هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 77

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كالفن روتستروم

Calvin Rutstrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calvin Rutstrum (1895-1982) was an author who wrote fifteen books, most relating to wilderness camping experiences and techniques. Most of his books were written at his cabin on Cloud Bay, Ontario.[1] Rutstrum was born in 1895 and died February 5, 1982 in Osceola, Wisconsin.
"His wilderness experiences begin just before WWI and span the modern era including the environmental movement of the late 60's and 70's. He published his books starting in 1946 and continued to publish right up to near his death in 1982. His father died when he was three and he dropped out of school in the 7th grade and soon after began his working and adventuring life. Throughout his life he lived many experiences and held several jobs.....his writing skills were primarily self-taught from reading....Many of these jobs he held just long enough to set himself up for some time in the wilderness. Many of his wilderness years were spent wandering the Canadian Shield or the Boundary Waters area of Minnesota on long canoe, walking, or sledding trips. Over the course of his life he also maintained or built several residences-Canadian and Minnesota cabins, a Marine-on-St. Croix home and a New Mexico ranch home."[2]
Life
Rutstrum was born in Hobart, Indiana on October 26, 1895, a son of Swedish immigrants. Within 3 years they had moved to Chicago, and then St. Paul, Minnesota.

His father died of pneumonia when he was about three years old.

Though his mother remarried, the family had little money and Rutstrum worked at a wide range of odd jobs, some of them entrepreneurial, at a very young age. At the same you age also sought to maximize his time exploring and playing in his neighborhood's hardwood forest. [3]
Rutstrum was also drawn to the Mississippi. Before the age of 12 he had spent weeks traveling on it with his friends, often riding log booms. [3] As he wrote later, there we was:
"a healthy young animal with less than a dozen years from birth, alive the the[clarification needed] early summer sunshine, barefooted, youthfully entranced, eager as spring for life, as intrinsically a part of the river. I believed, as the waterthrush that foraged at the mouth of Minnehaha Creek, where the rippling current joined the mighty Mississippi...To be free as a wild creature, not having to shoulder human cares, able to climb, run, jump. swim, lie on an embankment in the sunshine--these gave a release to the young spirit that may be perhaps described as primitive, but nevertheless exquisite in the most elemental sense.[3]
Rutstrum dropped out of school at age 13.[3] At age 16, after acquiring his 30-30 carbine, .22, fishing tackle, ammunition, tent, bedroll, axe, knife, cook kit, and $25, he spent $24 of that for passage to Montana when he worked at a ranch riding fence in the summers and spent winters in an abandoned log cabin in the mountains.[3] At age 18, Rutstrum began his first long canoe trip, a 100 day trip in the wilderness in northern Minnesota.
He served in WWI as a Navy medical corpsman, and as a criminal bank investigator for 10 years, and as a camp instructor and guide. Later he made money by buying and selling land. [2] In the early 1920's Rutstrum bought, subdivided and sold three 40 Acre tracts on the Northwest shore of Lake Superior. This, combined with his limited lifestyle requirements provided a significant large step towards financial independence, where jobs became superfluous [3] His first book was New Way of the Wilderness illustrated by Led Kouba. It taught readers how to live well in the wilderness, including in cold weather, and traveling by canoe.
As recreational use of wilderness areas began to rapidly grow, Rutstrum's writings were in the middle of it. The book Wilderness Visionaries said "In a sense, he became a high priest of an emerging camping cult." [3] His books captured both the "how to" and the pleasure of longer term wilderness travel and camping. Rutstrum and Bradford Angier were the two most prominent writers with this combination at the time.
His first book Way of the Wilderness started as a wilderness manual written for Camp Lincoln, where he worked for 10 years. He then rewrote it for Macmillan publishing company who published it as a hardcover because they suspected it would be successful. The Outdoor Book Club immediately ordered 52,000 copies. As he later recalled, he then said "this beats working".[3] His next book The New Way of the Wilderness (illustrated by Les Kouba) expertly covered how to equip and dress for winter, canoe camping, and how to eat well while wilderness camping. After that The Wilderness Cabin described how to build log cabins and fireplaces.[3] North American Canoe Country covered wilderness canoe travel, including many specialized topics. Wilderness Route Finder focused on such using traditional methods.
Paradise Below Zero covered long term sub zero (Fahrenheit) wilderness camping and travel. Notable it both "how to" and inspirational and philosophical content in line with the title. The era of the book (1968) preceded the prevalence of newer camping products and materials, yet to this day points out the unsuitability of many current winter camping techniques (even with high tech equipment) when applied to prolonged camping at temperatures below zero Fahrenheit. He wrote his autobiography Challenge of the Wilderness which was published in 1970. It was reprinted in 1979 as A Wilderness Autobiography.
Rutstrum died on February 5th, 1982. Four years before, in Chips from a Wilderness log Rutstrum wrote: "If you want to do something for me after I'm gone, live so as to not defile the precious earth". [4]

