Born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father, used the surname "Churchill" in public life. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. Winston's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was a politician; and his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill (née Jennie Jerome) was the daughter of American millionaire Leonard Jerome. Winston was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy and employed Churchill's father as his private secretary. Churchill's brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland. It has been claimed that the young Winston first developed his fascination with military matters from watching the many parades pass by the Vice Regal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, the official residence of the President of Ireland).
Churchill's earliest exposure to education occurred in Dublin, where a governess tried teaching him reading, writing, and arithmetic (his first reading book was called 'Reading Without Tears'). With limited contact with his parents, Churchill became very close to his nanny, 'Mrs' Elizabeth Anne Everest, whom he called 'Old Woom'. She served as his confidante, nurse, and mother substitute.[7] The two spent many happy hours playing in the Phoenix Park.
Independent and rebellious by nature, Churchill generally had a poor academic record in school, for which he was punished. He was educated at three independent schools: St. George's School, Ascot, Berkshire; Brunswick School in Hove, near Brighton (the school has since been renamed Stoke Brunswick School and relocated to Ashurst Wood in West Sussex); and at Harrow School from 17 April 1888. Within weeks of his arrival at Harrow, Churchill had joined the Harrow Rifle Corps.
Churchill was rarely visited by his mother, and wrote letters begging her either to come to the school or to allow him to come home.
His relationship with his father was distant; he once remarked that they barely spoke to one another. His father died on 24 January 1895, aged 45, leaving Churchill with the conviction that he too would die young and so should be quick about making his mark on the world.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature.
Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers.
In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. In 1922, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent, and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s "Lost Generation" expatriate community. The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway's first novel, was published in 1926.
After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. They divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940. They separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and 1940s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall-Hemingway, was a musician.
Both were well-educated and well-respected in the conservative community of Oak Park,[2] a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to". For a short period after their marriage,[4] Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, who eventually became their first son's namesake.[note 1] Later Ernest Hemingway would say he disliked his name, which he "associated with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest".[5] The family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence.[2]
Hemingway's mother frequently performed in concerts around the village. As an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. Her insistence that he learn to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing, as is evident in the "contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls.[7] The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan, where as a four-year-old his father taught him to hunt, fish and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan. His early experiences in nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.[8]
From 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School where he took part in a number of sports, namely boxing, track and field, water polo and football. He excelled in English classes,[9] and performed in the school orchestra with his sister Marcelline for two years.[6] In his junior year, he took a journalism class, taught by Fannie Biggs, which was structured "as though the classroom were a newspaper office". The better writers in class submitted pieces to the The Trapeze, the school newspaper. Hemingway and Marcelline both had pieces submitted to The Trapeze; Hemingway's first piece, published in January 1916, was about a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.[10] He continued to contribute to and to edit the Trapeze and the Tabula (the school's newspaper and yearbook), for which he imitated the language of sportswriters, and used the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type". Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist; after leaving high school he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter.[11] Although he stayed there for only six months he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."[12]

Early in 1918 Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed on to become an ambulance driver in Italy. He left New York in May, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery.[14] By June he was at the Italian Front. It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos, with whom he would maintain a rocky relationship for decades thereafter.[15] On his first day in Milan he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers.
He described the incident in his non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon: "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments".[ A few days later he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave.
On July 8 he was seriously wounded by mortar fire, having just returned from the canteen bringing chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front line.[ Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery.[ Still only 18, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you."
He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan.[ He spent six months at the hospital where he met and formed a strong friendship with "Chink" Dorman-Smith that lasted for decades, and shared a room with future American foreign service officer, ambassador, and author Henry Serrano Villard.[19]

One of the most famous American novelist, short-story writer and essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style have influenced wide range of writers. Hemingway was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was unable to attend the award ceremony in Stockholm, because he was recuperating from injuries sustained in an airplane crash while hunting in Uganda.
"Certainly there is no hunting like the hunting of man and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never really care for anything else thereafter. You will meet them doing various things with resolve, but their interest rarely holds because after the other thing ordinary life is as flat as the taste of wine when the taste buds have been burned off your tongue." ('On the Blue Water' in Esquire, April 1936)
Ernest Hemingway was born inn Oak Park, Illinois. His mother Grace Hall, whom he never forgave for dressing him as a little girl in his youth, had an operatic career before marrying Dr. Clarence Edmonds Hemingway; he taught his son to love out-door life. Hemingway's father took his own life in 1928 after losing his healt to diabetes and his money in the Florida real-estate bubble. Hemingway attended the public schools in Oak Park and published his earliest stories and poems in his high school newspaper. Upon his graduation in 1917, Hemingway worked six months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. He then joined a volunteer ambulance unit in Italy during World War I. In 1918 he suffered a severe leg wound. For his service, Hemingway was twice decorated by the Italian government

