أولا: بعد دراسة العشرروايات من71 إلى 80 تبين ما يلي:
71ـ الأشياء تتداعى للمؤلف شينوا تشيبي من نيجيريا....مجهول الطفولة.
72ـ أولويات الآنسة جينبرودي، للمؤلفميوريل سبارك.. مجهولة الطفولة.
73 ـ قتل الطائر المحاكي، للمؤلف هاربر لي سكوت...يتيمة افتراضيا.
74ـالمطاردة-22،للمؤلف جوزيف هيللر.... يتم الاب في الخامسة.

76 ـ مئة عام من العزلة، للمؤلف غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز..يتيم افتراضي.

77- السيدة بالفري في كليرمونت،للمؤلفة الممثلة إليزابيث تايلور.مجهولة الطفولة .

80 - انفجار قارورة المصنع، للمؤلف بيريلبينبريدج.....مأزومة ( الصراع بين الابوين).

The Executioner's Song is a 1980 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Norman Mailer that depicts the events surrounding the execution of Gary Gilmore by the state of Utah for murder.
The title of the book may be a play on "The Lord High Executioner's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. "The Executioner's Song" is also the title of one of Mailer's earlier poems, published in Fuck You magazine in September 1964 and reprinted in Cannibals and Christians (1966).
Based almost entirely on interviews with the family and friends of both Gilmore and his victims, the book is exhaustive in its approach. Divided into two sections, the book focuses on the events leading up to the murders and the trial and execution of Gilmore, including full documentation of Gilmore's court appearances and his decision to demand his execution rather than to continue the appeals process.
The first section of the book deals with Gilmore's early life and his numerous detentions in juvenile crime facilities and, later, prison. It details his release some months prior to his first murder and the relationships he establishes during that time.
The second section focuses more extensively on Gilmore's trial, including his refusal to appeal his death sentence, his dealings with Lawrence Schiller and his attorney's refusal to accept his refusal and their continued fight on his behalf. Gilmore was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977, after appeals filed by his lawyers (in defiance of Gilmore's wishes) were rejected. The execution had been stayed on three previous occasions.
Notable not only for its portrayal of Gilmore and the anguish surrounding the murders he committed, the book also took a central position in the national debate over the revival of capital punishment by the Supreme Court as Gilmore was the first person in the United States executed since the re-instatement of the death penalty in 1976.
The Executioner's Song was later turned into a TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones, (a role for which he won an Emmy) and Christine Lahti, and directed by Lawrence Schiller, who is a main character in the second section of the book. Schiller went to great lengths to convince Gilmore to give him the exclusive media rights to tell his life story.

نورمان ميلر ...يكتب انجل الابن
بقلم : حميد المختار

هذا الكاتب له شهرته الكبيرة والواسعة فيالحياة الاجتماعية التي تسير جنبا الى جنب مع صخبه وغزارته الادبية، فهو واحد مناعظم روائيي العالم الاحياء والطفل المشاغب والمزعج في الادب الامريكي، فضلا عنكونه ملاكما ومخرجا، تزوج ست مرات وانجب تسعة اطفال وتعرض لعدد من محاكم الطلاقالشهيرة حتى انه قال في احد اللقاءات: ان المرء لا يعرف شيئا عن المرأة حتى يلتقيبها في قاعة المحكمة.


وكان ميلر قد دخل مصحة عقلية لطعنه زوجته الثانية ولايزال لكتابه (دعاية لنفسي) الذي الفه قبل اكثر من عشرين عاما وقع وصدى ونكهة خاصةفي فهم مزاج هذا الكاتب الذي تلتحم سمعته الشخصية مع مكانته كأديب.. والى هذا فانميلر يهتم في اعماله وممارسته بمختلف القضايا الامريكية ، الجيش والسياسة وقضاياالمرأة، وغزو الفضاء..الخ وسبق له ان قاد مظاهرات ضد الحرب في فيتنام ورشح نفسهلرئاسة بلدية نيويورك واسس منظمة لمراقبة الـ (CIA) (وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية) وكان رئيسا لنادي الادب الامريكي من عام 1984 الى عام 1986.
