقد تربى لويد في مناخ مشحون بالكراهية للطبقة الأرستقراطية المالكة للأرض وللكنيسة الإنجليزية، وتدرب في مؤسسة قانونية في سن السادسة عشرة، ثم بدأ في ممارسة القانون وعمره 22 عامًا.
ارتبط لويد بحزب الأحرار في مرحلة مبكرة. وبناءً على برنامجه السياسي للقيام بإصلاح اجتماعي شامل بإمارة ويلز، رشحه أعضاء البرلمان عن مدن كارنارفون لعضويته، فظل يمثلها على مدى 55 عامًا متصلة. ومن خلال حملاته على سياسة الحكومة في جنوب إفريقيا بشأن حرب البوير وبعدها، ذاع صيته بوصفه سياسيًا راديكاليًا. عندما عاد الأحرار إلى السلطة عام 1905، صار لويد رئيسًا لمجلس التجارة. في خلال الفترة من 1908 إلى 1915م، عمل لويد وزيرًا للمالية، وتبنى قانون معاش كبار السن الذي صدر عام 1911م. وقد فرضت ميزانية الشعب التي وضعها عام 1909 ضريبة على الدخل غير المكتسب، ووضعت ضرائب عالية على الأراضي والتركات لكن مجلس اللوردات المحافظ رفض هذه الميزانية، مما سبب أزمة دستورية انتهت بانتصار لويد جورج وحزبه، واستخدم حق الفيتو ضد التشريعات المالية من مجلس اللوردات.
ديفيد لويد جورج رئيسًا للوزراء

أدى اندلاع الحرب عام 1914م إلى تحول لويد جورج من رجل رافض للجوء إلى العنف في حل النزاعات إلى مؤيد قوي للحرب ضد ألمانيا. وقد استطاع وهو وزير للعتاد الحربي عام 1915م أن يتغلب على العجز في الذخيرة. وفي يوليو 1916م، خلف لويد اللورد هوراشيو كتشنر وزيرًا للحرب، وفي ديسمبر 1916م حل محل هيربرت أسكويث رئيسًا لمجلس وزراء ائتلافي. وبصفة عامة، يُعتبر لويد واحدًا من أشهر القادة العسكريين في بريطانيا؛ ارتفعت في ظل قيادته الروح المعنوية للمدنيين. وقد نجح لويد أثناء مؤتمر باريس للسلام عام 1919م في التوصل إلى حل وسط بين مثالية الرئيس الأمريكي وُدرو ولسون من جهة والشروط المتعنتة للسلام التي كان ينشدها رئيس الوزراء الفرنسي جورج كليمنصو من جهة أخرى.
وقد بقي لويد جورج وحكومته الائتلافية في الحكم بتحقيق نصرٍ انتخابيٍّ سهل في عام 1918م، إلا أنه لم يحقق إعادة البناء الاقتصادي الذي كان قد وعد به. كما كان من نتائج سياسته فيما يتعلق بأيرلندا أن نشأت دولة أيرلندا الحرة. وفي المقابل، خسر لويد دعم المحافظين له، كما فشلت في الوقت ذاته سياسته المؤيدة لليونان. وقد استقال لويد جورج عام 1922م. وعلى الرغم من أن عمره كان حينذاك 59 عامًا فقط، إلا إنه لم يشغل أي منصب رسمي بعد ذلك على الإطلاق. أما حزب الأحرار الذي كان قد انقسم عام 1918 بين مؤيدين له ومؤيدين للورد أسكويث، فقد توحد مرة أخرى عام 1923، غير أنه لم يحظ بالقدر الكافي من التأييد الشعبي، وسرعان ما أصبح حزبًا ثالثًا ضعيفًا.
سعى لويد جورج إلى استعادة وضعه السابق ببرنامج مدروس للأشغال العامة والإصلاح الزراعي، إلا أن محاولاته باءت بالفشل. وفي عام 1936م، قام لويد بزيارة لأدولف هتلر في بير شتيسجادن، وعاد يثني على الزعيم الألماني، إلا أنه سرعان ما تحول إلى ناقد لاذع لمحاولات استرضاء هتلر. وفي عام 1945م، قبيل وفاته بفترة قصيرة، حصل لويد جورج على لقب إيرل دوايفور.
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a BritishLiberal politician and statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the head of a wartime coalition government between the years 1916–22 and was the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1926–31.
During a long tenure of office, mainly as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. He was the last Liberal to be Prime Minister, as his coalition premiership was supported more by Conservatives than by his own Liberals, and the subsequent split was a key factor in the decline of the Liberal Party as a serious political force. When he eventually became leader of the Liberal Party a decade later he was unable to lead it back to power.
He is best known as the highly energetic Prime Minister (1916–22) who guided the Empire through the First World War to victory over Germany and her allies. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered the world after the Great War. Lloyd George was a devout evangelical and an icon of 20th century liberalism as the founder of the welfare state. He is regarded as having made a greater impact on British public life than any other 20th century leader, thanks to his leadership of the war effort, his postwar role in reshaping Europe, and his introduction of the welfare state before the war.
He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language, with Welsh being his first.