-والدته كانت تعامله كطفلة وليس كطفل وكانت تجعله يرتدي ملاب الاناث وكان يكهها لذلك السبب وهو ما يشير ربما لحالة نفسة لديها ولا يعرف شيء عنها ولا متى ماتت.
-علمه والده الصيد وهو صغير وكان يحب الحياة في الطبيعة.
-ما ان انهى دراسه الثانوية حتى تطوع للعمل في الجبهة واصيب في اول يوم عمل له في ايطاليا.
-تعرض لعدة اصابات وبقي في المستشفى لمدد طويلة.
-واضح ان ما شاهده على الجبهة ومنها تجربته الاولى التي تمثلت في لملمة بقايا صبايا قطعهن القصف وذلك في اول يوم له في الجبهة كان له اعظم الاثر عليه. خاصة وانه لم يتجاوز الثامنة عشر حينذا:ز
-انتحر والده الطبيب والذي علمه الصيد بسبب المرض وهمنجوي كان في سن 29 سنة.
مأزوم بسبب طريقة تربيتة وبسبب مشاركته في الحرب وهو صغير ومشاهدته لمشاهد القتل. تكرست ازمته بعد اصابته في الجبهة وقضاؤه اشهر في المشفى وتعمقت ازمة بعد انتحار والده وهو في سن 29.

مأزوم.

هالدور لاكسنس

هو أديب آيسلندي ولد في 23 افريل 1902 وتوفي في 8 فيفري 1998. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1955 و ايضا حصل على جائزة الاتحاد السوفيتي للسلام في الاعمال الادبيةو كان ذلك في سنة 1953 . تتمحور جميع أعماله حول بلده آيسلندا. نشر أول رواية له في سن السابعة عشرة من عمره تناول فيها مرحلة طفولته وأطلق على الرواية اسم «طفل الطبيعة». أما الرواية التي لفتت أنظار الأوساط الأدبية إليه كانت «النساج العظيم من كشمير» ونشرت عام 1929.
تخرج من المدرسة اللاتينية الآيسلندية وبعدها زار أرجاء أوروبا لدراسة الديانة المسيحية واللغات الأجنبية، وفي النهاية قرر عدم دخول سلك الرهبنة. وعند انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى، أمضى زمنا طويلا في أوروبا والولايات المتحدة، وحاول أن يجد لنفسه عملا في هوليوود ككاتب سيناريو بين 1927 و 1929

Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic: [ˈhaltour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛs] (listen); born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was a twentieth-century Icelandic writer. Throughout his career Laxness wrote poetry, newspaper articles, plays, travelogues, short stories, and novels. Major influences on his writings include August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway. He received the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature, and is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate.

Early life
Laxness was born under the name Halldór Guðjónsson (following the tradition of Icelandic patronymics) in Reykjavik in 1902, the son of Guðjón Helgason and Sigríður Halldórsdóttir. After spending his early years in Reykjavik, he moved with his family in 1905 to Laxnes near Mosfellsbær, a more rural area just north of the capital.
He soon started to read books and write stories. At the age of 14 his first article was published in the newspaper Morgunblaðið under the name "H.G." His first book, the novel Barn náttúrunnar (translated Child of Nature), was published in 1919.[2] At the time of its publication he had already begun his travels on the European continent.
1920s
In 1922, Laxness joined the Abbaye St. Maurice et St. Maur in Clervaux, Luxembourg. The monks followed the rules of Saint Benedict of Nursia. Laxness was baptized and confirmed in the Catholic Church early in 1923. Following his confirmation, he adopted the surname Laxness (in honor of the homestead where he had been raised) and added the name Kiljan (an Icelandic spelling of the Irish martyr Saint Killian).
Inside the walls of the abbeyدير , he practiced self-study, read books, and studied French, Latin, theology and philosophy. While there, he composed the story Undir Helgahnjúk, published in 1924. Soon after his baptism, he became a member of a group which prayed for reversion of the Nordic countries back to Catholicism. Laxness wrote of his Catholicism in the book Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír, published in 1927: "For a while he reached a safe haven in a Catholic monastery in Luxembourg, whence he sent home surrealistic poetry and gathered material for the great autobiographical novel recording his mental development, 'a witch brew of ideas presented in a stylistic furioso' (Peter Hallberg), Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír. I have long thought that this work was marked by the chaos of German expressionism; at any rate it has the abandon advocated by André Breton, the master of French surrealism. It created a sensation in Iceland and was hailed by Kristjan Albertsson as the epoch-making book it really was. In the future Laxness was always in the vanguard of stylistic development..."[4]
"Laxness's religious period did not last long; during a visit to America he became attracted to socialism." Partly under the influence of Upton Sinclair, with whom he'd become friends in California, "With Alþydubókin (1929) Laxness... joined the socialist bandwagon... a book of brilliant burlesque and satirical essays... one of a long series in which he discussed his many travel impressions (Russia, western Europe, South America), unburdened himself of socialistic satire and propaganda, and wrote of the literature and the arts, essays of prime importance to an understanding of his own art..." Laxness lived in the United States and attempted to write screenplays for Hollywood films between 1927 and 1929.

انتقل وعمره ثلاث سنوات مع عائلته الى الريف حيث عاش في مزرعة والده. درس في المدرسة الاتينية. سافر في انحاء اوروبا . عاش في دير لفترة لكنه قرر عدم الانضمام الى سلك الرهبنة. لا يوجد معلومات عن والديه.

مجهول الطفولة.