ولد نورمان ميلر عام 1924 في لونغ برانش ، نيوجرسي وترعرع فيبروكلن نيويورك وبعد تخرجه من هارفرد خدم في الجيش خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.. وفي عام 1948 نشر روايته الاولى (العراة والموتى) وجعلت منه كاتبا مشهورا في يوموليلة.
اما روايته التي بين ايدينا (انجيل الابن) فهي عمله (رقم 30) فاز ميلربجائزة بوليتزر مرتين اولاهما عام 1968 عن روايته (جيوش الظلام) والثانية عام 1980عن روايته (اغنية الجلاد) فضلا عن جوائز اخرى، ومن اعماله ايضا (الشاطىء البربري) و (الحلم الامريكي) (لماذا نحن في فيتنام؟) ، (شبح هارلوت) كما كتب عن شخصيات شهيرةمثل مارلين مونرو ، ازوالد، محمد علي كلاي، هنري ميلر وبيكاسو والان عن المسيح. لقداختلف النقاد كثيرا حول رواية (انجيل الابن)شأنهم شأن معظم روايات ميلر ، ففي حينرأى بعضهم في الرواية ضربا من الاعجاز الادبي، فان البعض الاخر رأى فيها عملا سخيفاتماما، وهذا الموقف الاخير ليس جديدا على ميلر فلطالما اعتبر ان للنقاد موقفا سلبياحياله ولطالما وجد نفسه في معركة حامية معهم حتى انه كان ينوي ان ينشر هذه الروايةباسم مستعار آملا ان يفيد ذلك في اثارة نقاش ادبي حولها ولكي يكون النقد ارحم كماقال، اذا جهل النقاد اسم كاتبها الحقيقي، لكن الناشر رفض الفكرة، ان رواية ميلر هذه (انجيل الابن) وثيقة الصلة باناجيل العهد الجديد والكتاب المقدس عموما الا انهاتتجاوز ذلك كله ايضا في اعادة خلق حية لعالم الجليل واورشليم منذ الفي سنة فتعيدناالى زمن استقرار مزعزع متقلقل الى بلاد محكومة بالملاطفة والرعب معا والى طبقاتفقيرة مشتتة مبعثرة، زمن مفتوح للمقارنة مع نهايات قرننا العشرين الذي ولى، اماالمسيح الذي يعيد ميلر خلقه هنا فهو انسان مغاير للاخرين، كما هو المسيح في اناجيلالعهد الجديد، لكنه مفعم ايضا بالاهواء والشكوك بالقوة والضعف بالشجاعة والخوفبالحب والكراهية، ولا يكتفي ميلر هنا بالنفاذ نفاذا عميقا ومتبصرا الى قلب يسوع بليعيد خلق العالم الذي مشى فيه المسيح ليقدمه لنا واقعيا كالدم، كما قال احد النقادفيستطيع بذلك ان يقنعنا اكثر من أي كاتب قبله ممن تناولوا هذا الموضوع. ان الامر قدكان على هذا النحو بالنسبة ليسوع الانسان. ولعل ميلر قد كتب روايته هذه في محاولةلاعادة الاهتمام بالرأفة والوعي بضرورة مساعدة الضعفاء والوقوف معهم سعيا موراء نوعمن التوازن في وجه قوى لا تعرف الا الربح والمال، لان واحدا من بين خمسين او مئةكاتب في العالم يمكنهم ان يعيدوا كتابة العهد الجديد هكذا قال نورمان ميلر، واخيرالا بد من السؤال عن السر الغريب في عدم ترجمة اعمال هذا الروائي الكبير، لاننا لاولمرة نقرأ له عملا مترجما الى العربية، فما هو السر يا ترى ..؟

تقلبت بميلر بعد ذلك دروب الحياة ، وكانت حياته عموما صاخبة وربما مجنونة. وكان ينتقل أحيانا من النقيض إلى النقيض.هاجم بقسوة الثقافة الأمريكية – وهو ربيبها - وتبنى في البداية الفكر اليساري الشيوعي وأسس مجلة "صوت القرية البديل". لقد قرأت عدة تحليلات إعلامية بعد وفاته عن عبقريته وإبداعه ، وأنه برغم أنه لم يفز قط بجائزة أفضل رواية أمريكية ، إلا أنه يعتبره كثيرون "عميد الأدب الأمريكي" ، وابن الأدب الأمريكي المشاغب والمدلل.