قديم 06-14-2011, 09:58 PM
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اوسمتي

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افتراضي
جون كرفث

يتمه: لقيط – لم يعترف ب هاباه مما دفع امه لمحاولة الانتحار وعاش عند مربية حتى وقت متأخر...تعرض لصدمه عنيفه حينما رفض والده الاعتراف به بعد محاولة اتصال معه وهو في سن العشرين.
مجاله: اديب امريكي..وناشط اجتماعي.
John Griffith "Jack" London
(born John Griffith Chaney, January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of White Fang and Call of the Wild, set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life".[citation needed] He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf.
London was a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics such as his dystopian novel, The Iron Heel and his non-fiction exposé, The People of the Abyss.

Family background

Flora Wellman.
Jack London's mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was a great-great-great-grandson of Puritan Thomas Wellman. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist claiming to channel the spirit of an Indian chief.
Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe that London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Most San Francisco civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the 1906 earthquake; it is not known with certainty what name appeared on his birth certificate. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been his "wife" and also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself "Florence Wellman Chaney".[citation needed]
According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After she gave birth, Flora turned the baby over to ex-slave Virginia Prentiss, who remained a major maternal figure throughout London's life. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed grade school.
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. He concluded that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter. In the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike.
Early life
London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Though the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was essentially self-educated.
In 1885 London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886 he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community).
In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his black foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie.[12][13][14] After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London became hired as a member of the California Fish Patrol.
In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, he joined Kelly's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo. In The Road, he wrote:
"Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say 'unprintable'; and in justice I must also say undescribable. They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them."
After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was "Typhoon off the Coast of Japan", an account of his sailing experiences.
As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance, a port side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend University and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.
London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, Berkeley. In 1896 after a summer of intense cramming to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897 and he never graduated. No evidence suggests that London wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.
While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel,John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea, [16] whom the protagonist in London's novel The Sea-Wolf, Wolf Larsen, is based.[17]
Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor.

قديم 06-14-2011, 09:59 PM
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محمد أحمد المهدي
يتمه : مات ابوه وهو صغير.
مجاله: رجل دين صوفي...قائد الدعوة والثورة المهدية في السودان
محمد المهدي بن عبد الله بن فحل (1843 - 21 يونيو1885) قائد الدعوة والثورة المهدية بالسودان، التي انتصرت على جيوش الحكم «التركي - المصري»، والجيوش البريطانية التي ساندته. وقد حققت أول حكم وطني سوداني يستند على الشريعة الإسلامية كمرجعية أساسية، باجتهادات فقه التنزيل على الواقع السوداني.
اشتهر في الغرب بأنه قاتل الجنرال غوردون الشهير (بغردون الصين) والذي أخمد الثورة الصينية بضراوة. حاكم السودان في ذلك الوقت، وكان يود الاحتفاظ بغوردون حيا ليبادل به القائد المصري أحمد عرابي الذي كان في الأسر حينها، لكن بعض أتباعه لم يستمع لتعاليمه وقاموا بقتل غوردون في يوم تحرير الخرطوم في 26 يناير1885م وهو في شرفة قصر الحاكم العام.
توفي بحمىالتيفوئيد في أم درمان في يوم الإثنين الموافق التاسع من رمضان سنة 1302 هـالإثنين22 يونيو1885م الساعة الرابعة مساءا.
مولده
ولد عام 1259 هـ الموافق عام 1843م بقرية لبب بمدينة دنقلا في شمال السودانبجزيرة الأشراف، أسرة تنتسب إلى النسب الأشرف من سلالة الحسن بن علي حفيد رسول الله[بحاجة لمصدر]. وهو طفل، انتقلت الأسرة إلى بلدة كرري شمال أم درمان، وكان أبوه فقيهًا، فتعلم القراءة والكتابة. وقد حفظ القرآن الكريم وهو في الثانية عشرة من عمره،
ومات أبوه وهو صغير فعمل مع عمه في نجارة السفن.

ثم انقطع بعد ذلك مدة خمسة عشرة عامًا للعبادة والتدريس، وكثر مريدوه. تلقى تعليمه في خلاوي الخرطوم وخلاوي الغبش بمدينة بربر. ثم التحق بالطريقة السمانية عام 1871م. في عام 1876م بدأ حركة إصلاحية في كردفان وسط السودان.
الدعوة المهدية
بدأت الدعوة المهدية سرية ثم جهر بها وخاض المهدي ومن تبعه (يلقبون بالأنصار) جهادا ضد الدولة العثمانية ومن استعانت بهم من القادة الأوربيين، انتهى بانتصار الثورة وإقامة الدولة بعد تحرير الخرطوم في 26 يناير1885م.
لم يعش المهدي طويلا بعد ذلك إذ توفي في يونيو1885م وخلفه الخليفة عبد الله بن السيد محمد الملقب بالتعايشي. وقد حكم البلاد حتى غزاها جيش الغزو الثنائي بزعامة كتشنر باشا وكانت معركة كرري الحاسمة في يوم الجمعة2 يوليو1898م، وهي المعركة التي اشتهرت لدى البريطانيين (بمعركة أم درمان). شكلت المهدية ثورة وطنية وتحررية ودينية بالغة الأثر في السودان برغم قصر مدتها في الحكم.
فكره