ولد خوان رامون في بلدة مُغير (بالإسبانية: Moguer) بولبة.[1] درس أول أعوامه فيها، ثم انتقل بعدها لقادس ليدرس في المدرسة اليسوعية، وهناك تعرف على أسماء أدبية ناشئة مثله، وفي هذه الفترة كتب أول قصائده وإن لم ينشر منها شيئاً. خلال تلك الفترة قرأ وتأثر بأعمال الإسبانيين أدولفو بيكر وغونغورا، والذي سيضيف لهما في فترات لاحقة من حياته، اسم شاعر نيكاراغوا المعروف روبن داريو، رائد مدرسة التحديث المودرنيزم في الشعر المكتوب باللغة الإسبانية، حيث سيتحول إلى معجب ودارس لمسيرته الشعرية. وهذا الإعجاب سيكون متبادلاً بين القمتين الشعريتين إلى درجة الصداقة.
في تلك الفترة ونتيجة لهذا التشجيع، انتقل خمينث لمدينة مدريد وتواصل مع شعراء العاصمة وهناك نشر أول كتبه الشعرية بتأثر واضح بملامح الحركة التحديثية. وفي تلك الفترة أصيب بعوارض مرضية نفسية، أجبرته على العودة لقريته مُغير.
في العام نفسه توفي والده، مما ضاعف مرضه وحزنه وإحساسه بالتوحد في هذا العالم.
سافر بعدها إلى فرنسا للعلاج والنقاهة، وهناك قرأ لشعراء الحركة الرمزية الفرنسية أمثال بودليرومالارميه، مما سيترك أثراً واضحاً في كتبه الشعرية التي أنجزها في تلك الفترة. سافر فيما بعد إلى إيطاليا وشرع بكتابة ديوانه الثالث قصائد لينشره بعد عودته لمدريد. حولت الكتابة والمرض منذ هذه اللحظة لصيقين بحياة خمينث، إلى درجة أن أغلب الدراسات النقدية عنه لا بد لها من الدخول بتحليلات عميقة لأثر المرض في كتابات وحياة خمينث. خلال تلك الفترة خضع لعلاج طبي مستمر في مصحة نفسية حتى شعر بالاستقرار الجزئي وعاد سنة 1905 لمسقط رأسه في قريته مغير. أثناء تلك الفترة نضج فكره بشكل كبير، وعندها كتب مطولته النثرية المعروفة بلاتيرو وأنا.

جبل وسهل وبحر بعيد ...... أتذكرينني، أنا الراعي التائه،
والمغني الغريب الذي غاب في أصقاع الشمال
ذات فجر صيفي وحيد.
ها أنا ذا أفردك، من أغنيتي، بالكنز الذي اكتشفتُ[2]»

سنة 1911 عاد خيمينيث مجدداً لمدريد، واستقر في نزل للطلبة، وهو نفس النزل الذي مر فيه فيه سنوات لاحقة العديد من أهم أدباء وفناني أسبانيا في القرن العشرين مثل غارثيا لوركا، دالي أو بونويل.
إلتقى خوان رامون خيمينيث بزنوبيا كامبروني. لقائه بهذه الشابة المهتمة بالأدب، وهي ابنة لأم من بويرتو ريكو وأب إسباني، تحول إلى الأمل الوحيد في حياة خوان رامون خيمينيث. لم يكن طريق التقائهما سهلاً، فإضافة للفارق العمري ومعارضة عائلة الفتاة، لم تكن الفتاة متحمسة للزواج من رجل إنعزالي وشاعر مصاب بالجنون والوهم. ولكن لقائاتهما المتكررة ونقاط ثقافية مشتركة عديدة قد أزاحت العديد من عراقيل ارتباطهما الرسمي الذي سيتم في عام 1916.
سافر مع خطيبته للولايات المتحدة للزواج وتمضية شهر عسل. لخص وقائع رحلته إلى نيويورك في ديوان "يوميات شاعر حديث الزواج " (1917) ومثلما يدل عنوان الكتاب فقد ألفه بما يشبه اليوميات بمزيج من النثر والشعرية وأدخل فيها موضوعا سيعود إليه لاحقا شعراء من أمثال فيدريكو غارثيا لوريكا ألا وهو نيويورك رمزا للعصر الصناعي الجديد. ثم واصل سيره نحو "الشعر الخالص" الذي سيكون بمثابة إبتكار وعلامة مميزة لأغلب نتاجه الشعري اللاحق كما عليه في ديوانه "أبديات" (1918) ويحتوي هذا الديوان على بيت شعري شهير يلخص رؤيته ومفهومه الشعري:

مع نشوب الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية عام 1936، فضل خمينث مصاحبة زوجته والهروب حتى الأراضي الأمريكية، بعد أن سهل لهم مانويل أثانيا للسفر بجوازات ديبلوماسية. في البدء أقاما في نيويورك، ثم توجها إلى بويرتو ريكو، ليسافرا للاستقرار في كوبا لأكثر من ثلاث سنوات. وكان خيمينيث من المتحمسين للجمهورية الإسبانية، ولهذه الأسباب لم يرجع لبلده خلال فترة الديكتاتورية. يظهر موقفه السياسي جليا في إعداده كتاب متعاطف مع الجمهورية الإسبانية، عنوانه الحرب في إسبانيا، والذي لم يتمكن من نشره.[4] تحدث فيه عن معتقداته السياسية المؤيدة لنظام الجمهورية واستعرض شخصية الأدباء الأسبان وظروفه وقال صراحة ما رأيه في نسبة منهم.
خلال هذه الفترة عمل في أكثر من جامعة وكتب العديد من المقالات النقدية في الشعر الإسباني والأميركي اللاتيني، والتي تم جمعها بعد وفاته وصدرت في كتابين. كما عمل كأستاذ زائر في الولايات المتحدة والأرجنتين حتى عودته النهائية عام 1951 لبويرتكو ريكو، ليستقر فيها بسبب من تردي وضعه الصحي. في بويرتو ريكو، إنضما لكادر التدريس في الجامعة الوطنية، حيث أحتفي بهما بشكل لا مثيل له، حتى أن الجامعة قد أطلقت أسميهما على قاعة دراسية.
خلال تلك الفترة حتى عام 1958 أشتدت وطأة مرضه وبدأ يمر بحالات مرضية عصبية متكررة. إثناء ذلك أصيبت زوجته زنوبيا بالسرطان، وعلى الرغم من علاجها المتكرر، إلا أن المرض قضى عليها لتموت بعد ثلاث أيام من تلقيهما خبر منح خيمينيث جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1956، وهي التي عملت كل جهودها خلال سنين طوال من أجل التعريف بخمينث في الأوساط الأكاديمية لجائزة نوبل.
بعد رحيل زوجته، لم تستقر حالة خيمينيث المرضية، ليرحل عن العالم في 29 من شهر مايس عام 1958، ليدفن في منفاه الأخير بويرتو ريكو.

Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón (23 December 1881 – 29 May 1958) was a Spanish poet, a prolific writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956. One of Jiménez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the French concept of "pure poetry."

Biography
Juan Ramón Jiménez was born in Moguer, near Huelva, in Andalucia, on 23 December 1881. He studied law at the University of Seville, but he declined to put this training to use. He published his first two books at the age of eighteen, in 1900. The death of his father the same year devastated him, and a resulting depression led to his being sent first to France, where he had an affair with his doctor's wife, and then to a sanatorium in Madrid staffed by novitiate nuns, where he lived from 1901 to 1903.
In 1911 and 1912, he wrote many erotic poems depicting romps with numerous females in numerous locales. Some of them alluded to sex with novitiates who were nurses. Eventually, apparently, their mother superior discovered the activity and expelled him, although it will probably never be known for certain whether the depictions of sex with novitiates were truth or fantasy.
The main subjects of many of his other poems were music and color, which, at times, he compared to love or lust.
He celebrated his home region in his prose poem about a writer and his donkey called Platero y Yo (1914). In 1916 he and Spanish-born writer and poet Zenobia Camprubí were married in the United States. Zenobia became his indispensable companion and collaborator.
Upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he and Zenobia went into exile in Cuba, the United States, and Puerto Rico, where he settled in 1946. Jiménez was hospitalized for eight months due to another deep depression. He later became a Professor of Spanish Language and Literature at the University of Maryland, College Park. The university later named a building on campus and a living-and-learning writing program in his honor. He was also a professor at the University of Miami, in Coral Gables, Florida. While living in Coral Gables he wrote: "Romances de Coral Gables".
In 1956, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature; three days later, his wife died of ovarian cancer. Jiménez never got over this loss, and he died two years afterwards, on 29 May 1958, in the same clinic where his wife had died. Both of them are buried in Spain.
Legacy
Although he was primarily a poet, Jiménez' prose work Platero y yo (1917; "Platero and I") sold well in Latin America, and in translation won him popularity in the USA. He also collaborated with his wife in the translation of the Irish playwright John Millington Synge's Riders to the Sea (1920). His poetic output during his life was immense. Among his better known works are Sonetos espirituales 1914–1916 (1916; “Spiritual Sonnets, 1914–15”), Piedra y cielo (1919; “Stones and Sky”), Poesía, en verso, 1917–1923 (1923), Poesía en prosa y verso (1932; “Poetry in Prose and Verse”), Voces de mi copla (1945; “Voices of My Song”), and Animal de fondo (1947; “Animal at Bottom”). A collection of 300 poems (1903–53) in English translation by Eloise Roach was published in 1962.
His literary influence on Puerto Rican writers strongly marks the works of Giannina Braschi, René Marqués, and Manuel Ramos Otero. The library at the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras features the "Sala Juan Ramón y Zenobia", a collection of many of Jiménez's personal belongings and personal library, as well as his wife's.
A quotation from Jiménez, "If they give you ruled paper, write the other way", is the epigraph to Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451.
The name of Juan Ramón Jiménez is familiar to students at the University of Maryland, the language building of which is named for the poet.

In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement after his split with Garry Davis' movement Citizens of the World, which the surrealist André Breton was also a member.[3] The formation of this group, according to Camus, was to "denounce two ideologies found in both the USSR and the USA" regarding their idolatry of technology.[4]
Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".[5] He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award.[6] He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.