إن الحضارة "الأمريكية" بها من الهشاشة والضعف ما يظهر واضحا في المثل العليا التي تقدمها للناس ، ومنهم نورمان ميلر. إن الإبهار الإعلامي الذي صاحب وفاته لا يجد ما يستند إليه إلا عبارات فضفاضة لا معنى لها أطلقها ميلر في مناسبات عديدة ويروونها الآن على أنها عيون الحكمة. هذا شأنهم على أي حال. أما نحن فلماذا نتبعهم في هذا الهوس ؟ لماذا نكبر ما يكبرون ونصغر ما يصغرون ؟ ، أليست لنا مرجعيات مختلفة وثقافة مختلفة ينبغي أن نحترمها ؟
إن الإبداع الفني وراءه بشر من البشر ، وسيرة هؤلاء المبدعين يجب أن تنسجم وتتوافق مع إبداعهم بشكل من الأشكال. إذ ليس من المعقول أن نعجب بكاتب ونحن نعلم أن حياته مليئة بالرذائل أو مليئة بالعقد والأمراض النفسية ، إننا حين يعجبنا كاتب فإننا نسلمه عقولنا وخيالنا بنسبة ما ، ولذلك من الضروري أن تكون شخصيته وحياته محترمة ومتناغمة مع ما يدعونا إليه ، وإلا فلا يلزمنا أن نقلد غيرنا تقليد العميان.
هذه مثلا بعض ملامح حياة نورمان ميلر وفكره:
في الخمسينيات كانت كل مقالاته وكتبه تنحصر في ثلاثية (السياسة – الجنس – المخدرات) ، وينحصر معها فكره عن الحياة كلها !.
تزوج ميلر 6 مرات وطلقهن جميعا في المحاكم بعد محاكمات عاتية. وقتل زوجته الثانية بطعنات نافذة أثناء حفل ماجن ، ونجا من العقاب بإحالته لمستشفى للأمراض العقلية.
نادى لسنوات بنظريات يرى فيها أن الثقافة الأمريكية ستندحر وسيحل محلها الفكر اليساري ، وقد امتد به العمر ليرى بنفسه أن الفكر اليساري الشيوعي هو الذي مات غير مأسوف عليه. بل عاش ليرى زملاءه وأقرانه أصبحوا من رؤوس المحافظين الجدد الذين يسيطرون على الفكر الأمريكي اليوم.
كان ميلر ملحدا ، ولكنه كان يؤمن ببعض المعتقدات الخرافية كالتناسخ ، وقد سأله قبل شهور الروائي الأسكتلندي أندرو أوهاجان عن التناسخ وعن الصورة التي يرغب أن تكون عليها حياته التالية ؟، فقال ميلر"... حسنا، أنا في انتظار ما سيأتي ؟ أنا في غرفة الانتظار. و أخيرا نودي علي اسمي، أذهب حيث يوجد ملاك للمراقبة يقول، سيد ميلر، نحن سعداء جدا بلقائك. الأنباء الطيبة هي أنك علي وشك عملية تناسخ. أقول، شكرا، فأنا لم أرغب أبدا في سلام أبدي. يقول الملاك، طيب، لكن فيما بيننا، فهو ليس حقا سلاما أبديا، بل علي الأحري محموم قليلا. دعني أري، قبل أن أنظر وأري ما أعددنا لك، دائما نسأل الشخص : ماذا ترغب في أن تكونه بحياتك القادمة ؟ وأقول، طيب، أظن أنني أريد أن أكون رياضيا أسود. لا أهتم بالمكان الذي تضعني فيه، سأنال فرصي، لكن نعم، هذا ما أريد أن أكونه، رياضيا أسود.
يقول الملاك : اسمع سيد ميلر ، لدينا طلب زائد علي هذا القسم، الجميع يرغبون بأن يصيروا رياضيين سود في حيواتهم التالية. دعني أري ما أعددناه لك. وهكذا يفتح الكتاب الكبير، ينظر ويقول، لقد حجزنا لك حياة صرصور. لكن ثمة أنباء طيبة : ستكون أسرع صرصور في البناية....".