برغم حياته القصيرة (1843-1885) خلف كما هائلا من الأدبيات المتمثلة في الخطابات والمنشورات، كما كان يعقد المجالس التي يذاكر فيها بالعلوم الدينية. وقد أخرجت آثاره مؤخرا في سبع مجلدات ضخمة اخرجها الدكتور محمد إبراهيم أبو سليم. يتميز فكره بالسلفية المستنيرة كما يقول الدكتور محمد عمارة، وإن كان عمارة يرى في آثاره بقايا للفكر الصوفي الذي طغت عليه في ذلك الأوان الخرافة.
كما أنه خلط بين الصوفيةوالوهابية وقد تأثر بها تأثرا كبيرا جدا يظهرذلك في منع الغناء وتقبيل اليد من النساء في حضرت شيخه كما أنه منع تدخينالتبغ وأمر بجلد المدخنين في أمر غريب لم يقدم عليه أحد من العلماء أثناء ظهور التبغ أما بالنسبة للصوفية فقد تأثر بها من خلال أخذ البيعة له والايمان بكرامات الأولياء الصالحين كما أثرت به في اعتقاده بانه المهدي المنتظر وتلك الفكرة التي ادعاها لم يقرها له علماء عصره ناهيك عن علماء الأمة. رغم كل ذلك يعتبر المهدي رمز السودانيين في دحر المستعمر وإهانته.
وفاته
مباشرة بعد وفاة محمد أحمد المهدي الفجائية بتاريخ 22 يونيو1885 أي بعد ستة أشهر فقط من تحقيق النصر بتحرير الخرطوم، تقلد نائبه الأول الخليفة عبد الله زمام أمور الدولة المهدية.

قديم 06-14-2011, 09:59 PM
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اوسمتي

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افتراضي
لويز هنرك مان

يتمه: مات اباه وهو صغير.
مجاله : روائي الماني.

Luiz (Ludwig) Heinrich Mann (27 March 1871 – 11 March 1950) was a German novelist who wrote works with strong social themes. His attacks on the authoritarian and increasingly militaristic nature of pre-World War II German society led to his exile in 1933.
Born in Lübeck as the oldest child of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann and Júlia da Silva Bruhns, he was the elder brother of Thomas Mann. His father came from a patrician grain merchant family and was a Senator of the Hanseatic city.
After the death of his father, his mother moved the family to Munich, where Heinrich began his career as a freier Schriftsteller or free novelist.
His essay on Zola and the novel Der Untertan earned him much respect during the Weimar Republic, since it satirized German society and explained how its political system had led to the First World War. Eventually, his book Professor Unrat was liberally adapted into the successful movie Der Blaue Engel (The Blue Angel). Carl Zuckmayer wrote the script, and Josef von Sternberg was the director. The book's author wanted his girlfriend, the actress Trude Hesterberg, to play the lead, but Marlene Dietrich was given her first major role instead as Lola Lola the "actress" (named Rosa Fröhlich in the novel).
Together with Albert Einstein and other celebrities, Mann was a signatory to a letter to the Urgent Call for Unity condemning the murder of Croatian scholar Dr Milan Šufflay on 18 February 1931.
Mann became persona non grata in Nazi Germany and left even before the Reichstag fire in 1933. He went to France where he lived in Paris and Nice. During the German occupation he made his way to Marseille in Vichy France and there was aided by Varian Fry in 1940 to escape to Spain. He then went to Portugal and sailed to America.
The Nazis burnt Heinrich Mann's books as "contrary to the German spirit" during the infamous book burnings of May 10th 1933, which was instigated by the then Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.
During the 1930s and later in American exile, his literary career went downhill, and eventually he died in Santa Monica, California, lonely and without much money, just months before he was to move to Soviet-occupied Germany to become president of the PrussianAcademy of Arts. His ashes were later taken to East Germany.
His second wife Nelly Mann (1898-1944) committed suicide in Los Angeles.

قديم 06-14-2011, 10:00 PM
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اوسمتي

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افتراضي
توماس مان


يتمه: فقد الاب وهو في سن السخامسة عشرة.
مجاله: روائي الماني .