Works
Rutstrum's 15 books described his enchantment of the wilderness and instructed readers on preparing for and conducting canoe trips into remote areas. He made frequent and extensive journeys into the Canadian wilderness.[1]
His first book, The Way of the Wilderness, was published in 1946 and is considered the bible of serious canoeists. Other books include Back Country, The Wilderness Route Finder, Paradise Below Zero, Challenge of the Wilderness, The Wilderness Cabin and Chips from a Wilderness Log. [1] Similarly, Paradise Below Zero is considered to be a bible for extended sub-zero camping without the use of modern equipment.

Books Written by Calvin Rutstrum
Rutstrum's published works include: [2]
· Way of the Wilderness (1952)
· Memoranda for Canoe Country (1953)
· The New Way of the Wilderness (1958)
· The Wilderness Cabin (1961)
· North American Canoe Country (1964)
· Wilderness Route Finder (1967)
· Paradise Below

06-11-2011, 11:39 PM

المشاركة 762

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بل هاود

Bill Haywood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William Dudley Haywood (February 4, 1869 – May 18, 1928), better known as Big Bill Haywood, was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America. During the first two decades of the 20th century, he was involved in several important labor battles, including the Colorado Labor Wars, the Lawrence textile strike, and other textile strikes in Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Haywood was an advocate of industrial unionism,[1] a labor philosophy that favors organizing all workers in an industry under one union, regardless of the specific trade or skill level; this was in contrast to the craft unions that were prevalent at the time, such as the AFL.[2] His belief that workers of all ethnicities should be united also clashed with many unions.[3] His strong preference for direct action over political tactics alienated him from the Socialist Party, and contributed to his dismissal in 1912.[4]
Never one to shy from violent conflicts,[4] Haywood was frequently the target of prosecutors. His trial for the murder of Frank Steunenberg in 1907 (of which he was acquitted) drew national attention; in 1918, he was one of 101 IWW members convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 during the First Red Scare. While out of prison during an appeal of his conviction, Haywood fled to the Russian Soviet Republic, where he spent the remaining years of his life.[5]

Biography
Early life
William D. Haywood was born in 1869 in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.

His father, a Pony Express rider, died of pneumonia when Haywood was three years old.

At age nine, he injured his right eye while whittling a slingshot with a knife, permanently blinding him. Haywood never had his damaged eye replaced with a glass eye; when photographed, he would turn his head to show his left profile. Also at age nine, he began working in the mines; he never received much formal education. After brief stints as a cowboy and a homesteader, he returned to mining in 1896.[1] High-profile events such as the destruction of the Molly Maguires,[7] the Haymarket Riot in 1886 and the Pullman Strike in 1894 fostered Haywood's interest in the labor movement.[6]
[edit] Western Federation of Miners involvement
In 1896, Ed Boyce, president of the Western Federation of Miners, spoke at the Idaho silver mine where Haywood was working.[6] Inspired by his speech, Haywood signed up as a WFM member, thus formally beginning his involvement in America's labor movement.
Haywood immediately became active in the WFM, and by 1900 he had become a member of the national union's General Executive Board. In 1902, he became secretary-treasurer of the WFM, the number two position after President Charles Moyer. That year, the WFM became involved in the Colorado Labor Wars, a struggle centered in the Cripple Creek mining district that lasted for several years and took the lives of 33 union and non-union workers.[6] The WFM initiated a series of strikes designed to extend the benefits of the union to other workers, who suffered from brutal working conditions and starvation wages. The defeat of these strikes led to Haywood's belief in "One Big Union" organized along industrial lines to bring broader working class support for labour struggles.[1]