وقد سأله أيضا: ألم يشكك الانتحار في جرأة همنجواي ؟
فأجاب "... لقد كرهت التفكير في موته بهذا الشكل. آثرت استبدال ذلك بإطروحة : لقد تعلم همنجواي مبكرا خلال حياته أنه كلما تجاسر علي الموت كان أفضل. لذا فقد طرأت ببالي فكرة أنه ليلة بعد ليلة وفيما كان همنجواي وحيدا، وبعد أن ألقي تحية المساء علي ماري، ذهب همنجواي إلي حجرة نومه ووضع إبهامه علي زناد البندقية واضعا الفوهة في فمه ثم عصر الزناد قليلا و - رعشة و ارتعاد - كان يجرب رؤية ما قد كان أوشك عليه دون أن ينفجر جسده. في ليلته الأخيرة ذهب لأبعد من ذلك. بالنسبة لي يبدو ذلك معقولا بدرجة أكبر من مجرد تفجير نفسه إلي أشلاء. علي كل حال، إنها محض نظرية."
إن المشاهير والنجوم الذين ينصبهم الغرب الآن أمام العالم في ثقافة رديئة وخاوية ، ليس من الضروري على وسائل إعلامنا أن تقلدهم وتتبنى مزاجهم وفكرهم. إن القوة الناعمة للثقافة في عالم اليوم لها تأثير بالغ في تشكيل الأفهام والنفوس ، لذلك يجب أن نتميز عنهم ولا ننجر بسذاجة لما يعرضونه محاطا بجو من الإبهار والأضواء. ويجب أن نقدم نحن البديل لهذه الثقافة المريضة.
د. محمد هشام راغب
h@el-wasat.com

Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and film director.
روائي امريكي ولد عام 1923 وتوفي عام 2007
Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Hunter S. Thompson, John McPhee, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer is considered an innovator of creative nonfiction, a genre sometimes called New Journalism, which superimposes the style and devices of literary fiction onto fact - based journalism. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once. In 1955, Mailer, together with John Wilcock, Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published The Village Voice, which began as an arts and politics oriented weekly newspaper distributed in Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation.
In 1992, Mailer received the annual Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award presented by the Tulsa Library Trust.
==
Innovator of the nonfiction novel, a towering figure in American literature for nearly 60 years. Norman Mailer developed in the 1960s and 1970s a form of journalism that combined actual events, autobiography, and political commentary with the richness of the novel. (See also Truman Capote and the classic "nonfiction novel" In Cold Blood.) Mailer's works always stirred controversy - because of both their stylish nonconformity and his controversial views of American life. The poet Robert Lowell praised him as "the best journalist in America",but what he thought of Mailer's fiction was left open.
'"I decided the only explanation is that God and the Devil are very attentive to people at the summit. I don't know if they stir much in the average man's daily stew, no great sport for spooks, I would suppose, in a ranch house, but do you expect God or the Devil left Lenin and Hitler and Churchill alone? No. They bid for favors and exact revenge. That's why men with power sometimes act so silly."' (from An American Dream, 1965)
Norman Mailer was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, but he was raised in Brooklyn, New York.
ولد في نيوجرسي ونشأ في بروكلن نيويورك
Every summer the family went back to Long Branch, where Mailer's grandparents had a small summer hotel.
كان يزور جده في مكان مولده في كل صيف حيث كان الجدي يملك فندقا
Mailer's father, Isaac Barnett Mailer, was an accountant and businessman. The dominant figure in the family was Mailer's mother, the former Fanny Schneider, who worked in a small trucking company.
كان والده محاسب ورجل اعمال اما الام فكانت هي الشخصية المسيطرة في العائلة وكانت تعمل في مجال النقاليات الشاحنة
Mailer's first literary effort was a 250-page story called 'Invasion From Mars', which he penned at the age of nine in notebooks. However, it was not until he attended Harvard that he decided to become a writer. In 1939 he graduated from Boys High School and then studied at Harvard University, Cambridge (1939-43), receiving B.S. in aeronautical engineering.
تخرج عام 1939 من المدرسة الثانوية ودرس في جامعة كامبرج في مجال الهندسه حيث تخرج عام 1943
In 1941 Mailer's 'The Greatest Thing in the World' won Story magazine's college contest.
During World War II Mailer served as a sergeant in the United States Army. Originally he wanted to go to Europe and be in the first wave of invasion troops, but for his disappointment he was sent to the South Pacific. Mailer served in Leyte, Luzon, and Japan, observing what happened on the war scene. He saw a little bit of action but not as much as it was in THE NAKED AND THE DEAD (1948). Most of the time in the Philippines Mailer felt tired.
