Paul Thomas Mann
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Paul Thomas Mann (German: [paʊ̯l toːmas man]; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche and Schopenhauer.

Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel, Buddenbrooks. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to the United States, returning to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur, literature written in German by those who opposed or fled the Hitler regime.

Mann's work influenced many future authors, including Heinrich Böll, Joseph Heller, Yukio Mishima, and Orhan Pamuk.[1][2]

Life

Children of Thomas Mann and Katia Pringsheim
Name Birth Death
Erika 9 November 1905 27 August 1969
Klaus 18 November 1906 21 May 1949
Golo 29 March 1909 7 April 1994
Monika 7 June 1910 17 March 1992
Elisabeth 24 April 1918 8 February 2002
Michael 21 April 1919 1 January 1977
Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck, the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns (a Brazilian of German and Portuguese ancestry who emigrated to Germany when seven years old). His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran religion. Mann's father died in 1891 and his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich. Mann attended the science division of a Lübeck Gymnasium (school), then spent time at the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich and Technical University of Munich where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature.[3]

Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of a year in Palestrina, Italy, with his novelist elder brother Heinrich. Thomas worked with the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894-95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for Simplicissimus. Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" (Der Kleine Herr Friedemann), was published in 1898.

In 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined the Lutheran church. The couple had six children.[4]



Prewar and WWII Period

Fernando Pessoa

Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (Portuguese:*[fɨɾˈnɐ̃dw pɨˈsoɐ]; June 13, 1888 – November 30, 1935), commonly known as Fernando Pessoa, was a Portuguese poet, writer, literary critic, translator, publisher and philosopher, described as one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest poets in the Portuguese language. He also wrote in and translated from English and French.

Pessoa was a prolific writer, and not only under his own name, for he dreamed up approximately seventy-five others. He did not call them pseudonyms because he felt that did not capture their true independent intellectual life and instead called them heteronyms. These imaginary figures sometimes held unpopular or extreme views.

Early years in Durban


Pessoa's birthplace: a large flat at São Carlos Square, just in front of Lisbon's opera.
Pessoa was born in Lisbon. On July 13, 1893, when Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, died of tuberculosis and the following year, on January 2, his younger brother Jorge, aged one, also died.

After the second marriage of his mother, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nogueira, to João Miguel dos Santos Rosa, on December 31, 1895, little Fernando sailed with his mother for South Africa in the beginning of 1896, to join his stepfather, a military officer appointed Portuguese consul in Durban, capital of the former British Colony of Natal.

Fernando Pessoa
Regarded as one of the greatest poets of the 20th Century, the unique Fernando Pessoa and his several heteronyms, each endowed with a different personality, biography and writing style, is beyond comparison. Pessoa’s poetry changes radically according to “who” was writing, making each alternate self as distinctive as the real life poet himself. Acclaimed and revered as one of Portugal’s finest writers, the leading figure in Modernism only published one book of poetry during his lifetime, “Mensagem”, with all his other writings being only discovered and published after he died at the age of 47 in 1935.

The Book

The Book of Disquiet is the fourth most sold book originally written in Portuguese on Amazon.com. Penned by one of Fernando Pessoa’s heteronyms, Bernardo Soares, it was written in fragments, part narrative, part journal and part prose, and yet it captivates the reader in a way no other book can.

Bolesław Prus

Nationality Polish
Period 1872–1912
Genre
Realist novel
Historical novel
Short story
Micro-story
Prose poetry
Literary movement Positivism
Spouse Oktawia Głowacka, née Trembińska
Children An adopted son, Emil Trembiński
Signature
Bolesław Prus (pronounced: [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; 20 August 1847*– 19 May 1912), born Aleksander Głowacki, is a leading figure in the history of Polish literature[1] and philosophy and a distinctive voice in world literature.[2]

As a 15-year-old he joined the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia. Shortly after his 16th birthday, he suffered severe battle injuries. Five months later he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising. These early experiences may have precipitated the panic disorder and agoraphobia that would dog him through life, and shaped his opposition to attempting to regain Poland's independence by force of arms.

In 1872 at age 25, in Warsaw, he settled into a 40-year journalistic career that highlighted science, technology, education, and economic and cultural development. These societal enterprises were essential to the endurance of a people who had in the 18th century been partitioned out of political existence by Russia, Prussia and Austria. Głowacki took his pen name "Prus" from the appellation of his family's coat-of-arms.