Foundation of the Industrial Workers of the World
Late in 1904, several prominent labor radicals met in Chicago, Illinois to lay down plans for a new revolutionary union.[8] A manifesto was written and sent around the country. Unionists who agreed with the manifesto were invited to attend a convention to found the new union which was to become the Industrial Workers of the World.
At 10 A.M. on June 27, 1905, Haywood addressed the crowd assembled at Brand's Hall in Chicago.[9] In the audience were two hundred delegates from organizations all over the country representing socialists, anarchists, miners, industrial unionists and rebel workers. Haywood opened the First Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World with the following speech:[9]
Fellow Workers, this is the Continental Congress of the working-class. We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working-class from the slave bondage of capitalism. The aims and objects of this organization shall be to put the working-class in possession of the economic power, the means of life, in control of the machinery of production and distribution, without regard to capitalist masters.
Other speakers at the convention included Eugene Debs, leader of the Socialist Party of America, and Mother Mary Jones, an organizer for the United Mine Workers of America.[9] After its foundation, the IWW would become aggressively involved in the labor movement.

Murder trial

1907 photo of defendants Charles Moyer, Bill Haywood, and George Pettibone
On December 30, 1905, Frank Steunenberg was killed by an explosion in front of his Caldwell, Idaho home. A former governor of Idaho, Steunenberg had clashed with the WFM in previous strikes. Harry Orchard, a former WFM member who had once acted as WFM President Charles Moyer's bodyguard[10] was arrested for the crime, and evidence was found in his hotel room.[11] Famed Pinkerton detective James McParland, who had infiltrated and helped to destroy the Molly Maguires, was placed in charge of the investigation.[12]
Before any trial had occurred, McParland ordered that Orchard be placed on death row in the Boise penitentiary, with restricted food rations and under constant surveillance. After McParland had prepared his investigation, he met with Orchard over a "sumptuous lunch" followed by cigars.[13] The Pinkerton detective told Orchard that he could escape immediate hanging only if he implicated the leaders of the WFM.[14] In addition to using the threat of hanging, McParland promised food, cigars, better treatment, possible freedom, and even a possible financial reward if Orchard cooperated.[15] The detective obtained a 64-page confession from Orchard in which the suspect took responsibility for a string of crimes and at least seventeen murders.[16]
McParland then used perjured extradition papers, which falsely stated that WFM leaders had been at the

06-11-2011, 11:40 PM

المشاركة 763

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مالنج جان

Malang Jan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Malang Jan (Pashto: ملنګ جان - b:1914, d:1957) was a prominent poet of Pashto language[1]

Early life & education
Malang Jan was born as Mohammad Amin in Bihsud District of Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan.

When he was only 3 years old, his father, Abdul Shakoor died. He was 15 years old when he along with his family moved to Kama District in search of work. Few years later he went to Jalalabad to serve his 2 years military service. After completing his term in the military, he moved back to his home village to earn a living. While he was in his early twenties, his first poem was published in Etihade Mashraqi magazine. From there on he found fame and became one of the renowned poet of his time.[1]

Work and adult life
In 1945, he was invited to Kabul by Mohammad Daud Khan and in 1950 Prime Minister Shah Mahmud Khan allocated him 600 Afghanis as yearly pension. In 1953 he was re-invited to Kabul and appointed him as the manager of Pashto Music at Kabul Radio. Since he was illiterate, Daud Khan appointed him a personal teacher for six days. Within those 6 days he learned enough so he could write and read his own poetry.[1]
While traveling back to his home village in 1957, he and his only son, Daud Jan died in a bus accident.

Poetry collections
· "Khwagay Naghmay"
· "De Watan De Meenay Kajkol"

06-11-2011, 11:41 PM

المشاركة 764

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الفنسو هارت

Alphonso Hart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alphonso Hart (July 4, 1830 - December 23, 1910) was a Republican politician from the U.S. State of Ohio who was a U.S. Representative, in the Ohio State Senate, and Ohio Lieutenant Governor.
Hart was born in Vienna, Ohio.

His father died when he was age twelve, and he was bound out to a farmer for three years. After seven months he started out alone.

Hart attended the common schools and Grand River Institute, Austinburg, Ohio, and studied law in Warren, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar August 12, 1851. He moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, remained two years, and was then elected Assistant Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives. He purchased the Democratic newspaper "Portage Sentinel" in Ravenna, Ohio, which he edited until he sold it in 1857. He also practiced in Ravenna.[1] He served as prosecuting attorney for Portage County from 1861 to 1864, when he resigned. He served as member of the Ohio Senate 1865, 1872, and 1873, and was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1873-1875. In 1874 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1878 to Hillsboro, Ohio. In 1880 he was nominated for the Forty-seventh Congress in the seventh district but lost to John P. Leedom.