خدم خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية في الجيش الأمريكي برتبة ضابط وقد خدم في منطقة المحيط الباسيفيكي وكان يشاهد ما يجري في الحرب ولم يشترك في القتال كثيرا لكنه كان يشعر بالتعب خلال وجوده في الفلبيين
In his letters to his first wife, Beatrice Silverman, he described patrols he was on during the war - Mailer did not want to carry notes with him. In 1946 he was discharged, and the next year he enrolled at the Sorbonne.
تم تسريحه من الجيش في عام 1946 وفي السنة التاليى انضم الى جامعة الصوربون
The Naked and Dead was born in fifteen months, and published when Mailer was just 25. "Its success rips away my former identity," Mailer once said. The Naked and The Dead drew upon the author's combat experiences in the Philippines. It is not so funny as Heller's Catch-22 or Jaroslav Hašek's Good Soldier Schweik, but more realistic than Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front, and not so sentimental as Hemingway's Farewell to Arms. The story depicts a group of American soldiers who are stationed on the Japanese-held island in the Pacific. Flashbacks that illuminate their past mix with feverish combat scenes. On its appearance the work was hailed as one of the finest American novels of WW II, but also dismissed as obscene, plainly motivated by personal disgust with army life
كتب روايته عن تجربته في الجيش ومشاهداته وقد نشرت الرواية وهو في سن الخامسة والعشرين واعتبرت روايته واحده من أفضل الروايات الأمريكية التي كتبت عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
In England, several publishers rejected it because of the obscenity of its language. - "It is virtually a Kinsey Report on the sexual behavior of the GI. Its style is an almost pure Army billingsgate that will offend many readers, although in no sense is it exaggerated: Mr. Mailer's soldiers are real persons, speaking the vernacular of human bitterness and agony. It gives off a skyglow that is quite faithful to the spectrum of battle, and exposes the blood, if not always the guts, of war." (David Dempsey in The New York Times, May 9, 1948)
In the late 1940s Mailer worked in Hollywood as a scriptwriter. He moved in 1951 to Greenwich Village in New York City.
عمل كاتب سيناريوا في هوليود عام 1940 وانتقل في عام 1951 الى نيويورك
Mailer's third novel, THE DEER PARK (1955), was about the corruption of values in Hollywood. Several publishers refused to accept the manuscript. Mailer felt he was an outlaw; he listened to jazz and smoked marijuana.
روايته الثالثة كانت عن الخلل في المثل في ساحة هوليود وقد رفض كثيرون نشرها وكان يشعر وكأنه خارج عن القانون وكان جل ما يفعله هو الاستماع لموسيقى الجاز ويدخن الميراوانا
In the thinly veiled story Mailer dealt with his relationship with Adele Morales, an artist whom he married in 1954. The following years in the authors life were more or less chaotic, and in 1960 he stabbed Adele at the end of an all-night party in Manhattan with "a dirty three-inch penknife." Mailer was given a suspended sentence because Adele refused to press charges. Her own account of the circumstances she recorded much later in the book of memoirs, The Last Party (1997).
تزوج من فنانه اسمها ادلي موراليس وقد اخذت حياته بعد الزواج منحى مضطرب ومشوش وقام بطنع زوجته في العام 1960 بسكين قذرة وقد حكم عليه بالحكم الاداري لان الزوجة تنازلت عن حقها في القضية
In the mid-1950s Mailer started to gain fame as an anti-establishment essayist. He had read Marx's Das Kapital and later said that it helped him to become a better writer.
اخذت في الخمسينات يكتب مقالات ضد النظام وقد اطلع على الفكر الماركسي
However, he did not believe that Communism would solve all problems. In 1961 Mailer wrote an open letter to Fidel Castro, saying "you are giving us hope".
في العام 1961 كتب خطاب الى كاسترو وقال له فيها انك تمنحنا الامل
In his notorious essay 'The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster' (1956) was originally published in Dissent and reprinted in ADVERTISEMENTS FOR MYSELF (1959). Mailer examined violence, hysteria, crimes and confusion in American society through the fashionable existentialist framework, which owes much to Jean Genet.
في العام 1956 كتب مقالة عن العنف والهستيريا والاجرام والارباك في المجتمع الامريكي
After the difficult, tumultuous period, Mailer realized that he could write well about people like himself - people without roots, such as Henry Miller, Marilyn Monroe, Muhammad Ali, and Picasso.
اكتشف ميلر ادرك انه بامكانه ان يكتب عن اناس ليس لهم اصل مثل هنري ملر ومارلين منرو ومحمد علي وبيكاسو
In the 1960s Mailer was listed among the New Journalists, who applied the techniques of the novel to depict real events and people. He co-founded and named the Village Voice, one of the earliest underground American newspapers. He was a columnist ("Big Bite") at Esquire (1962-63) and Commentary (1962-63), a member of the executive board (1968-73), and the president (1984-86) of PEN American Center. In 1969 he was an independent candidate for mayor of New York City. Mailer's campaign slogan was "No more bullshit." He came fourth with about 5 per cent of the vote.
في العام 1969 كان مشرح مستقل لعمدة نيويورك وكان شعاره الانتخابي " لا مجال لمزيد من القرف"
THE PRESIDENTIAL PAPERS (1963) established Mailer as one of the most vigorous essayists in America. He wanted to advise President Kennedy, but he did not like Lyndon Johnson's face. "Ultimately a hero is a man who would argue with the Gods, and so awakens devils to contest his vision." (from The Presidential Papers, 1963)
He used in THE ARMIES OF THE NIGHT (1968) the techniques of fiction, and studied his own reactions as a barometer of the events themselves. The work won the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction. In the same vein he wrote MIAMI AND THE SIEGE OF CHICAGO (1968) and OF A FIRE ON THE MOON (1970). In CANNIBALS AND CHRISTIANS (1966) Mailer accused American writers of not being able to produce works that would "clarify a nation's vision of itself".
When Mailer started to cover the Democratic and Republican presidential conventions in the 1960s, he placed himself at the center of American political and cultural life and also reported his observations on the civil rights movement, political assassinations and other upheavals. Mailer published essays in popular and men's magazines, such as Esquire and Playboy, as well as in more intellectual journals like Dissent, Commentary, and the New York Review of Books. "It is not routine to bring off a long novel when your ambition is more than major, when you will settle for nothing less than an attempt to write a great novel, and when you are into your sixties and not all that well." (Norman Mailer in The New York Review of Books, December 17, 1998)
Mailer's outspoken style led him in the 1970s into collision course with feminist movement. In THE PRISONER OF SEX (1971) Mailer proposed that gender might determine the way a person perceives and orders reality. He was labelled as the quintessential male chauvinist pig in Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. Mailer wrote a biography of the life and career of Marilyn Monroe, and published a highly successful true life novel, THE EXECUTIONER'S SONG (1979) - In Cold Blood in Mailer's style. The story about the life and death of a convicted killer Gary Gilmore was based on face to face interviews, documents, records of court proceeding, and Mailer's trips to Utah and Oregon. THE FIGHT (1975) was an account of the legendary bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Mobutu's totalitarian Zaïre. Mailer's vision of boxing bears similarities to Hemingway's picture of bullfighting, both of them classed as creative art.
In the 1980s Mailer had become tired of politics. After visiting the Soviet Union in 1984 he realized that it was not "the evil empire" but a "poor, third-world country".
في عام 1980 أصبح متعبا من السياسة وعندما زار الاتحاد السوفيتي في العام 1984 أدرك أنها ليست الجمهورية الشيطانية وإنما هي دولة من دول العالم الثالث الفقيرة
Norman Kingsley Mailer was born to a well-known Jewish family in Long Branch, New Jersey.
من عائلة يهوديه من جنوب افريقيا
After graduating in 1943, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In World War II, he served in the Philippines with the 112th Cavalry. He was not involved in much combat and completed his service as a cook, but the experience provided enough material for The Naked and the Dead.
التحق بالجيش عام 1943 بعد تخرجه وعمل كطباخ لكن التجربة كانت كافية لتدفعة لكتابة رواية عن الفترة التي قضاها في الجيش
In 1980, The Executioner's Song—Mailer's novelization of the life and death of murderer Gary Gilmore—won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
His final novel, The Castle in the Forest, which focused on Hitler's childhood, reached number five on the Times best-seller list after publication in January 2007, and received stronger reviews than any of his books since The Executioner's Song. Castle was intended to be the first volume of a trilogy, but Mailer died several months after it was completed. The Castle in the Forest was awarded a Bad Sex in Fiction Award by the Literary Review magazine.
Biographical subjects
His biographical subjects included Pablo Picasso, Muhammad Ali, Gary Gilmore, Lee Harvey Oswald, and Marilyn Monroe.
Personal life
Marriages and children
Norman Mailer was married six times and had nine children. He fathered eight children by his various wives and also raised and informally adopted Norris' son from another marriage, Matthew.
تزوج ستة مرات وأنجب 8 أطفال من زوجاته المتعددات كما تبنى طفل لاحد الزوجات من زواج سابق
Norman's first marriage was in 1944, to Beatrice Silverman, whom he divorced in 1952. They had one child, Susan.
كانت أولى زيجاته عام 1944 وانجب طفلة واحدة
Mailer died of acute renal failure on November 10, 2007, a month after undergoing lung surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York.
توفي عام 2007 بسبب فشل في الرئة
The papers of the two-time Pulitzer Prize author may be found at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin.
In 2008, Carole Mallory, a former mistress, sold seven boxes of documents and photographs to Harvard University, Norman Mailer's Alma Mater. They contain extracts of her letters, books and journals. Mailer was widely quoted, e.g. "Culture is worth a little risk" (see link below to "Wikiquotes": Mailer quotes).

Born in 1923, the son of a South African Jew, and an adoring mother, Mailer was given the middle name Kingsley-- after malech, Hebrew for king. Later, his mother said, "I thought Norman was perfect"--an opinion she held throughout life. (Peter Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, New York, Penguin Books, 1985) But Mailer's father was a struggling accountant, and the young prince grew up working class--in the grimy New York borough of Brooklyn.
نشأ في عائلة من الطبقة العاملة
The streets of Crown Heights during the Depression provided some education--with their hardness, neighborhood rivalries, and "fug you too" philosophy. No wonder in later years Norman would survive decades of literary wars and misalliances.
نشأ في زمن الازمة الاقتصادية التي اثرت على طبيعة الثقافة والمزاج العام في الشارع الذي احتدت فيه الصراع ولذلك تمكن النجاة من الحروب الأدبية التي خاضها لاحقا
But as the son of ambitious parents, Norman may have learned that survival skills are not an entree into the Establishment--for that a degree was required and a classy one too. So, like many city boys, Norman burned up the public school competition and enrolled in Harvard--determined, at 17, to become-- as he put it--a "major writer." His tuition was paid by a rich uncle, a chocolate manufacturer who had invented the chocolate covered cherry.
كان يدفع اقساطه الجامعية عم غني يعمل في صناعة الشيكولاته

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كان ميلر قد دخل مصحة عقلية لطعنه زوجته الثانية ولايزال لكتابه (دعاية لنفسي) الذي الفه قبل اكثر من عشرين عاما وقع وصدى ونكهة خاصةفي فهم مزاج هذا الكاتب الذي تلتحم سمعته الشخصية مع مكانته كأديب.
والى هذا فانميلر يهتم في اعماله وممارسته بمختلف القضايا الامريكية ، الجيش والسياسة وقضاياالمرأة، وغزو الفضاء..الخ وسبق له ان قاد مظاهرات ضد الحرب في فيتنام ورشح نفسهلرئاسة بلدية نيويورك واسس منظمة لمراقبة الـ (CIA) (وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية) وكان رئيسا لنادي الادب الامريكي من عام 1984 الى عام 1986.

If on a winter's night a traveler (Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore) is a novel published in 1979 by Italo Calvino and translated into English by William Weaver in 1981.
This book is about a reader trying to read a book called If on a winter's night a traveler. Every odd-numbered chapter is in the second person, and tells the reader what he is doing in preparation for reading the next chapter. The even-numbered chapters are all single chapters from whichever book the reader is trying to read.

Structure
The book begins with a chapter on the art and nature of reading, and is subsequently divided into twenty-two passages. The odd-numbered passages and the final passage are narrated in the second person. That is, they concern events purportedly happening to the novel's reader. (Some contain further discussions about whether the man narrated as "you" is the same as the "you" who is actually reading.) These chapters concern the reader's adventures in reading Italo Calvino's novel, If on a winter's night a traveler. Eventually the reader meets a woman, who is also addressed in her own chapter, separately, and also in the second person.
Alternating between second-person narrative chapters of this story are the remaining (even) passages, each of which is a first chapter in ten different novels, of widely varying style, genre, and subject-matter. All are broken off, for various reasons explained in the interspersed passages, most of them at some moment of plot climax.
After reading the first chapter (which is really the second chapter of the actual book), the reader finds the book is misprinted and contains only more copies of that same chapter. When he goes to return it he is given a replacement book, but this turns out to be another novel altogether. Just as he becomes engrossed in that, it too is broken off: the pages, which were uncut, turn out to have been largely blank.
This cycle repeats itself, where the reader reads the first chapter of a book, cannot find the other chapters in his copy of the book, so he goes out to find another copy. But the new copy he gets turns out to be another book altogether.
The second-person narrative passages develop into a fairly cohesive novel that puts its two protagonists on the track of an international book-fraud conspiracy, a mischievous translator, a reclusive novelist, a collapsing publishing house, and several repressive governments.
The chapters which are the first chapters of different books all push the narrative chapters along. Themes which are introduced in each of the first chapters will then exist in proceeding narrative chapters, such as after reading the first chapter of a detective novel, then the narrative story takes on a few common detective-style themes. There are also phrases and descriptions which will be eerily similar between the narrative and first-chapter chapters.
The ending exposes a hidden element to the entire book, where the actual first-chapter titles (which are the titles of the books that the reader is trying to read) make up a single coherent sentence, which would make a rather interesting start for a book.
The title If on a winter's night a traveler is a good indicator of this novel which is reminiscent of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy. The book commences on a hypothesis of novelistic elements ("If...") on a when, a someone...would do what? According to this book, the entire novel, even its plot, is an open trajectory where even the author himself questions his motives of the writing process. This theme—a writer's objectivity—is also explored in Calvino's novel Mr. Palomar, which explores if absolute objectivity is possible, or even agreeable. Other themes include the subjectivity of meaning (associated with post-structuralism), the relationship between fiction and life, what makes an ideal reader and author, and authorial originality.[original research?]
Cimmeria
Cimmeria is a fictional country in the novel. The country is described as having existed as an independent state between World War I and World War II. The capital is Örkko, and its principal resources are peat and by-products, bitumonous compounds. It seems to have been located somewhere on the Gulf of Bothnia. The country has since been absorbed, and its people and language, of the 'Bothno-Ugaric' group, have both disappeared. As Calvino concludes the alleged, fictional encyclopedia entry concerning Cimmeria: "In successive territorial divisions between her powerful neighbors the young nation was soon erased from the map; the autochthonous population was dispersed; Cimmerian language and culture had no development" (If on a winter's night a traveler, pp. 44–45).
The pair of chapters following the two on Cimmeria and its literature are followed by one describing another fictional country called the Cimbrian People's Republic, a communist nation which allegedly occupied part of Cimmeria during the latter's decline.
Ironically, languages named Cimmerian and Cimbrian have both existed. The Cimmerians were an ancient tribal group, contemporary with the Scythians, who lived in southern Ukraine. The Cimbrian language still exists today, and is spoken by 2230 people in northern Italy, not too remote from Calvino's home in Turin. Whether Calvino knew that his fictional languages were, in a sense, real is debatable.
Influences
In a 1985 interview with Gregory Lucente, Calvino stated If on a winter's night a traveler was "clearly" influenced by the writings of Vladimir Nabokov.[1] The book was also influenced by the author's membership in the Oulipo[2]; the structure of the text is said to be an adaptation of the structural semiology of A.J. Greimas[3].
Legacy and opinion
The Telegraph included it in 69th place in a list of "100 novels everyone should read" in 2009, describing it as a "playful postmodernist puzzle".[4]
Author David Mitchell described himself as being "magnetised" by the book from its start when he read it as an undergraduate, but on rereading it, felt it had aged and that he didn't find it "breathtakingly inventive" as he had the first time, yet does stress that "however breathtakingly inventive a book is, it is only breathtakingly inventive once" - with once being better than never.[5]
Novelist and lecturer Scarlett Thomas uses it to teach innovative contemporary fiction, as an example of different kinds of narrative techniques.[6]
Sting named his 2009 album If On a Winter's Night... after the book.[7]