بول توماس مان (بالألمانية: Thomas Mann) هو أديب ألماني ولد في 6 جوان 1875 وتوفي في 12 اوت 1955 في زيورخ. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1929.
لمان العديد من الروايات الشهيرة، مثل موت في البندقية، والتي قام لوتشانو فيسكونتي سنة 1971 بتحويلها لفيلم حمل نفس الاسم.
ولد الكاتب توماس مان بمدينة لوبيك الألمانية الواقعة على شاطيء بحر البلطيق. كان أبوه من كبار تجار الغلال، وتبوأ منصب عمدة لوبيك مرتين، فضلا على أنه كان عضوا في مجلس الشيوخ. أما أم توماس، فكانت ابنة أحد أصحاب المزارع الكبرى في البرازيل، وكانت تجري في عروقها الدماء البرتغالية الممتزجة بالدماء الألمانية وأخيه الكبير هاينريش مان هو أيضا أديب روائي كره توماس مان المدرسة ولم يحصل على شهادة الثانوية، وأثناء دراسته كان يستمد متعته من المسرح الصغير الذي أقامه إخيه الكبير في البيت وأقبل على قراءة حكايات هانز كريستيان أندرسون، وأساطير هوميروس.
وما أن بلغ توماس الخامسة عشر من عمره حتى توفى أبيه وإضطرت اسرته إلى غلق المؤسسة التجارية التي تركها، وإلى بيع المنزل بما فيه من أثاث. ونزحت الأم الأرملة بأولادها الصغار إلى مدينة ميونخ، بينما بقى توماس مع أخيه هاينريش ليستكمل دراسته في لوبيك. وفي تلك الفترة بدأ توماس بنظم الشعر العاطفي وتقليد جوته وشيلر وهاينه. وعند بلوغه التاسعة عشرة من عمره، نزح هو الآخر لميونخ، حيث توجه للدراسة في الجامعة التقنية، وحصل على عمل بإحدى شركات التأمين ومارس الصحافة في مجلة أسبوعية كان يصدرها أخوه. وبعد ذلك بعامين سافر مع أخيه إلى إيطاليا حيث مكث فيها عامين، وهناك بدأ كتابة أول رواية له بعنوان "آل بودنبركس".
في الثاني عشر من كانون الأول/ ديسسمبر من سنة 1929 تلقى توماس مان خبرا سارا من ابنته إليزابيث وولده مايكل عن طريق رسالة تلغراف تفيد بأن والدهما حاز على جائزة نوبل للأدب. لكن الأديب الألماني أخذ الأمر بهدوء تام وأجاب بطريقة متكبرة: "كنت انتظر ذلك." وقد قدم الكاتب الألماني الشهير هذه الجائزة إلى شعبه بعبارة "سأقدم هذه الجائزة العالمية التي تحمل بالصدفة اسمي لشعبي ولبلدي." وكانت الرواية الأولى الرائعة للكاتب الشهير السبب المباشر في منحه هذا الشرف العظيم. فقد تم نشرها للشاب المنحدر من عائلة ألمانية كبيرة والمولود في مدينة لوبيك عندما كان عمره 26 عاما. ويعتبر الكتاب والذي يحكي قصة عائلة بودنبروكس Buddenbrooks لتوماس مان من أشهر الكتب قراءة ومبيعا، حيث كانت هذه الرواية بمثابة اعتراف أدبي له. ويذكر أنه تم حتى اليوم بيع أكثر من أربعة ملايين نسخة منها باللغة الألمانية وحدها. من ناحية أخرى فإن كتب توماس مان ترجمت لأكثر من 40 لغة.

Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, the anti-fascist Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the most known exponents of the so called Exilliteratur.
Mann was born Paul Thomas Mann in Lübeck, Germany, and was the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant), and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns (a Brazilian of partial German ancestry who emigrated to Germany when seven years old). His mother was Roman Catholic, but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran faith. Mann's father died in 1891, and his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich. Mann attended the science division of a Lübeck Gymnasium (school), then spent time at the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich and Technical University of Munich[1] where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature.
He lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of a year in Palestrina, Italy, with his novelist elder brother Heinrich. Thomas worked with the South German Fire Insurance Company 1894–95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for Simplicissimus. Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" (Der Kleine Herr Friedemann), was published in 1898.
In 1905, he married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a prominent, secular Jewish intellectual family. She later joined the Lutheran faith of her husband. The couple had six children. [2]

قديم 06-14-2011, 10:00 PM
المشاركة 837
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
وليام سومرست هوم

يتمه: عاش حياة كارثية حيث مات الام بعد ولادة ابنها السادس الذي توفي يوم ولادته لتموت هي بدورها بعد ستة ايام وهو في سن الثامنة ومات الاب بعد ذلك وهو في سن العاشره.
مجاله : روائي وكاتب مسرحي انجليزي.