Hart was elected as a Republican to the Forty-eighth Congress in the 12th district (March 4, 1883-March 3, 1885). He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Forty-ninth Congress. He served as Solicitor of Internal Revenue, Treasury Department from 1888 to 1892. He resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C., and died there December 23, 1910. He was interred in Maple Grove Cemetery, Ravenna, Ohio

06-11-2011, 11:41 PM

المشاركة 765

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كلاس هانسون بجلكنستجيرنا

Klas Hansson Bjelkenstjerna
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Baron Klas Hansson Bjelkenstjerna (also Claës Hansson Bjelkenstjerna or Bielkenstjerna) (24 April 1615 – 30 July 1662) was a Swedish naval officer and civil servant.
HIs father, Hans Klasson Bjelkenstjerna, who also was a high ranking naval officer, died when his son was only 5 years old leaving him to be raised by relatives.

Young Bjelkenstjerna soon grew up and followed in his father's footsteps, joining the Swedish navy.
He rose in rank within the navy, being appointed skeppsmajor in 1641. He married baroness Barbro Åkesdotter Natt och Dag in 1643. He participated in the sea campaigns against the Danish and Dutch fleets, in particular Battle of Colberger Heide (1644), and the escape from the Kiel Fjord where the Danish fleet tried to trap the Swedish squadrons. Due to his achievements in battle he was rewarded with a promotion to Admiral-Löjtnant.
Years of relative peace followed, with Bjelkenstjerna entering civil service. In 1650, he was appointed to överhovmästare (tutor) for the crown prince Carl Gustav. Queen Christina I granted him the barony of Pyhäjoki in the Northern Ostrobothnia region of Finland. This occurred in the year 1652. The following year Bjelkenstjerna became a member of the Privy Council.

Trivia
· At his deathbed the Swedish king Carl X Gustav called upon his former tutor Admiral Bjelkenstjerna and supposedly bid him farewell with the words: »Farväl, min hederlige Bjelkenstjerna! Tack för hvar dag vi varit tillsammans!» which translates to English as "Farewell, my honourable Bjelkenstjerna! I'm thankful for each day that we spent together!"[1]

06-11-2011, 11:43 PM

المشاركة 767

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ايمناويل شلتز

Emanuel Shultz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Emanuel Shultz (July 25, 1819 – November 5, 1912) was a shoemaker, merchant, manufacturer, banker and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio.

Emanuel Shultz was born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, the son of George and Mary (Vinyard) Shultz. He attended the public schools until he was eleven years old when his father died. He was compelled to leave school and depend on diligent self-study and was soon apprenticed to the trade of shoemaking. In 1838, he removed to Miamisburg, Ohio, where he engaged five to fifteen journeymen to make boots and shoes.

Emanuel Shultz married Sarah Beck, of Miamisburg, on July 23, 1840. They had three daughters. Shultz was initiated a charter member of the Marion Lodge the Masons in 1844, a royal arch Mason and a Knight Templar. He was also a member of the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias.

Around 1846, he became a trader in general produce, and became one of the largest and most successful commercial operators in the Miami Valley. One success built upon another and he soon was a leader in all the prominent enterprises of Miamisburg. Emanuel Shultz was also a leading tobacco leaf dealer since 1853, Montgomery and Butler Counties being major tobacco producing and manufacturing centers in Ohio and the United States throughout the last half of the 19th century. In 1865, he was one of the founders of the private bank of H. Groby & Co., and a principal in the Miami Valley Paper Company, which he organized in 1871.
Emanuel Shultz began his political affiliation with the Whigs, but since the formation of the Republican party was a steadfast Republican. He served in most of the local minor offices and then in 1859 as Montgomery County Commissioner until 1862.
In 1873, he was a delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Convention that revised the Ohio Constitution. The citizens, however, declined to adopt it in the subsequent referendum. In 1875, Shultz was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, serving one term but was not a candidate for re-election. In 1878, he ran in Ohio's 3rd congressional district against Democrat John A. McMahon, but was defeated. In 1880 after redistricting, Emanuel Shultz again faced McMahon, but was narrowly elected to the Forty-seventh United States Congress from Ohio's 4th congressional district. In 1882, he was redistricted back into the third district and was narrowly defeated by Democrat Robert Maynard Murray.
Emanuel Shultz returned to Miamisburg and again engaged in paper manufacturing. In 1881, he was one of the organizers and stockholders of the Lima Car Works, which built railroad freight cars and was later a part of Lima Locomotive Works, and also served as Vice President of the company until he sold his interest about 1889. He was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison postmaster of Miamisburg in 1889, serving about five years.
Emanuel Shultz died at the age of 93 in Miamisburg; he was interred in Hill Grove Cemetery.