As a sideline he wrote short stories. Succeeding with these, he went on to employ a larger canvas; over the decade between 1884 and 1895, he completed four major novels: The Outpost, The Doll, The New Woman and Pharaoh. The Doll depicts the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by his country's backwardness. Pharaoh, Prus' only historical novel, is a study of political power and of the fates of nations, set in ancient Egypt at the fall of the 20th Dynasty and New Kingdom.

Life

Early years

Prus' Hrubieszów birthplace

Lublin Castle, Prus' prison during 1863–65 Uprising
Aleksander Głowacki was born 20 August 1847 in Hrubieszów, now in southeastern Poland, very near the present-day border with Ukraine. The town was then in the Russian-controlled sector of partitioned Poland, known as the "Congress Kingdom". Głowacki was the younger son of Antoni Głowacki, an estate steward at the village of Żabcze, in Hrubieszów County, and Apolonia Głowacka, née Trembińska. In 1850, when the future Bolesław Prus was three years old, his mother died; the child was placed in the care of his maternal grandmother, Marcjanna Trembińska of Puławy, and, four years later, in the care of his aunt, Domicela Olszewska of Lublin. In 1856 Prus was orphaned by his father's death. In 1862 Prus' brother Leon, a teacher thirteen years his senior, took him to Siedlce, then to Kielce.[3]

خوان رولفو
اتب مكسيكي مؤلف اعظم رواية مكسيكية كما يراها النقاد وهو يتيم الاب في سن السادسة وآلام في سن العاشرة .

Juan Rulfo
"Rulfo" redirects here. For his son, see Juan Carlos Rulfo. For the Mexican footballer, see Juan Carlos García Rulfo.
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Rulfo*and the second or maternal family name is Vizcaíno.
Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno, best known as Juan Rulfo (Spanish:*[ˈxwan ˈrulfo] *audio*; 16 May 1917 – 7 January 1986[1]), was a Mexican writer, screenwriter and photographer. He is best known for two literary works, El Llano en llamas (1953), a collection of short stories, and the 1955 novel Pedro Páramo. Fifteen of the seventeen short stories in El Llano en llamas have been translated into English and published as The Burning Plain and Other Stories. This collection includes the popular tale "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not to Kill Me!").
Early life

Rulfo was born in 1917 in Apulco, Jalisco (although he was registered at Sayula, Jalisco), in the home of his paternal grandfather.[1] Rulfo's birth year was often listed as 1918, because he had provided an inaccurate date to get into the military academy that his uncle, David Pérez Rulfo — a colonel working for the government — directed.[3][4]

After his father was killed in 1923 and his mother died in 1927, Rulfo's grandmother raised him in the town of San Gabriel, Jalisco.[1] Their extended family consisted of landowners whose fortunes were ruined by the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War of 1926–1928, a Roman Catholic integralist revolt against the government of Mexico following the Mexican Revolution.[citation needed]

Rulfo was sent to study in the Luis Silva School, where he lived from 1928 to 1932.[5] He completed six years of elementary school and a special seventh year from which he graduated as a bookkeeper, though he never practiced that profession.[citation needed] Rulfo attended a seminary (analogous to a secondary school) from 1932 to 1934, but did not attend a university afterwards, as the University of Guadalajara was closed due to a strike and because Rulfo had not taken preparatory school courses.[1]

Rulfo moved to Mexico City, where he entered the National Military Academy, which he left after three months. He then hoped to study law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. In 1936, Rulfo was able to audit courses in literature at the University, because he obtained a job as an immigration file clerk through his uncle.[6]

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I wanted to*induct one work of Mexican literature into the pantheon of eternal greats, and I believe the greatest Mexican novel ever written is*Pedro Páramo*by Juan Rulfo. A slim but infinite novel,*Pedro Páramo*changed the way that literature is written, read, processed, and remembered when it was*published in*1955. Any writer who has read this book has found new inspiration for the way that they can construct their own narratives. Rulfo is a master, breaking with antiquated notions of time and space to give us a story of eternal life that has impacted the way the entire world reads and writes, from Garcia Marquez, who claimed that this novel is what inspired him to create his own version of magical realism, down to the Spanish/Argentinian Andrés Neuman, whose majestic*Traveler of the Century*pulls from the transcendence of*Pedro Páramo*in a major way towards building a new form of the great novel. This is the book that changed everything, if you have never read it, let it change you