(25 يناير1874 - 16 ديسمبر1965) روائي وكاتب مسرحي إنجليزي كان من أشهر كتاب بداية القرن العشرين وكان من أكثر الكتاب ربحا في الثلاثينيات من القرن العشرين. من أكثر رواياته شهرة القمر وستة بنسات, وقد كان مصابا بداء السل الرئوي الحاد والذي منعه من استكمال أكبر مخاطرة في حياته وهي العمل مع المكتب السادس البريطاني (المخابرات البريطانية آنذاك), بالتعاون مع المخابرات الأمريكية وكانت المهمة عبارة عن العمل كجاسوس للمخابرات البريطانية داخل بيتروجراد في روسيا إبان الثورة الروسية على القيصر واستلام البلاشفة وعلى رأسهم لينين الذي أصبح بعدها الزعيم الخالد للشيوعية السوفيتية، وكانت مهمته تتلخص بجمع المعلومات لمصلحة المخابرات البرييطانية بخصوص السلام الاحادي بين روسياوألمانيا والذي كان الشعب ينادي به ووافقهم عليه الحزب وكانت هذه ثورة السلام والخبز، ومن خلال موم تبين للبريطانيين والامريكيين أن لينين قد وصل لروسيا من خلال عملية القطار الحديدي التي نفذتها ألمانيا وكان محتما منع لينين من توقيع السلام وكان لموم أهمية كبرى في ايصال هذه المعلومات فبادرت المخابرات البريطانية لسحب سومرست هوم من المنطقة وشن غارات على روسيا لاجبارها على استكمال الحرب وبعد ذلك تم عزل سومرست هوم من اللعبة الاستخباراتية وعلى اثر ذلك كتب روايته المشهورة كنت جاسوسا ،والتي حققت مبيعات هائلة وكذلك حققت صدمة كبرى للسوفييت وبعد ذلك اتجه سومرست هوم للكتابات الاباحية والمبتذلة مما أدى إلى انحطاط قيمته الادبية.
William Somerset Maugham
(pronounced /ˈmɔːm/mawm), CH (25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965) was an English playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was among the most popular writers of his era and, reputedly, the highest paid author during the 1930s.Maugham's father Robert Ormond Maugham was an English lawyer who handled the legal affairs of the British embassy in Paris, France. Since French law declared that all children born on French soil could be conscripted for military service, his father arranged for Maugham to be born at the embassy, technically on British soil. His grandfather, another Robert, had also been a prominent lawyer and co-founder of the English Law Society, and it was taken for granted that Maugham would follow in their footsteps. Although Maugham did not become a lawyer, his elder brother Viscount Maugham enjoyed a distinguished legal career and served as Lord Chancellor from 1938 to 1939.
Maugham's mother Edith Mary (née Snell) was consumptive, a condition for which her doctor prescribed childbirth. As a result, Maugham's three older brothers were already enrolled in boarding school by the time he was three, and he was effectively raised as an only child.
Childbirth proved no cure for tuberculosis: Edith's sixth and final son died on 25 January 1882, one day after his birth, on Maugham's eighth birthday. Edith died six days later on 31 January at the age of 41. The death of his mother left Maugham traumatized for life; subsequently he kept his mother's photograph by his bedside for the rest of his life. Two years after Edith's death, Maugham's father died of cancer. Maugham was sent back to England to be cared for by his uncle, Henry MacDonald Maugham, the Vicar of Whitstable, in Kent. The move was catastrophic as Henry proved cold and emotionally cruel.
The King's School, Canterbury, where Maugham was a boarder during school terms, proved merely another version of purgatory, where he was teased for his bad English (French had been his first language) and his short stature, which he inherited from his father. It was at this time that Maugham developed the stammer that would stay with him all his life, although it was sporadic and subject to mood and circumstance.[8]
Maugham was miserable both at the vicarage and at school.

قديم 06-14-2011, 10:01 PM
المشاركة 838
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
فرانسس شارلز مورياك

يتمه : الاب مات خلال العام الثاني من عمره.
مجاله: روائي.



(بالفرنسية: François Mauriac) كاتب فرنسي ولد في بوردو في 11 أكتوبر 1885 وتوفي في الأول من سبتمبر 1970.



نبذة عن حياته


تأثر بتيار المسيحية الاجتماعية.


له قرابة 30 مؤلف وعدة مسرجيات.


عمل كصحافي ودعا إلى استقلال المغربوالجزائر.


فاز بجائزة نوبل للآداب سنة 1952.

أهم أعمال له
  • La Vie de Jésus, 1935
روايات
  • La Robe prétexte, 1914
  • Le Baiser aux lépreux, 1922
  • Genitrix, 1923
  • Le Désert de l'amour, 1924
  • Thérèse Desqueyroux, 1927
  • Ce qui était perdu, 1930
  • Le Nœud de vipères, 1932
  • Commencements d'une vie, 1932
  • Le Mystère Frontenac, 1933
  • La Fin de la nuit, 1935
  • La Pharisienne, 1941
  • Le Cahier noir, 1943
  • Le Sagouin, 1951
  • L'Agneau, 1954
  • Un adolescent d'autrefois, 1969
  • Mémoires intérieurs, 1985
  • Nouveaux mémoires intérieurs
سيرة ذاتة
  • ]]Commencements d'une vie1932
مسرحيات
  • Asmodée, 1938
  • Les Mal Aimés, 1945
  • Passage du malin, 1948
  • Le Feu sur terre, 1951
François Charles Mauriac (1885-1970)