06-11-2011, 11:44 PM

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بنجامين ايرون

Benjamin Aaron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Benjamin Aaron (September 2, 1915 – August 25, 2007) was an American attorney, labor law scholar and civil servant. He is known for his work as an arbitrator and mediator, and for helping to advance the development of the field of comparative labor law in the United States.

Early life
Aaron was born in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were Henry and Rose (Weinstein) Aaron, and he was the youngest of five children.[1][2] His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five years old, and his father died soon thereafter of multiple sclerosis. Aaron was brought up by an aunt and uncle.

He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1937.[1][2] Aaron later said he became a lawyer because his father and two uncles had also been attorneys. He decided on practicing labor law after taking a class on the subject in his third year.[2] Aaron received his law degree from Harvard University in 1940. He married the former Eleanor Opsahl, and the couple had two daughters.[1]

Federal service
Aaron served as a mediator with the War Labor Board (WLB) early in World War II.[3]President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Aaron executive director of the WLB, and he served until the end of 1946.[4][5]
In the immediate post-war period, Aaron served as a conciliator with the United States Conciliation Service and helped settle a number of labor disputes—particularly in California's aircraft industry during the post-war wave of strikes.[4][6] President Harry S. Truman appointed him to be a public member of the Wage Stabilization Board on July 5, 1951.[5][7] He was a strong critic of the Board's case-by-case method of awarding pay increases.[8] During the 1952 steel strike, he played a role as a go-between for the United Steelworkers of America and the Board.[9] President Truman appointed him vice chairman of the Board on May 29, 1952.[10] Aaron was deeply critical of congressional efforts to cut the Board's budget, and declared that Congress should either fully fund the Board's activities or have the courage to legislate the Board out of existence.[11]
Post-war career
Aaron joined UCLA's Institute of Industrial Relations in 1946.[12] He was appointed the Institute's director in 1960 and served until 1975.[1]
In 1960, Aaron was elected a vice president of the National Academy of Arbitrators.[13] He was elected president of the organization in 1962.[1]
Throughout the 1960s, Aaron helped mediate a large number of labor disagreements, including disputes between workers and employers in the transit, railroad transportation, longshore, aerospace, health care, airline and agricultural industries.[2][14] He helped negotiate the first contract between a county and a public employee union in California history in 1968.[15] He later assisted the County of Los Angeles in drafting a public employee collective bargaining ordinance, and served as the mediator during the first contract negotiations between the county and its public employee unions.[16]
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Aaron to the National Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic Progress in 1965.[17] As a member of the commission, Aaron studied the effect automation, computer technology and robotics had on patterns of employment, job training and unemployment. The commission's 1966 report called for higher funding of the Job Corps' vocational training programs and concluded that the disruptions caused by technological change would not be as serious as many feared.[18]
The same year, Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz appointed Aaron to a national panel to study the need for reinstating the Bracero Program in order to ease a national agricultural labor shortage. Although the panel recommended relaxation of immigration rules to permit larger numbers of guest workers and Wirtz accepted the plan, Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach overruled Wirtz just a month later and shut the bracero program down.[19]
In 1970, Aaron mediated an end to a five-week strike by 14,000 members of the United Teachers of Los Angeles, AFT, against the Los Angeles Unified School District. Aaron's efforts helped end what is still (as of 2007) the longest teachers' strike in the history of California.[2][20]
At the age of 68, Aaron helped mediate an end to a strike by pilots at Continental Airlines in 1983.[21]
Legal contributions
In 1966, Aaron helped form the Comparative Labor Law Group. Aaron invited prominent labor law scholars from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Germany and Italy to discuss each country's unique approach to labor and industrial relations. Over the next 12 years, the Comparative Labor Law Group produced three books and helped establish the legal discipline of comparative labor law in the United States.[1] Due to his work in the field, Aaron became editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal. Despite his advanced age, at the time of his death Aaron still served as Senior Editor of the publication.
Aaron was also a strong critic of American labor law. He contended that most judges lack experience in how the modern workplace functions and the specialized nature of labor law, and advocated the creation of "labor courts" to adjudicate employer-union legal disputes. He also argued that the Taft-Hartley Act was deeply flawed, although union members' rights needed additional protection not offered under the National Labor Relations Act, Taft-Hartley, or the Landrum-Griffin Act.[22] In an aricle in the Comparative Labor Law Journal in 1979, Aaron argued that the National Labor Relations Act failed to protect the rights of the vast majority of unorganized workers and advocated major reform of the act.[1][23]