Early years
Albert Camus was born on 7 November 1913 in Dréan (then known as Mondovi) in French Algeria to a Pied-Noir family.[7] His mother was of Spanish descent and was half-deaf.
His father Lucien, a poor agricultural worker, died in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during World War I, while serving as a member of the Zouave infantry regiment. Camus and his mother lived in poor conditions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers.
In 1923, Camus was accepted into the lycée and eventually he was admitted to the University of Algiers. After he contracted tuberculosis (TB) in 1930, he had to end his football activities (he had been a goalkeeper for the university team) and reduce his studies to part-time. To earn money, he also took odd jobs: as private tutor, car parts clerk and assistant at the Meteorological Institute. He completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1935; in May 1936, he successfully presented his thesis on Plotinus, Néo-Platonisme et Pensée Chrétienne (Neo-Platonism and Christian Thought), for his diplôme d'études supérieures (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis).
Camus joined the French Communist Party in the spring of 1935, seeing it as a way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria." He did not suggest he was a Marxist or that he had read Das Kapital, but did write that "[w]e might see communism as a springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities."[9] In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded. Camus joined the activities of the Algerian People's Party (Le Parti du Peuple Algérien), which got him into trouble with his Communist party comrades. As a result, in 1937 he was denounced as a Trotskyite and expelled from the party. Camus went on to be associated with the French anarchist movement.
The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting in 1948 of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes (Anarchist Student Circle) as a sympathiser familiar with anarchist thought. Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire, La révolution Proletarienne and Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity, the organ of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT (National Confederation of Labor)). Camus stood with the anarchists when they expressed support for the uprising of 1953 in East Germany. He again allied with the anarchists in 1956, first in support of the workers’ uprising in Poznań, Poland, and then later in the year with the Hungarian Revolution.
In 1934, he married Simone Hié, a morphine addict, but the marriage ended as a consequence of infidelities on both sides. In 1935, he founded Théâtre du Travail (Worker's Theatre),[10] renamed Théâtre de l'Equipe (Team's Theatre) in 1937. It lasted until 1939. From 1937 to 1939 he wrote for a socialist paper, Alger-Républicain. His work included an account of the peasants who lived in Kabylie in poor conditions, which apparently cost him his job. From 1939 to 1940, he briefly wrote for a similar paper, Soir-Republicain. He was rejected by the French army because of his TB.
In 1940, Camus married Francine Faure, a pianist and mathematician. Although he loved her, he had argued passionately against the institution of marriage, dismissing it as unnatural. Even after Francine gave birth to twins, Catherine and Jean, on 5 September 1945, he continued to joke to friends that he was not cut out for marriage. Camus conducted numerous affairs, particularly an irregular and eventually public affair with the Spanish-born actress María Casares. In the same year, Camus began to work for Paris-Soir magazine. In the first stage of World War II, the so-called Phoney War, Camus was a pacifist. In Paris during the Wehrmacht occupation, on 15 December 1941, Camus witnessed the execution of Gabriel Péri; it crystallized his revolt against the Germans. He moved to Bordeaux with the rest of the staff of Paris-Soir. In the same year he finished his first books, The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus. He returned briefly to Oran, Algeria in 1942.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (Russian: Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis lʲeɐˈnʲidəvʲɪt͡ɕ pəstʲɪrˈnak]; 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1890 – 30 May 1960) was a Russian language poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister, Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language. Furthermore, Pasternak's translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and William Shakespeare remain deeply popular with Russian audiences.
Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, a novel which takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War. Due to its independent minded stance on the socialist state, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Doctor Zhivago was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year, an event which both humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the midst of a massive campaign against him by the CPSU and the Union of Soviet Writers, Pasternak reluctantly agreed to decline the Prize. In his resignation letter to the Nobel Committee, Pasternak stated the reaction of the Soviet State was the only reason for his decision.
By the time of his death from lung cancer in 1960, the campaign against Pasternak had severely damaged the international credibility of the U.S.S.R. He remains a major figure in Russian literature to this day. Furthermore, tactics pioneered by Pasternak were later continued, expanded, and refined by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and other Soviet dissidents.

Early life
Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February, (Gregorian), 1890 (Julian 29 January) into a wealthy assimilated Russian Jewish family.
His father was the Post-Impressionist painter, Leonid Pasternak, professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture.
(Leonid Osipovich Pasternak (born Yitzhok-Leib, or Isaak Iosifovich, Pasternak; Russian: Леони́д О́сипович Пастерна́к, 4 April 1862 N.S. - 31 May 1945)
His mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the daughter of Odessa industrialist Isadore Kaufman.
In a 1959 letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, Pasternak recalled,
"I was baptized as a child by my nanny, but because of the restrictions imposed on Jews, particularly in the case of a family which was exempt from them and enjoyed a certain reputation in view of my father's standing as an artist, there was something a little complicated about this, and it was always felt to be half-secret and intimate, a source of rare and exceptional inspiration rather than being calmly taken for granted. I believe that this is at the root of my distinctiveness. Most intensely of all my mind was occupied by Christianity in the years 1910-12, when the main foundations of this distinctiveness -- my way of seeing things, the world, life -- were taking shape..."
Shortly after his birth, Pasternak's parents had joined the Tolstoyan Movement. Novelist Leo Tolstoy was not only a close family friend. Pasternak later recalled, "my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him, and ...the whole house was imbued with his spirit."