French novelist, essayist, poet, playwright, journalist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1952. François Mauriac belonged to the long tradition of French Roman Catholic writers, who examined the problems of good and evil in human nature and in the world.
"There is no accident in our choice of reading. All our sources are related." (from Mauriac's Mémoires Intérieures, 1959)
François Mauriac was born in Bordeaux, the youngest son of Jean-Paul Mauriac, a wealthy businessman.
When Mauriac was not quite two years old, his father died, and the family lived with grandparents. His mother was a devout Catholic, who was influenced by Jansenist thought. From the age of seven, Mauriac attended a school run by the Marianite Order. The author never ceased to acknowledge the importance of his early education although he was unhappy at Ste Marie.
After studies at the University of Bordeaux, Mauriac received his licence (the equivalent of an M.A.) in 1905. Next year he went to Paris to prepare for entrance in the École des Chartes, where he was accepted in 1908. However, Mauriac remained at the school only a few months and then decided to devote himself entirely to literature. His first volume of poems, LES MAINS JOINTES, appeared in 1909.
Mauriac's work show influence from several writers. He published studies on Racine and Marcel Proust, but Pascal was perhaps the most important thinker for him. Mauriac's style was poetic, full of suggestion. He said, "I believe that only poetry counts and that only through the poetical elements enclosed in a work of art of any genre whatever does that work deserve to last. A great novelist is first of all a great poet." Mauriac's early works depicted the struggle of passion and conscience, but after a spiritual crisis he solved this conflict in favor of the spirit: "Christianity makes no provision for the flesh. It suppresses it."
In 1913 Mauriac married Jeanne Lafon; their first child, Claude, became also a novelist. During WW I Mauriac served in the Balkans as a Red Cross hospital orderly. After the war he wrote two novels, but it was LE BAISER AU LÉPREUX (1922, The Kiss to the Leper), in which he found his own voice. The tragic story was about a wealthy but hideously ugly young man who is destroyed by an arranged marriage with a beautiful peasant girl. Mauriac's following novels about tormented souls were viewed with increasing distate by Catholic right wing and eventually the Catholic press in general labelled the author as a renegane, who was obsessed with degraded characters.
LE DÉSER DE L'AMOUR (1925) continued Mauriac's theme of the futility of love. In the novel a sexually frigid young widow provokes the passions of both her physician and his son. THÉRÈSE DESQUEYROUX (1927), based on an actual murder trial of Madame Henriette-Blance Canaby, is acclaimed as one of the best French novels. She was accused of having attempted to poison her husband, but he refused to testify against his wife. In the story a young wife, Thérèse, is driven to murder her husband, a coarse landowner. This work contained some of the central themes running through Mauriac's fiction: the oppression of French provincial life, the sexual pressures, the mystery of sin and redemption. The savage beauty of the countryside to the south of Bordeaux provided the backgroud against which Mauriac portrayed his characters. Fascinated by the fate of Thérèse, Mauriac went on to write two short stories and one more novel about her. LE NŒAUD DE VIPÈRES (1932, Viper's Tangle) was a family drama, and one of Mauriac's greatest novels. The protagonist is an old man Louis, whose determination to keep his money from his wife and children start a counterpoint against him. Again materialism creates an obstacle for spiritual growth.
In 1933 Mauriac was elected to the Académie Française. He began contribute to the French newspaper Le Figaro, where he often attacked the rising Fascism. In the late 1930s Mauriac began to write plays. However, they never achieved the success of his novels, although ASMODÉE was performed 100 times in 1937-1938 at the Comédie Française.
During German occupation of France in World War II, Mauriac wrote under the pseudonym Forez a protest against German tyranny and was forced to hide with his family for some time. This work, LE CAHIER NOIR (1943) was published by Les Editions de Minuit and was then smuggled to London, where it was used used as a propaganda tool. LA PHARISEINNE, which appeared in 1941, was read as an allegory of France's surrender to Nazi Germany.
In the 1950s Mauriac became a supporter of de Gaulle and his anticolonial policies in Morocco, but condemned the use of torture by the French army in Algeria, and allied with Catholics on the left. From the mid-1950s Mauriac wrote a weekly newspaper column, Bloc-Notes, which gained a large audience. He also published a series of personal memoirs and a biography of de Gaulle. Mauriac died on September 1, 1970, in Paris.


In 1952, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life".[2] He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.[3] Mauriac's complete works were published in twelve volumes between 1950 and 1956. He also encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences as a Jew during the Holocaust, and wrote a foreword in Elie Wiesel's book, Night.

قديم 06-14-2011, 10:01 PM
المشاركة 839
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
فلاديمير فلاديميريوفيتش ماياكوفسكي

يتمه: فقد الاب وهو في سن الثالثة عشره.
مجاله: شاعر وكاتب روسي.
كاتب روسي من اصل كازاكي (تتري) ولد في 19 تموز 1893 في بغداتي بجورجيا، ويعد من الأسماء الفاصلة بين قرنين، واسماً مؤثراً في النزاع بين الفن العجوز والحديث. شاعر، كاتب درامي، ممثل، مفكر، رسام كاريكاتور وكاتب سيناريو، يتحدر ماياكوفسكي من عائلة متواضعة، أبوه من العرق التتري، أما امه فاوكرانية، أتقن اللغتين الجورجية (بحكم الدراسة) والروسية الأصلية (لغة العائلة) بعيد وفاة أبيه عام 1906 انتقل مع امه واختيه الاثنتين إلى العاصمة موسكو، وفصل من الدراسة عام 1908 لأن امه لم تستطع تحمل نفقات علمه.

ماياكوفسكي الشاعر والمناضل
في موسكو، تعرف فلاديمير ماياكوفسكي إلى الفكر الماركسي وشارك في نشاطات حزب العمال الديمقراطي الاشتراكي الروسي، أصبح لاحقاً "رفيقاً بولشيفياً" بعمر الخامسة عشر. سجن ماياكوفسكي مرتين في هذه الفترة بسبب عمله السياسي، إلا أن عمره القاصر منع الحكم القيصري من ترحيله، وفي السجن الافرادي في سجن بوتييركا، بدأ كتابة شعره، ومع إطلاق سراحه، اكمل مسيرته الاشتراكية، ثم التحق عام 1911 بمدرسة موسكو للفنون، حيث انضم هناك لحركة "المستقبليين" الداعية إلى الحداثة، وأصبح صديقا للشاعر دافيد بورليوك، ومنه تعرف إلى الشعر الحديث، كما صار ناطقاً باسم مجموعة جيليجا التي أسسها بورليوك، إلا انه سرعان ما أبعد إلى مدينة سان بطرسبرغ، لكنه عاد إلى موسكو مع انتصار ثورة أكتوبر عام 1917 التي تلقفها بود، ووضع موهبته في خدمة الشيوعية والنظام الحاكم، وترجم ولائه في قصيدة "لينين"، ومن ثم كتب مسرحيتي "الدبوس" (1920) و"الحمامات العمومية" (1929) حيث عرض الثورة بطريقة كوميدية ساخرة، كما شارك بنشر اعمال له في نشرة ليريكا التي كان يرأسها الشاعر يوليان انيسيموف. بلغ قمة الابداع الشعري في التعبير بديوانه "غيمة في سروال" (نشر عام 1914) التي كانت تعبيراً حقيقياً عن تيار الحداثة، هذا الديوان كان نتيجة علاقته العاطفية المضطربة ب"ليلي بريك" (شقيقة الكاتبة والمناضلة الفرنسية من اصل روسي الزا تريوليت)، ماياكوفسكي كان قد تعرف إلى ليلي عام 1910، ولها كتب أجمل قصائده. من عام 1923 حتى عام 1925، اسس ماياكوفسكي صحيفة LEV، (الجبهة اليسارية للفنون) التي ضمت الحرس القديم للثورة البولشيفية من ادباء وشعراء وكتاب مسرحيون.
الانتحار: أكره الثرثرة
بعد فشله في الحياة العاطفية، و"خيانة الثورة" بنظره لتطلعاته وتضحياته، وبعد النقد اللاذع الذي واجهه في الصحافة الأدبية، أقدم فلاديمير ماياكوفسكي على الانتحار في14 نيسان 1930 عن عمر 37 عاماً، برصاصة في الصدغ. تاركاً ورقة كتب عليها (إلى الجميع ها انذا اموت الآن، لا تتهموا احداً، ولا تثرثروا، فالميت يكره الثرثرة)
ماياكوفسكي في الأدب والفن
يعتقد ان ماياكوفسكي هو أول من استخدم مصطلح المستقبلية والمستقبليين، في 24 شباط 1913 في نقاش حول الفن الحديث، والمستقبلية ليست مدرسة، بل هي مستوىً جديد، كما يصفها الشاعر الأوكراني بورليوك، استمرت تجربة جيليجا المحدثة حتى موت ماياكوفسكي عام 1930. يقول ماياكوفسكي في التيار المستقبلي الروسي: ان المستقبليين الروس هم رجال المستقبل، المسؤولين عن قتل الفن العجوز الذي يأكله العث، ان المستقبليين يعتبرون الإنسان جزءاً من الأرض ومن الطبيعة! انكب ماياكوفسكي على تكسير البيت الألكسندري، معتمداً إيقاعاً جديداً للشعر الروسي، كما تميز بتوجهه في قصائده إلى عامة الشعب، ويبتعد عن النخبوية في اطار نص بسيط غير معقد، وهو من الشعراء الذين كانوا يقصدون "الخلكوزات" أي المستوطنات الزراعية، ليلقي شعره للفلاحين والفقراء، في اطار حملات محو الأمية والتثقيف في العهد اللينيني، وكان محرضاً جماهيرياً على الثورة والتغيير.
أعمال ماياكوفسكي
  • أنا
  • غيمة في سروال
  • رسائل إلى ليلي بريك
  • المسرح
  • الدفاترالحمراء
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский) (July 19 [O.S. July 7] 1893 – April 14, 1930) was a Russian and Sovietpoet and playwright, among the foremost representatives of early-20th century Russian Futurism.

Early life
He was born the last of three children in Baghdati, Russian Empire (now in Georgia) where his father worked as a forest ranger. His father was of Ukrainian Cossack descent and his mother was of Ukrainian descent. Although Mayakovsky spoke Georgian at school and with friends, his family spoke primarily Russian at home. At the age of 14 Mayakovsky took part in socialist demonstrations at the town of Kutaisi, where he attended the local grammar school.
After the sudden and premature death of his father in 1906, the family — Mayakovsky, his mother, and his two sisters — moved to Moscow, where he attended School No. 5.
In Moscow, Mayakovsky developed a passion for Marxist literature and took part in numerous activities of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party; he was to later become an RSDLP (Bolshevik) member. In 1908, he was dismissed from the grammar school because his mother was no longer able to afford the tuition fees.
Around this time, Mayakovsky was imprisoned on three occasions for subversive political activities but, being underage, he avoided transportation. During a period of solitary confinement in Butyrka prison in 1909, he began to write poetry, but his poems were confiscated. On his release from prison, he continued working within the socialist movement, and in 1911 he joined the Moscow Art School where he became acquainted with members of the Russian Futurist movement. He became a leading spokesman for the group Gileas (Гилея), and a close friend of David Burlyuk, whom he saw as his mentor.
Literary life
The 1912 Futurist publication A Slap in the Face of Public Taste (Пощёчина общественному вкусу) contained Mayakovsky's first published poems: Night (Ночь) and Morning (Утро). Because of their political activities, Burlyuk and Mayakovsky were expelled from the Moscow Art School in 1914.
Image from Mayakovsky's Как делать стихи ("How to Make Poems").
His work continued in the Futurist vein until 1914. His artistic development then shifted increasingly in the direction of narrative and it was this work, published during the period immediately preceding the Russian Revolution, which was to establish his reputation as a poet in Russia and abroad.
A Cloud in Trousers (1915)[3] was Mayakovsky's first major poem of appreciable length and it depicted the heated subjects of love, revolution, religion and art, written from the vantage point of a spurned lover. The language of the work was the language of the streets, and Mayakovsky went to considerable lengths to debunk idealistic and romanticised notions of poetry and poets.

Mayakovsky's home in Moscow
Your thoughts,
dreaming on a softened brain,
like an over-fed lackey on a greasy settee,
with my heart's bloody tatters I'll mock again;
impudent and caustic, I'll jeer to superfluity.

Of Grandfatherly gentleness I'm devoid,
there's not a single grey hair in my soul!
Thundering the world with the might of my voice,
I go by – handsome,
twenty-two-year-old.

Вашу мысль
мечтающую на размягченном мозгу,
как выжиревший лакей на засаленной кушетке,
буду дразнить об окровавленный сердца лоскут:
досыта изъиздеваюсь, нахальный и едкий.

У меня в душе ни одного седого волоса,
и старческой нежности нет в ней!
Мир огромив мощью голоса,
иду – красивый,
двадцатидвухлетний.



In the summer of 1915, Mayakovsky fell in love with a married woman, Lilya Brik, and it is to her that the poem "The Backbone Flute" (1916) was dedicated; unfortunately for Mayakovsky, she was the wife of his publisher, Osip Brik. The love affair, as well as his impressions of war and revolution, strongly influenced his works of these years. The poem "War and the World" (1916) addressed the horrors of World War I and "Man" (1917) is a poem dealing with the anguish of love.

Mayakovsky was rejected as a volunteer at the beginning of World War I, and during 1915-1917 worked at the Petrograd Military Automobile School as a draftsman. At the onset of the Russian Revolution, Mayakovsky was in Smolny, Petrograd. There he witnessed the October Revolution. He started reciting poems such as "Left March! For the Red Marines: 1918" (Левый марш (Матросам), 1918) at naval theatres, with sailors as an audience.

His satirical play Mystery-Bouffe was staged in 1918, and again, more successfully, in 1921.
On the evening of April 14, 1930, Mayakovsky shot himself. The unfinished poem[4] in his suicide note read, in part:
And so they say-
"the incident dissolved"
the love boat smashed up
on the dreary routine.
I'm through with life
and [we] should absolve
from mutual hurts, afflictions and spleen.

قديم 06-14-2011, 10:02 PM
المشاركة 840
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • غير موجود
افتراضي
هرمن ملفل
يتمه : مات ابوه وعمره 13 سنه.
مجاله : روائي امريكي.

Herman Melville
(1819-1891), American author of such famed literary works as Typee (1846) and its sequel Omoo (1847) also wrote Moby Dick, or; The Whale (1851);
Herman Melville was born into an eminent family claiming war heroes and wealthy merchants on 1 August 1819 in New York City, New York State, son of Maria Gansevoort (1791-1872) and Allan Melville (1782-1832).
As a successful import merchant, Allan afforded all the necessary comforts and more to his large family of eight sons and daughters. He loved to tell his children sea-faring tales of terror and adventure, and of places far away. After his death at the age of forty, his wife and children moved to the village of Lansingburg, on the banks of the Hudson River.
In 1835 Melville attended the Albany Classical School for a year, then moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts to work at the farm of his uncle, gentleman farmer Thomas Melville. It was not long however that Melville travelled back to New York and secured his place as cabin boy on a ship bound for Liverpool, England. Upon return to New York he held various unsatisfying jobs until he next set sail on the whaling ship Acushnet in 1841. His stay in the Marquesas Islands (now French Polynesia) with his friend Richard Tobias Greene would provide much fodder for his future novels. First published in England, Typee and Omoo (1847) are based on Melville's sea-faring adventures and stays in Polynesia and Tahiti. His next novel Mardi: and A Voyage Thither (two volumes, 1849) is 'a romance of Polynesian adventure', again reflecting much of Melville's own life on ships and the South Seas. Another semi-autobiographical novel Redburn: His First Voyage was published


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