Death
Aaron continued to teach and write into his 90s. He died on August 25, 2007, at UCLA Medical Center from a cerebral hemorrhage suffered in fall.[1][2]

06-11-2011, 11:45 PM

المشاركة 769

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جياكومي بوتشيني

Giacomo Puccini
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini , 22 December 1858 – 29 November 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. Some of his arias, such as "O mio babbino caro" from Gianni Schicchi, "Che gelida manina" from La bohème, and "Nessun dorma" from Turandot, have become part of popular culture.

Early life

Puccini was born in Lucca in Tuscany, into a family with five generations of musical history behind them, including composer Domenico Pucccini.

His father died when Giacomo was five years old, and he was sent to study with his uncle Fortunato Magi, who considered him to be a poor and undisciplined student.

Magi may have been prejudiced against his nephew because his contract as choir master stipulated that he would hand over the position to Puccini "as soon as the said Signore Giacomo be old enough to discharge such duties." Puccini took the position of church organist and choir master in Lucca, but it was not until he saw a performance of Verdi's Aida that he became inspired to be an opera composer. He and his brother, Michele, walked 18.5 mi (30 km) to see the performance in Pisa.

In 1880, with the help of a relative and a grant, Puccini enrolled in the Milan Conservatory to study composition with Stefano Ronchetti-Monteviti, Amilcare Ponchielli, and Antonio Bazzini. In the same year, at the age of 21, he composed the Messa, which marks the culmination of his family's long association with church music in his native Lucca. Although Puccini himself correctly titled the work a Messa, referring to a setting of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass, today the work is popularly known as his Messa di Gloria, a name that technically refers to a setting of only the first two prayers of the Ordinary, the Kyrie and the Gloria, while omitting the Credo, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei.
The work anticipates Puccini's career as an operatic composer by offering glimpses of the dramatic power that he would soon bring forth onto the stage; the powerful "arias" for tenor and bass soloists are certainly more operatic than is usual in church music and, in its orchestration and dramatic power, the Messa compares interestingly with Verdi's Requiem.
While studying at the Conservatory, Puccini obtained a libretto from Ferdinando Fontana and entered a competition for a one-act opera in 1882. Although he did not win, Le Villi was later staged in 1884 at the Teatro Dal Verme and it caught the attention of Giulio Ricordi, head of G. Ricordi & Co. music publishers, who commissioned a second opera, Edgar, in 1889. Edgar failed: it was a bad story and Fontana's libretto was poor. This may have had an effect on Puccini's thinking because when he began his next opera, Manon Lescaut, he announced that he would write his own libretto so that "no fool of a librettist"could spoil it. Ricordi persuaded him to accept Leoncavallo as his librettist, but Puccini soon asked Ricordi to remove him from the project. Four other librettists were then involved with the opera, due mainly to Puccini constantly changing his mind about the structure of the piece. It was almost by accident that the final two, Illica and Giacosa, came together to complete the opera. They remained with Puccini for his next three operas and probably his greatest successes: La Boheme, Tosca and Madama Butterfly.
It may well have been the failure of Edgar that made Puccini so apt to change his mind. Edgar nearly cost him his career. Puccini had eloped with the married Elvira Gemignani and Ricordi's associates were willing to turn a blind eye to his life style as long as he was successful. When Edgar failed, they suggested to Ricordi that he should drop Puccini, but Ricordi said that he would stay with him and made him an allowance from his own pocket until his next opera. Manon Lescaut was a great success and Puccini went on to become the leading operatic composer of his day.

06-11-2011, 11:46 PM

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رجا ممتاز حسين راثور

Raja Mummtaz Hussain Rathore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Raja Mumtaz Hussain Rathore was the 3rd Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir. His tenure as a Prime Minister start from 29 June 1990 to 5 July 1991. He was from the village Pullangi (Dhara Rajgan) Tehsil and District Hevali,(Kahutta) AJK. His father was a landlord.