Russian poet, whose novel Doktor Zhivago brought him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958. Though Pasternak was not a political writer, the award brought him brought him into the spotlight of international politics and he had to decline the honour. The novel was banned in the Soviet Union and Pasternak was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers. After Doctor Zhivago had reached the West, it was soon translated into 18 languages. Pasternak was rehabilitated posthumously in 1987, which made possible the publication of his major work.
"Yura enjoyed being with his uncle. He reminded him of his mother. Like hers, his mind moved with freedom and welcomed the unfamiliar. He had the same aristocratic sense of equality with all living creatures and the same gift of taking in everything at a glance and of expressing his thoughts as they first came to him and before they had lost their meaning and vitality." (from Doctor Zhivago)
Boris Pasternak was born into a prominent Jewish family in Moscow, where his father, Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, was a professor at the Moscow School of Painting. His mother, Rosa Kaufman, was an acclaimed concert pianist. Their home was open to such guests as Sergei Rachmaninoff, Aleksandr Scriabin, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Tolstoy. Inspired by Scriabin, Palsternak entered the Moscow Conservatory, but gave up suddenly his musical ambitions in 1910. He then studied philosophy under Prof. Herman Cohen at the Marburg University in Germany, and returned to Moscow in the winter of 1913-14.
As a poet Pasternak made his debut with the collection Bliznets v tuchakh (1914). During World War I Pasternak worked as a private tutor and at a chemical factory in the Ural Mountains. Due to a leg injury he did not serve in the army. The journey to the Ural gave him material for Doctor Zhivago. Although Pasternak was horrified by the brutality of the new government, he supported the Revolution. His parents and sisters migrated to Germany in 1921, when travel abroad was legalized. Leonid Pasternak died in Oxford in 1945.

كواسيمودو، سالفاتوري

(Salvatore Quasimodo) (موديكا، 20 أغسطس 1901 - نابولي 14 يونيو 1968) شاعر وناقد ومترجم إيطالي، كان حتى عام 1942م ينتمي إلى المدرسة الهرمسية التي تتسم بنظم الشعر بأسلوب شخصي عسير ولكنه تحول بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية إلى مناقشة موضوعات اجتماعية عصرية في كتاباته[1]، حصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب في سنة 1959م عن أعماله الشعرية الغنائية المعبرة عن الحياة المأساوية في عصرنا الحالي، يعد إلى جانب جوزيبي أونغاريتي ويوجينيو مونتالي أحد أهم الشعراء الإيطاليين بالقرن العشرين.

ولد كواسيمودو في مدينة موديكا بالقرب من صقلية لأب يعمل موظفاً بالسكك الحديدية، تلقى تعليمه الابتدائي بالقرب من مدينة سيراقوسة وفي مدينة ميسينا ثالث أكبر مدينة بجزيرة صقلية، درس الرياضياتوالهندسة في مدينة باليرمو وبعدها رحل إلى الشمال حيث أكمل دراسته الهندسية بروما سنة 1919م، عمل كمهندس في أحد الهيئات الحكومية الإيطالية لعشر سنوات، وكان يستغل أوقات الفراغ في كتابة الشعر هوايته التي أحبها منذ الطفولة.[2]
ظهرت أول أعمال كواسيمودو الشعرية بمجلة Solaria "سولاريا" وهي مجلة ادبية دورية تصدر في فلورنسا، وقد كان وقتها تلميذاً لشاعري المدرسة الهرمسية جوزيبي أونغاريتي ويوجينيو مونتالي، وفي عام 1930م صدرت تلك الأعمال في ديوان تحت عنوان Acque e terre "مياه ويابسة" والذي جعل من كواسيمودو رائداً من رواد المدرسة الهرمسية، وبعد سنة 1935م اعتزل كواسيمودو الهندسة نهائياً ليتفرغ لتدريس الأدب الإيطالي بأحد المعاهد الموسيقية بميلان، أتبع ديوانه الأول بمجموعة من الدواوين التي اتسمت بالأسلوب الشخصي العسير والرموز الهرمسية المبهمة ولكنها احتوت على بعض القصائد التي تميزت بحيودها عن الاستغراق الشخصي وتطرقها إلى موضوعات معاصرة من هذه الدواوين: ديوان Oboe sommerso "المزمار المغمور" سنة 1932 وديوان Odore di eucalyptus "أريج الكافور" سنة 1933 و Erato e Apollion "إراتو وأبوليون" سنة 1936، آخر أعماله التي تنتمي للمدرسة الهرمسية هما ديوان Poesie "القصائد" سنة 1938م و Ed è subito sera "وفجأة يطل المساء" سنة 1942م.[2]
بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية تحول أسلوبه لمعالجة أحداث عصره، وابتداءً من ديوانه Giorno dopo giorno "يوم إثر الآخر" سنة 1947م غدا شعره تأملاً دقيقاً في الحزن والدمار الذين جلبتهما الحرب على الإنسانية[1]، نددت كثير من قصائده في تلك الحقبة بضيم الحكم الفاشي، وبشاعات الحروب، وآثام الإيطاليين، كما أضحت قصائده تتسم ببساطة اللغة وواقعية الصور والمجازات.[2]
حصل على جائزة سان بابليا عام 1950 وفي عام 1953 تناصف جائزة ايتناورمينا مع الشاعر الويلزي ديلان توماس. وفي عام 1958 حصل على جائزة مايريجيو، حصل على جائزة نوبل عام 1959، لكواسيمودو - إلى جانب نشاطه الشعري - مشاركات فلسفية. ومن كتبه في هذا الحقل : ((الروح فعل خالص))1937، ((مذهب المنطق من حيث هو نظرية للمعرفة)) 1946 و((فلسفة الفن)) 1949

Salvatore Quasimodo (Italian pronunciation:; August 20, 1901 – June 14, 1968) was an Italian author and poet. In 1959 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times". Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century.