His father died when Mumtaz Rathore was only five years old.
His mother was a wise lady and provide full support to his son for his basic training and growth. He got his early education from his home town school Plangi and Government Boys High School Soli (Bangharbani) Hevali. Later on he got higher education from various cities Colleges and University of Pakistan i.e. Mirpur, Lahore and Karachi.
He belongs to the Rathore Family of Poonch, which migrated from Indian (Jodhpur) in the 15th century.
He started his political career during his student life by establishing Jammu & Kashmir National Student Federation first time and he was the founder Chairman of the Organization. After completion of his education, he started practice as a lawyer from Abbaspur (Hevali) and later on he was contested election 1970 first time and was elected as AJK Assembly member from Upper Hevali which was comprising from some part of Hajeera, Abbaspur and Upper Hevali on the Ticket of Mumlim Conference. When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established PPP in Pakistan and met with Raja Mumtaz Husssain Rathore from Kashmiri side. Bhutto sahib invited Mumtaz Hussain Rathore to join PPP immediately and establish PPP in AJK. On Bhutto Sahib request and desire Mumtaz Hussain Rathore Joined PPP and he was the founder member of PPP AJK Chapter. Col. Mansha Khan, Pir Ali Jan Shah and Raja Azad was the friends of Mumtaz Hussain Rathore of that time. Actually Rathore was also very much impressed from the personality of Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and agenda of PPP because he was also believe on Democratic set up in Pakistan.
In 1975 election, Mumtaz Rathore was again elected on the ticket of PPP and became the Senior Minister of Khan Abdhul Hameed Khan PPP led Government. Number of other Ministries portfolio held including Finance, Forest, Revenue Minister in addition to his own assignment of Senior Minister in AJK Government. Since, 1970 he was continuously elected as Assembly member of AJK and always remain unbeaten. He was elected as Assembly member 6 times and never been defeated. He served as Prime Minister, Acting President, Speaker, Senior Minister of the state of Azad Jummu and Kashmir assembly. He was a democratic leader and followers of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuto Shaheed. He was never compromised on principles. He served the people of the Kashmir devotedly and with great sincerity. He was a great speaker and people listen his speeches with great desires. Kashmir independent struggle was started during his tenure of Prime ministership 1990-1991. He loved with Kashmiri and wants Kashmir freedom.He always raised his voice for the peaceful settlement of Kashmir dispute according to the wishes and aspiration of the people of Kashmir. He highlighted Indian atrocities on Kashmiris during his address to UN and other international forum many times.
He remained President of PPP AJK Chapter and Member CEC of PPP. During Benazir Bhutto leadership, one time, his name was proposed/considered as Centreal Secretary General of PPP Pakistan due to his impressive personality and contribution for PPP. Number of times he has addressed in United Nation by presenting Kashmiri nation.
He was better contributed for the betterment of the depressed people of Kashmir. He gave respect to all segments of society. He was treating all human beings equally and never been nepotised and during his premiership, his door of PM House and Sectt. were always remain open for all public. For this reason the opponent of Rathore also praising Mumtaz Rathore and still praying for him. He was very honest politician of Kashmir. When he died there was no bank balance and other properties found for his family.
He left five sons and five daughters. Their names are Raja Masood Mumtaz Rathore, Raja Mahmood Mumtaz Rathore, Raja Faisal Mumtaz Rathore, Raja Haroon Mumtaz Rathore, Raja Daniyal Mumtaz Rathore. Masood Mumtaz Rathore the eldest son was once elected Assembly member of AJK after the death of Mumtaz Rathore from his native constituency (Hevali AJK. He is still working in PPP AJK. The younger son Raja Faisial Rathore is also actively working for the betterment of the people of Kashmir in order to continue coordination and friendship of his late father.
One first ever details book on the life of prominent Kashmiri leader Raja Mumtaz Hussain Rathore is also published by Raja Mukhtar Ahmed Rathore (writer) which comprises 500 pages and cover all Rathore family backgrounds/ achievements and services of Raja Mumtaz Hussain Rathore for the people of Kashmir. One coloured photographs chapter is also included which show the beauty of Rathore personality. Above 50 veteran politician of Pakistan including Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed,Mian Nawaz Sharif, Qazi Hussain Ahmed, Makhdoom Amin Faheem, Raja Pervez Ashraf Federal