Biography
Quasimodo was born in Modica, Sicily. In 1908 his family moved to Messina, as his father had been sent there to help the population struck by a devastating earthquake.
The impressions of the effects of natural forces would have a great impact on the young Quasimodo.
In 1919 he graduated from the local Technical College. In Messina he also made friends with Giorgio La Pira, future mayor of Florence.
In 1917 Quasimodo founded the short-lived Nuovo giornale letterario ("New Literary Journal"), in which he published his first poems. In 1919 he moved to Rome to finish his engineering studies, but poor economic conditions forced him to find a work as a technical draughtsman. In the meantime he collaborated with several reviews and studied Greek and Latin.
In 1929, invited by Elio Vittorini, who had married Quasimodo's sister, he moved to Florence. Here he met poets such as Alessandro Bonsanti and Eugenio Montale. In 1930 he took a job with Italy's Civil Engineering Corps in Reggio Calabria. Here he met the Misefari brothers, who encouraged him to continue writing. Developing his nearness to the hermetic movement, Quasimodo published his first collection, Acque e terre ("Waters and Earths") in that year.
==
Salvatore Quasimodo was born in Modica, a small town near Syracuse, Sicily, the son of Gaetano Quasimodo, a railway officer, and Clotilde Quasimodo (née Ragusa). His father's work took the family to Messina, where they arrived two days after the great earthquake of 1908.
Quasimodo started to read and write at an exceptionally early age and show interest in Greek lyric poetry. When his parents felt that technical training would lead to a more practical career, Quasimodo was sent to the Palermo technical college and then he moved in his teens to Rome, where he studied engineering at the Polytechnical Institute. Because of financial problems, he left the school without completing an engineering degree, but was qualified as a surveyor. For a period he worked for a construction firm.
In 1926 Quasimodo was appointed to the government Civil Engineering Department. The new job took him to many differents parts of Italy. Eventually he returned to the south in Reggio Calabria, where he wrote his first poems. Quasimodo's brother-in-law, Elio Vittorini, who became a novelist, introduced him to the literary circles. Among his friends were Eugenio Montale, Giuseppe Ungaretti, and Alessandro Bonsati

Saint-John Perse (also Saint-Leger Leger; pseudonyms of Alexis Leger) (31 May 1887–20 September 1975) was a French poet, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960 "for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry." He was also a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the USA until 1967.

Biography
Alexis Leger was born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. His great-grandfather, a solicitor, had settled in Guadeloupe in 1815. His grandfather and father were also solicitors; his father was also a member of the City Council. The Leger family owned two plantations, one of coffee (La Joséphine) and the other of sugar (Bois-Debout).
In 1897, Hégésippe Légitimus, the first native Guadeloupan elected president of the Guadeloupe General Council, took office with a vindictive agenda towards colonists. The Leger family returned to metropolitan France in 1899 and settled in Pau. The young Alexis felt like an expatriate, and spent much of his time hiking, fencing, riding horses, and sailing in the Atlantic. He was awarded the baccalaureate with honors, and began studying law at the University of Bordeaux.
When his father died in 1907, the resulting strain on his family's finances led Leger to interrupt temporarily his studies, but he eventually completed his degree in 1910.
In 1904 he met the poet Francis Jammes at Orthez, who became a dear friend. He frequented cultural clubs, and met Paul Claudel, Odilon Redon, Valery Larbaud, and André Gide.[2] He wrote short poems inspired by the story of Robinson Crusoe (Images à Crusoe) and undertook a translation of Pindar. He published his first book of poetry, Éloges, in 1911.
In 1914, he joined the French diplomatic service, and spent some of his first years in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. When World War I broke out, he was a press corps attaché for the government. From 1916 to 1921, he was secretary to the French Embassy in Peking. In 1921 in Washington, while taking part in a world disarmament conference, he was noticed by Aristide Briand, the then-Prime Minister of France, who recruited him as his assistant. In Paris, he got to know the fellow intellectual poet Paul Valéry who used his influence to get the poem Anabase, written during Léger's stay in China, published. Léger was warm to classical music, and knew Igor Stravinsky, Nadia Boulanger, and les Six.
While in China, Leger had written his first extended poem Anabase, publishing it in 1924 under the pseudonym "Saint-John Perse", one he employed for the rest of his life. He then published nothing for two decades, not even a re-edition of his debut book, because he believed it inappropriate for a diplomat to publish fiction. After Briand's death in 1932, Leger served as the General Secretary of the French Foreign Office (Quai d'Orsay) until 1940, a period in which the French government experienced chronic instability and turmoil. He accompanied the French Foreign Minister at the Munich Conference in 1938, where the cession of Czechoslovakia to Germany was agreed to. He was dismissed from his post right after the fall of France in May 1940, because he was a known anti-Nazi. In mid-July 1940, Leger began a long exile in Washington, D.C..
The Vichy government dismissed him from the Légion d'honneur order and revoked his French citizenship (it was reinstated after the war.) He was in some financial difficulty as an exile in Washington until Archibald MacLeish, Director of the Library of Congress and himself a poet, raised sufficient private donations to enable the Library to employ Perse until his official retirement from the French civil service in 1947. Perse declined a teaching position at Harvard University.
During his American exile, Perse wrote his long poems Exil, Vents, Pluies, Neiges, Amers, and Chroniques. He remained in the USA long after the end of the Second World War ended, traveling extensively, observing nature, and enjoying the friendship of, among others, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Attorney General Francis Biddle and his spouse, author Katherine Garrison Chapin. Leger was on good terms with the UN Secretary General and author Dag Hammarskjöld. In 1957, American friends gave him a villa at Giens in Provence, and from that time on, he split his time between France and the United States. In 1958, he married the American Dorothy Milburn Russell.
In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. After receiving the Nobel Prize, he wrote the long poems Chronique, Oiseaux, Chant pour un équinoxe, and the shorter Nocturne and Sécheresse. In 1962, Georges Braque worked with master printmaker Aldo Crommelynck to create a series of etchings and aquatints titled L’Ordre des Oiseaux,[3] which was published with the text of Perse's Oiseaux by Au Vent d'Arles'.[4]
A few months before he died, Leger donated his library, manuscripts and private papers to Fondation Saint-John Perse, a research centre devoted to his life and work (Cité du Livre, Aix-en-Provence) that remains active down to the present day. He died in his villa in Giens and is buried nearby

حوادث مدينة ترافنيك
1560
تحكي عن الثورات التي قامت في المدينة للانفصال عن الحكم العثماني في تلك الفترة
جسر على نهر الدرينا
1571
الأحداث التي شهدتها مدينة فيتشي غراد، رواية ساخرة
الآنسة
غير محدد
رواية نفسية تحكي قصة مريضة نفسية اسمها رايكا
الفناء الملعون
1432
قصة رجل تخيل نفسه تناسخاً روحياً مع ابن السلطان محمد الفاتح جمشيد

Ivan "Ivo" Andrić (Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић, pronounced [ǐʋan ǐːʋɔ ǎːndritɕ]) (October 9, 1892 – March 13, 1975) was a Yugoslav novelist,[1][2] short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.[3] His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire. His native house in Travnik has been transformed into a Museum, and his Belgrade flat on Andrićev Venac hosts the Museum of Ivo Andrić, and Ivo Andrić Foundation.

Biography
Ivan Andrić was born on October 9, 1892, to Croatian[ parents in Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then part of Austria-Hungary. He was born as Ivan, but became known by the diminutive Ivo.
When Andrić was two years old, his father Antun died.
Because his mother Katarina was too poor to support him, he was raised by his mother's family in the town of Višegrad on the river Drina in eastern Bosnia, where he saw the 16th-century Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, later made famous in his novel The Bridge on the Drina (Na Drini ćuprija).[6]
Andrić attended the Jesuit gymnasium in Travnik, followed by Sarajevo's gymnasium and later he studied philosophy at the Universities of Zagreb (1912 and 1918), Vienna (1913), Kraków (1914), and Graz (PhD, 1924).[7] Because of his political activities, Andrić was imprisoned by the Austrian government during World War I (first in Maribor and later in the Doboj detention camp) alongside other pro-Yugoslav civilians.
Andric started his literary career as a poet. In 1914 he was one of the contributors to Hrvatska mlada lirika (Young Croatian Lyrics).[8]
Under the newly-formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) Andrić became a civil servant, first in the Ministry of Faiths and then the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he pursued a successful diplomatic career as Deputy Foreign Minister.
During his diplomatic service, he worked in embassy at Holy See (1920), consulates in Bucharest, Trieste and Graz (1924), consulates in Paris and Marseilles (1927), and embassy in Madrid (1928). In 1939 he was appointed ambassador in Germany. He was also a delegate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24th sessions of the League of Nations in Geneva in period 1930–1934.[9] Andrić greatly opposed the movement of Stjepan Radić, the president of the Croatian Peasant Party. His ambassadorship ended in 1941 after the German invasion of Yugoslavia. During World War II, Andrić lived quietly in Belgrade, completing three of his most famous novels which were published in 1945, including The Bridge on the Drina.
After the war, Andrić spent most of his time in his home in Belgrade and held a number of ceremonial posts in the new Communist government of Yugoslavia, and was also a member of the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country". He donated all of the prize money for the improvement of libraries in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.[10]
Following the death of his 2nd wife, Milica Babić-Andrić, in 1968, he began reducing his public activities.
In 1969 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. and in 1972 the University of Belgrade awarded him an honorary doctorate.[12] As time went by, he grew increasingly ill and eventually died on March 13, 1975, in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia.
He was buried in the Belgrade New Cemetery, in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens.