سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة - الصفحة 10

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أُكتافيو باث

(بالإسبانية: Octavio Paz) شاعر و أديب و سياسي مكسيكي ولد في مدينة المكسيك، 31 مارس 1914. حصل على

جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1990 ليكون بذلك أول شاعر وأديب مكسيكي يفوز بهذه الجائزة. عرف بمعارضته الشديدة للفاشية، وعمل دبلوماسيًّا لبلاده في عدة دول. تشعب نشاطه في عدة مجالات، فإلى جانب كونه شاعراً فقد كتب أيضاً العديد من الدراسات النقدية والتاريخية والمقالات السياسية.

مولده ونشأته

ولد أكتافيو باث عام 1914 في إحدى ضواحي مدينة مكسيكو العاصمة لأب مكسيكي وأم من جنوب إسبانيا. كان والده محامياً وسياسياً مؤيداً لثورة زاباتا التي اندلعت سنة 1910، ولكنه كان مدمناً للخمر ولقي حتفه في حادث قطار. أما أمه فكانت منذ طفولته تحثه على الدراسة، وفيما بعد على كتابة الشعر وتشجعه على تحقيق طموحاته الأدبية رغم أنها كانت أمية.

بدايته مع الشعر

نشر باث أول أشعاره وهو في السابعة عشرة من عمره، ثم التقى بالشاعر التشيلي بثبلو نيرودا وتأثر بشعره. وفي عام 1936 شجعه نيرودا على زيارة إسبانيا لحضور مؤتمر الأدباء بمدينة فالنسيا، وكانت الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية على أشدها في ذلك الوقت.

[عدل] عمله بالسلك الدبلوماسي

التحق باث بالسلك الدبلوماسي عام 1945 وعمل به لمدة 23 عاماً، وعين سفيراً لبلاده في كل من فرنسا وسويسرا والهند واليابان، وكانت له صلات وثيقة بأقطاب الحياة الثقافية في كل البلدان التي عمل بها.
إلا أن باث استقال من السلك الدبلوماسي سنة 1968 احتجاجاً على سياسة حكومته تجاه الطلبة عندما قامت السلطات في المكسيك باستخدام العنف في قمع مظاهرات الطلبة مما أدى إلى مصرع حوالي ثلاثمائة طالب. ومنذ ذلك الوقت تفرغ باث للعمل في الصحافة.

مؤلفاته

شملت كتابات أكتافيو باث الشعر والفن والدين والتاريخ والسياسة والنقد الأدبي، ونشرت له خمسة دواوين شعرية صدر أولها سنة 1949 وآخرها سنة 1987.
ومن أهم أعماله التي كرتها الأكاديمية السويدية عندما منح جائزة نوبل كتاب "متاهة العزلة" El laberinto de la soledad الذي صدر سنة 1961 وحاول فيه باث أن يتحرى عن شخصية الإنسان المكسيكي ويسبر أغوارها، ومن أشهر أعماله أيضاص "حرية تحت كلمة"، وفيه برزت القضايا التي سيطرت على فكره فيما بعد وهي الحب والزمن والوحدة، وذلك بالإضافة إلى عدد من الأهمال المهمة مثل "فصل من العنف" و"فلامنورا".

==

Octavio Paz Lozano (Spanish pronunciation: [okˈtaβjo pas loˈsano]; March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Early life and writings
Paz was born to Octavio Paz Solórzano and Josefina Lozano. His father was an active supporter of the Revolution against the Díaz regime. Paz was raised in the village of Mixcoac (now a part of Mexico City) by his mother Josefina (daughter of Spanish immigrants), his aunt Amalia Paz, and his paternal grandfather Ireneo Paz, a liberal intellectual, novelist, publisher and former supporter of President Porfirio Díaz.

He studied at Colegio Williams. Because of his family's public support of Emiliano Zapata, they were forced into exile after Zapata's assassination. They served their exile in the United States.
Paz was introduced to literature early in his life through the influence of his grandfather's library, filled with classic Mexican and European literature.[1] During the 1920s, he discovered the European poets Gerardo Diego, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Antonio Machado, Spanish writers who had a great influence on his early writings.[2] As a teenager in 1931, under the influence of D. H. Lawrence, Paz published his first poems, including "Cabellera". Two years later, at the age of 19, he published Luna Silvestre ("Wild Moon"), a collection of poems. In 1932, with some friends, he founded his first literary review, Barandal. By 1939, Paz considered himself first and foremost a poet.[citation needed]
In 1935, Paz abandoned his law studies and left for Yucatán to work at a school in Mérida for sons of peasants and workers.[3] There, he began working on the first of his long, ambitious poems, "Entre la piedra y la flor" ("Between the Stone and the Flower") (1941, revised in 1976), influenced by T. S. Eliot, which describes the situation of the Mexican peasant under the greedy landlords of the day.[4]
In 1937, Paz was invited to the Second International Writers Congress in Defense of Culture in Spain during the country's civil war, showing his solidarity with the Republican side and against fascism. Upon his return to Mexico, Paz co-founded a literary journal, Taller ("Workshop") in 1938, and wrote for the magazine until 1941. In 1938 he also met and married Elena Garro, now considered one of Mexico's finest writers. They had one daughter, Helena. They were divorced in 1959. In 1943, Paz received a Guggenheim fellowship and began studying at the University of California at Berkeley in the United States, and two years later he entered the Mexican diplomatic service, working in New York for a while. In 1945, he was sent to Paris, where he wrote El Laberinto de la Soledad ("The Labyrinth of Solitude"), a groundbreaking study of Mexican identity and thought. In 1952, he travelled to India for the first time and, in the same year, to Tokyo, as chargé d'affaires, and then to Geneva, in Switzerland. He returned to Mexico City in 1954, where he wrote his great poem "Piedra de sol" ("Sunstone") in 1957 and Libertad bajo palabra (Liberty under Oath), a compilation of his poetry up to that time. He was sent again to Paris in 1959, following the steps of his lover, the Italian painter Bona Tibertelli de Pisis. In 1962 he was named Mexico's ambassador to India.

Later life

In India, Paz completed several works, including El mono gramático (The Monkey Grammarian) and Ladera este (Eastern Slope). While in India, he came into contact with a group of writers called the Hungry Generation and had a profound influence on them.
In 1963, he broke up with Bona and married Marie-José Tramini, a French woman who would be his wife for the rest of his life. In October 1968, he resigned from the diplomatic corps in protest of the Mexican government's massacre of student demonstrators in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco.[5] He sought refuge in Paris for a while and returned to Mexico in 1969, where he founded his magazine Plural (1970–1976) with a group of liberal Mexican and Latin American writers.
From 1970 to 1974, he lectured at Harvard University, where he held the Charles Eliot Norton professorship. His book Los hijos del limo ("Children of the Mire") was the result of those lectures. After the Mexican government closed Plural in 1975, Paz founded Vuelta, a publication with a focus similar to that of Plural, and continued to edit that magazine until his death. He won the 1977 Jerusalem Prize for literature on the theme of individual freedom. In 1980, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Harvard, and in 1982, he won the Neustadt Prize. Once good friends with novelist Carlos Fuentes, Paz became estranged from him in the 1980s in a disagreement over the Sandinistas, whom Paz opposed and Fuentes supported.[6] In 1988, Paz's magazine Vuelta carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes's Mexican identity, opening a feud between Fuentes and Paz that lasted until the latter's death.[7] A collection of his poems (written between 1957 and 1987) was published in 1990. In 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.[8] In India he met the Hungryalist poets and was of immense help to them during their 35 month long trial.[citation needed]
He died of cancer in 1998.
Guillermo Sheridan, who was named by Paz as director of the Octavio Paz Foundation in 1998, published a book, Poeta con paisaje (2004) with several biographical essays about the poet's life up to 1968.

يتيم الاب وهو صغير

10-29-2012, 08:33 PM

المشاركة 92

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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نادين غورديمير

هي كاتبة من جنوب أفريقيا ولدت في سبرينجز يوم 20 نوفمبر 1923 تحصلت على جائزة نوبل في الأدب سنة 1991 عن أعمالها المناهضة للتمييز العنصري في بلادها.

ولدت في عائلو برجوازية لأب يهودي وأم إنجليزية وتربت في بيئة دينية مسيحية.

كما كبرت في بيئة التفرقة العنصرية التي كانت ترى تفوق العرق الأبيض على نظيره الأسود ولكنها لم تكن تحمل التفرقة العنصرية والمشاكل العرقية في بلدها.

كتبت أول قصة لها في سنة التاسعة وكانت عندهت متأثرة بعملية تفتيش قامت بها الشرطة في بيت خادمتها السوداء.

في 26 أكتوبر 2006 اعتدى عليها ثلاثة لصوص حاولوا سرقتها مما أصابها بجروح طفيفة.
من أعمالها

قوم جولاي

Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923) is a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature, when she was recognised as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity".[1]

Gordimer's writing has long dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as July's People were banned. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. She has recently been active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Biography

Gordimer was born near Springs, Gauteng, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg, the daughter of Jewish immigrants.

Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a watchmaker from Lithuania near the Latvian border,[2] and her mother, Hannah "Nan" (Myers) Gordimer, was from London, England
]
Gordimer's early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents.

Her father's experience as a Jewish refugee in czarist Russia helped form Gordimer's political identity, but he was neither an activist nor particularly sympathetic toward the experiences of black people under apartheid. Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty and discrimination faced by black people in South Africa ostensibly led her to found a crèche for black children.

Gordimer also witnessed government repression firsthand when yet a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servant's room.

Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for "strange reasons of her own," did not put her into school (apparently, she feared that Gordimer had a weak heart).

Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, and published her first stories in 1937 at the age of fifteen.[5] Her first published work was a short story for children, "The Quest for Seen Gold," which appeared in the Children's Sunday Express in 1937; "Come Again Tomorrow," another children's story, appeared in Forum around the same time. At the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published.[6]
Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she mixed for the first time with fellow professionals across the color bar. She also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance.[6] She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, where she has lived ever since. While taking classes in Johannesburg, Gordimer continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of these early stories in Face to Face, published in 1949.
In 1951, the New Yorker accepted Gordimer's story "A Watcher of the Dead",[7] beginning a long relationship, and bringing Gordimer's work to a much larger public. Gordimer, who has said she believes the short story is the literary form for our age,[5] has continued to publish short stories in the New Yorker and other prominent literary journals. Gordimer's first publisher, Lulu Friedman, was the wife of the Parliamentarian Bernard Friedman and it was at their house that Gordimer met other anti-apartheid writers[8]
Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days, was published in 1953. In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer who established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their "wonderful marriage"[4] lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. It was her second marriage and his third. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is today a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer has collaborated on at least two documentaries. Hugo Cassirer later married Sarah Buttrick, and had three children: Kate, Roland, and Conrad. Gordimer also has a daughter, Oriane (born 1950), by her first marriage, in 1949 to Gerald Gavron, a local dentist; they were divorced within three years

Nadine Gordimer was born into a well-off family in Springs, Transvaal, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. It was the setting for Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days (1953). Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a Jewish jeweler who had emigrated from Lithuania at the age of thirteen. Nan Myers, her mother, was of British descent. Gordimer was educated in a convent school.

She spent a year at Witwaterstrand University, Johannesburg without taking a degree. After an unsuccessful first marriage, Gordimer was married again in 1954 to Reinhold Cassirer, a business man with no literary pretensions. "I never see a thing my wife writes until she's finished," he once said. "I had to wait two years to see A World of Strangers."

Often kept at home by a mother who imagined she had a weak heart, Gordimer began writing from the age of nine. Her first piece of writing was a laudatory poem on President Kruger. Gordimer's first published story, 'Come Again Tomorrow,' appeared in the children's section of the Johannesburg magazine Forum when she was only fourteen. Though she was a slow writer, by her twenties Gordimer had had stories published in many of the local magazines. "It took me years to develop my own style. One week I would try to copy Hemingway after reading him; then I would imitate another writer whose work I admired." (Conversations with Nadine Gordimer, edited by Nancy Topping Bazin and Marilyn Dallman Seymour, 1990, p. 4). In 1951 the New Yorker accepted a story, publishing her ever since.

From her early childhood Gordimer witnessed how the white minority increasingly weakened the rights of the black majority. In her first collection of short stories, Face to Face (1949), which is not listed in some of her biographies, Gordimer revealed the psychological consequences of a racially divided society. The novel The Lying Days (1953) was based largely on the author's own life and depicted a white girl, Helen, and her growing disaffection toward the narrow-mindlessness of a small-town life.

Other works in the 1950s and 1960s include A World of Strangers (1958), Occasion for Loving (1963), and The Late Bourgeois World (1966). In these novels Gordimer studied the master-servant relations, spiritual and sexual paranoias of colonialism, and the shallow liberalism of her privileged white compatriots.
Occasion for Loving was concerned with the "line in a statute book" – South Africa's cruel racial law. In the story an illicit love affair between a black man and a white woman ends bitterly. Ann Davis is married to a gentle Jew called Boaz Davis, a dedicated scholar who has travelled all over the country in search of African music. Gideon Shibalo, a talented painter, is black, he has a marriage and several affairs behind. The liberal Mrs Jessie Stilwell is a reluctant hostess to the law-breaking lovers. Boaz, the cuckold, is on the side of the struggling South African black majority, and Ann plays with two men's emotions.

"She looks at them all and cannot believe what she knows: that they, suddenly here in her house, will carry the AK 47s they only sing about, now, miming death as they sing. They will have a career of wiring explosives to the undersides of vehicles, they will go away and come back through the bush to dig holes not to plant trees to shade home, but to plat land mines. She can see they have been terribly harmed but cannot believe they could harm. They are wiping their fruit-sticky hands furtively palm against palm." (from 'Comrades' in Jump, 1991)

والدها يهودي وامها انجليزية. لا يعرف متى مات والديها. عاشت في عزلة في طفولتها لاعتقاد والدتها ان لها قلب ضعيف. شاهدت التصرفات العنصرية وتأثرت بها.

مأزومة.

10-29-2012, 09:46 PM

المشاركة 93

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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دريك والكوت

(23 يناير 1930 في سانت لوسيا) هو شاعر وكاتب. حصل عام 1992 على جائزة نوبل للآداب. عمل محاضرًا في عدة جامعات في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، عين عام 1981 أستاذًا للغة الإنجليزية في جامعة بوسطن الأمريكية.

Derek Alton Walcott, OBE OCC (born 23 January 1930) is a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature.[1] He is currently Professor of poetry at the University of Essex.
His works include the Homeric epic poem, Omeros (1990).[2] Robert Graves wrote that Walcott "handles English with a closer understanding of its inner magic than most, if not any, of his contemporaries”.[3]
In 2011, Walcott received the T. S. Eliot Prize for his book of poetry, White Egrets.

[ Early life

Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies with a twin brother, the future playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott.

His family was of mixed race and ethnicity; he had two white grandfathers and two black grandmothers.

His family is of African and European descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island which he explores in his poetry.

His mother, a teacher, loved the arts and often recited poetry around the house.

His father, who painted and wrote poetry, died at age 31 from mastoiditis while his wife was pregnant with the twins Derek and Roderick, who were born after his death.

Walcott's family was part of a minority Methodist community, who felt overshadowed by the dominant Catholic culture of the island established during French colonial rule.

As a young man Walcott trained as a painter, mentored by Harold Simmons, whose life as a professional artist provided an inspiring example for him. Walcott greatly admired Cézanne and Giorgione and sought to learn from them.[6]

Walcott studied as a writer, becoming “an elated, exuberant poet madly in love with English” and strongly influenced by modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. He had an early sense of a vocation as a writer. In the poem "Midsummer" (1984), he wrote:
"Forty years gone, in my island childhood, I felt that
the gift of poetry had made me one of the chosen,
that all experience was kindling to the fire of the Muse."[6]

At 14, Walcott published his first poem, a Miltonic, religious poem in the newspaper, The Voice of St Lucia. An English Catholic priest condemned the Methodist-inspired poem as blasphemous in a response printed in the newspaper.[6] By 19, Walcott had self-published his two first collections with the aid of his mother, who paid for the printing: 25 Poems (1948) and Epitaph for the Young: XII Cantos (1949). He sold copies to his friends and covered the costs.[7] He later commented,

"I went to my mother and said, 'I’d like to publish a book of poems, and I think it’s going to cost me two hundred dollars.' She was just a seamstress and a schoolteacher, and I remember her being very upset because she wanted to do it. Somehow she got it—a lot of money for a woman to have found on her salary. She gave it to me, and I sent off to Trinidad and had the book printed. When the books came back I would sell them to friends. I made the money back." [6]

The influential Barbadian poet Frank Collymore critically supported Walcott's early work.]
Career

With a scholarship, he studied at the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica.[8] After graduation, Walcott moved to Trinidad in 1953, where he became a critic, teacher and journalist.[8] Walcott founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop in 1959 and remains active with its Board of Directors.[7]
Exploring the Caribbean and its history in a colonialist and post-colonialist context, his collection In a Green Night: Poems 1948-1960 (1962) attracted international attention.[2] His play Dream on Monkey Mountain (1970) was produced on NBC-TV in the United States the year it was published. In 1971 it was produced by the Negro Ensemble Company off-Broadway in New York City; it won an Obie Award that year for "Best Foreign Play".[9] The following year, Walcott won an OBE from the British government for his work.[10]
He was hired as a teacher by Boston University in the United States, where he founded the Boston Playwrights' Theatre in 1981. That year he also received a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in the United States. Walcott taught literature and writing at Boston University for more than two decades, publishing new books of poetry and plays on a regular basis and retiring in 2007. He became friends with other poets, including the Russian Joseph Brodsky, who lived and worked in the US after being exiled in the 1970s, and the Irish Seamus Heaney, who also taught in Boston.
His book-length work, Omeros (1990), was modelled on the epics of Homer and sang the history of St. Lucia. Walcott was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992, the first Caribbean writer to receive the honor. The Nobel committee described his work as “a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.”[2]
His later poetry collections include Tiepolo’s Hound (2000), illustrated with copies of his watercolors;[11] The Prodigal (2004), and White Egrets (2010), which received the T.S. Eliot Prize.[2][8]
In 2009, Walcott began a three-year distinguished scholar-in-residence position at the University of Alberta. In 2010, he became Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.[12]

[edit] Oxford Professor of Poetry candidacy

In 2009, Walcott was a leading candidate for the position of Oxford Professor of Poetry. He withdrew his candidacy after reports of documented accusations against him of sexual harassment from 1981 and 1996.[13] (The latter case was settled by Boston University out of court.)[14] When the media learned that pages from an American book on the topic were sent anonymously to a number of Oxford academics, its interest was further aroused in the university decisions.[15][16]
Ruth Padel, also a chief candidate, was elected to the post. Within days, The Telegraph reported that she had alerted journalists to the harassment cases.[17][18] Under severe media and academic pressure, Padel resigned.[17][19] Padel was the first woman to be elected to the Oxford post, and journalists including Libby Purves, Yasmin Alibhai Brown, the American Macy Halford and the Canadian Suzanne Gardner attributed the criticism of her to misogyny[20][21] and a gender war at Oxford. They said that a male poet would not have been so criticized, as she had reported published information, not rumor.[22][23]
Numerous respected poets, including Seamus Heaney and Al Alvarez, published a letter of support for Walcott in the Times Literary Supplement, and criticized the press furore.[24] Other commentators suggested that both poets were casualties of the media interest in an internal university affair, because the story "had everything, from sex claims to allegations of character assassination".[25] Simon Armitage and other poets expressed regret at Padel's resignation.[26][27]

Themes

Methodism and spirituality have played a significant role from the beginning in Walcott's work. He commented, "I have never separated the writing of poetry from prayer. I have grown up believing it is a vocation, a religious vocation." He describes the experience of the poet:

"the body feels it is melting into what it has seen… the “I” not being important. That is the ecstasy...Ultimately, it’s what Yeats says: 'Such a sweetness flows into the breast that we laugh at everything and everything we look upon is blessed.' That’s always there. It’s a benediction, a transference. It’s gratitude, really. The more of that a poet keeps, the more genuine his nature".[6]

He notes that

"if one thinks a poem is coming on...you do make a retreat, a withdrawal into some kind of silence that cuts out everything around you. What you’re taking on is really not a renewal of your identity but actually a renewal of your anonymity".[6]

Walcott has said his writing was influenced by the work of the American poets, Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, who were also friends.[6]

He has published more than twenty plays, the majority of which have been produced by the Trinidad Theatre Workshop, and have also been widely staged elsewhere. Many of them address, either directly or indirectly, the liminal status of the West Indies in the post-colonial period. Through poetry he also explores the paradoxes and complexities of this legacy.
In his 1970 essay, "What the Twilight Says: An Overture," discussing art and theatre in his native region (from Dream on Monkey Mountain and Other Plays), Walcott reflects on the West Indies as colonized space. He discusses the problems for an artist of a region with little in the way of truly indigenous forms, and with little national or nationalist identity. He states: “We are all strangers here... Our bodies think in one language and move in another". The epistemological effects of colonization inform plays such as Ti-Jean and his Brothers. Mi-Jean, one of the eponymous brothers, is shown to have much information, but to truly know nothing. Every line Mi-Jean recites is rote knowledge gained from the coloniser; he is unable to synthesize it or apply it to his life as a colonised person.

Walcott notes of growing up in West Indian culture:

"what we were deprived of was also our privilege. There was a great joy in making a world that so far, up to then, had been undefined... My generation of West Indian writers has felt such a powerful elation at having the privilege of writing about places and people for the first time and, simultaneously, having behind them the tradition of knowing how well it can be done—by a Defoe, a Dickens, a Richardson." [6]

Walcott identifies as "absolutely a Caribbean writer", a pioneer, helping to make sense of the legacy of deep colonial damage.[6] In such poems as "The Castaway" (1965) and in the play Pantomime (1978), he uses the metaphors of shipwreck and Crusoe to describe the culture and what is required of artists after colonialism and slavery: both the freedom and the challenge to begin again, salvage the best of other cultures and make something new. These images recur in later work as well. He writes, "If we continue to sulk and say, Look at what the slave-owner did, and so forth, we will never mature. While we sit moping or writing morose poems and novels that glorify a non-existent past, then time passes us by."[6]

Walcott's work weaves together a variety of forms, including the folk tale, morality play, allegory, fable and ritual featuring emblematic and mythological characters. His epic book-length poem Omeros (1990), is an allusive, loose reworking of Homeric story and tradition into a journey within the Caribbean and beyond to Africa, New England, the American West, Canada, and London, with frequent reference to the Greek Islands. His odysseys are not the realm of gods or warriors, but are peopled by everyday folk. Composed in terza rima and organized by rhyme and meter, the work explores the themes that run through Walcott's oeuvre: the beauty of the islands, the colonial burden, fragmentation of Caribbean identity, and the role of the poet in salving the rents among them.[5]

The poet Joseph Brodsky, a friend of Walcott, commented:

"For almost forty years his throbbing and relentless lines kept arriving in the English language like tidal waves, coagulating into an archipelago of poems without which the map of modern literature would effectively match wallpaper. He gives us more than himself or 'a world'; he gives us a sense of infinity embodied in the language." [7]

Walcott noted that he, Brodsky, and the Irish poet Seamus Heaney, who all taught in the United States, were a band of poets

"outside the American experience."

يتم الاب قبل الولادة

10-29-2012, 09:53 PM

المشاركة 94

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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توني موريسون

(بالإنكليزية: Toni Morrison) روائية أمريكية-إفريقية مولودة في أوهايو في 18 فبراير 1931، فازت بجائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1993 عن مُجمل أعمالها، وجائزة بوليتزر عن روايتها محبوبة. من رواياتها الأخرى: أكثر العيون زرقة، نشيد سليمان، صولا، وطفل القطران. تُرجمت أعمالها إلى مختلف لغات العالم، ومن بينها العربية.
حياتها المبكرة ومهنتها ولدت توني موريسون في لورين – اوهايو وكانت الطفلة الثانية من بين اربع اطفال في العائلة. كانت موريسون تقرأ باستمرار ومن كتابها المفضلين جين اوستن وليو تولستوي، وكان والدها يروي لها العديد من الحكايات الشعبية عن مجمتمع السود بطرية السرد القصصي والتي ستؤثر لاحقا على أسلوبها في الكتابة. في عام 1949 التحقت موريسون بجامعة هاوارد وفي عام 1953 حصلت على بكلوريوس في الادب الإنكليزي، وفي عام 1955 نالت شهادة الماجستير من جامعة كورنيل.بعد أن نالت الماجستير عملت في جامعة Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas للمدة (1955-1957) ثم عادت لللعمل في جامعة هاوارد ، تزوجت من المهندس المعماري الجامايكي هارولد موريسون في عام 1958 وتطلقت منه عام 1964 بعد أن انجبت منه طفلين بعد الطلاق انتقلت إلى Syracuse ثم إلى New York لتعمل محررة كتب منهجية ثم محررة في المقر الرئيسي لدار النشر راندوم هاوس Random House وهنا لعبت دوري حيوي في دفع ادب السود إلى الواجهة. مهنة الكتابة بدأت موريسون كتابة الروايات الخيالية عندما كانت مشتركة مع مجموعة من الكتاب والشعراء في جامعة هاوارد الذين كانوا يلتقون ويناقشون اعمالهم في أحد المرات ذهبت مورسون إلى الاجتماع وهي تحمل قصة قصيرة عن فتاة سوداء تتوق للحصول على عيون زرقاء وقد طورت هذه القصة فيما بعد لتصبح روايتها الأولى التي تحمل عنوان العين الأكثر زرقة نشرتها عام 1970 كتبت موريسون هذه الرواية في الوقت الذي كانت تربي طفليها وتعمل في جامعة هاوارد، في عام 2000 اختيرت هذه الرواية كواحدة من مختارات نادي اوبرا للكتاب. في عام 1975 رشحت روايتها sula التي كتبتها عام 1973 إلى جائزة الكتاب الوطنية، اما روايتها الثالثة نشيد سليمان فقد اختيرت كتاب الشهر وهي أول رواية لكاتب اسود يتم اختيارها بعد رواية الكاتب ريتشارد التي اختيرت عام 1940 وقد حصلت أيضا على جازة النقاد الوطنية. في عام 1987 أصبحت روايتها beloved نقطة حرجة في تاريخ نجاحها عندما فشلت في الفوز بجائزة الكتاب الوطنية وجائزة النقاد الوطنية مما حدا بعدد من الكتاب إلى الاحتجاج ضد اغفال مورسون، ولكن بعد مدة قصيرة فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة Pulitzer Prize for fiction وجائزة الكتاب الأمريكي وفي نفس السنة عملت موريسون كاستاذ زائر في Bard College.في عام 1998 تحولت هذه الرواية إلى فلم يحمل نفس الاسم من بطولة اوبرا وينفري ودان كلوفر، ثم استخدمت موريسون قصة حياة ماركريت كارنر في نص ابرالي الف الموسيقى له الفنان ريتشارد دانيبلور. كما رشحت، The New York Times Book Review هذه الرواية في عام 2006 كأفضل رواية أمريكية نشرت خلال الخمس وعشرون سنة الماضية. في عام 1993 حصلت موريسون على جائزة نوبل للاداب وجاء في كلمة المؤسسة المانحة للجائزة " تميزت روايات موريسون بقوة البصيرة والمضمون الشاعري الذي يمنح الواقع الأمريكي ملامحه الاساسية ". حاليا هي اخر أمريكية حصلت على هذه الجائزة. ساهمت موريسون باثراء واغناء التراث الادبي الأمريكي ولهذا منحتها مؤسسة الكتاب الوطنية في عام 1996 ميدالية المساهمة المتميزة في الاداب الأمريكية. على الرغم من أن رواياتها ركزت على النساء السود الا انها ترفض ان يوصف نتاجها الادبي بانه ادب يختص بالحركة النسوية. بالإضافة إلى رواياتها، ساهمت موريسون مع ابنها Slade الذي يعمل رسام وموسيقي في تاليف كتب للاطفال، وقد توفي Salade في 22 ديسمبر عام 2010.

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Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon and Beloved. She also was commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005. She won the Nobel Prize in 1993 and in 1987 the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved. On 29 May 2012, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Early life and career

Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford.

She is the second of four children in a working-class family. As a child, Morrison read fervently; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrison's father told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).[3]
In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University, where she received a B.A. in English in 1953. She earned a Master of Arts degree in English from Cornell University in 1955, for which she wrote a thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf.

After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas (1955–57), then returned to Howard to teach English. She became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

In 1958 she married Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect and fellow faculty member at Howard University. They had two children, Harold and Slade, and divorced in 1964. After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. A year and a half later, she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House. She also taught at Yale University and Bard College during these years.[4] As an editor, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as Henry Dumas,[5] Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis, and Gayl Jones.[6]

Writing career

Morrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard who met to discuss their work. She went to one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970). She wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard.[4] In 2000 it was chosen as a selection for Oprah's Book Club.[7]
In 1975 her novel Sula (1973) was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award.
In 1987 Morrison's novel Beloved became a critical success. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award, a number of writers protested over the omission.Shortly afterward, it won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and the American Book Award. That same year, Morrison took a visiting professorship at Bard College.
Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, with music by Richard Danielpour. In May 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty-five years.

In 1993 Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." She is currently the last American to have been awarded the honor. Shortly afterward, a fire destroyed her Rockland County, New York home.[2][9]
In 1996 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.[10] Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations,"[11] began with the aphorism, "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.[12]
Morrison was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work."[13]
Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist.[14] She has stated that she thinks "it's off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."[14]
In addition to her novels, Morrison has also co-written books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who worked as a painter and musician. Slade died on December 22, 2010, aged 45.[15]
In 2002, Morrison was invited to serve as the first Mentor in Literature in the inaugural cycle of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative, an international philanthropic programme that pairs masters in their disciplines with emerging talents for a year of one-to-one creative exchange. Out of a very gifted field of candidates, Morrison chose young Australian novelist Julia Leigh as her protégée. Other literature mentors for the initiative include Mario Vargas Llosa (2004), Tahar Ben Jelloun (2006), Wole Soyinka (2008), Hans Magnus Enzensberger (2010) and Margaret Atwood (2012).

Later life

Morrison taught English at two branches of the State University of New York. In 1984 she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.[3]
Though based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation.
At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded her its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. Oxford University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in June 2005.
In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre Museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home." Inspired by her curatorship, Morrison returned to Princeton in Fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home."
In May 2010, Morrison appeared at PEN World Voices for a conversation with Marlene van Niekerk and Kwame Anthony Appiah about South African literature, and specifically, van Niekerk's novel, Agaat.[16]
In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorable Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University during commencement where she delivered a speech of the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth".
On March 15, 2012, she established a residency at Oberlin College.[17]
She is currently a member of the editorial board of The Nation magazine.

Politics

In writing about the impeachment in 1998, Morrison wrote that, since Whitewater, Bill Clinton had been mistreated because of his "Blackness":

Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children’s lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald’s-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.[18]

The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the Congressional Black Caucus honored the former president at its dinner in Washington D.C. on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president."[19]

In the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."[20] In the Democratic primary contest for the 2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton,[21] though expressing admiration and respect for the latter

==
Toni Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, where her parents had moved to escape the problems of southern racism. Her family were migrants, sharecroppers on both sides. Morrison grew up in the black community of Lorain. She spent her childhood in the Midwest and read voraciously, from Jane Austen to Tolstoy. Morrison's father, George Wofford, was a welder, and told her folktales of the black community, transferring his African-American heritage to another generation. In 1949 she entered Howard University in Washington, D.C., America's most distinguished black college. There she changed her name from "Chloe" to "Toni", explaining once that people found "Chloe" too difficult to pronounce. She continued her studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Morrison wrote her thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and VirginiaWoolf, receiving her M.A. in 1955

من اصول افريقية. عائلة فقيرة. وهي مازومة كونها عاشت طفولتها في ظل نظام عنصري اضطر والديها للانتقال الى مكان يجنبهم العنصرية. لا يعرف متى مات والديها.

مأزومة.

10-29-2012, 10:56 PM

المشاركة 95

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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كنزابورو أوي

هو أديب ياباني متحصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب لسنة 1994.

ولد في 31 يناير ? 1931 وتربي في محافظة إهيمه في جزيرة منطقة شيكوكو . عندما تحصل على جائزة نوبل أعلن توقفه عن الكتابة معلنا بأن ابنه من ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة أصبح صوته. رشح للحصول على وسام الثقافة إلا أنه رفضه.

Kenzaburō Ōe (大江健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō?, born January 31, 1935) is a Japanese author and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His works, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social and philosophical issues including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism and existentialism.
Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".[1]

Life
Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura?), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku in Japan.

He was the third son of seven children. Ōe's grandmother taught him art and oral performance.

His grandmother died in 1944, and later that year, Ōe's father died in the Pacific War.

Ōe's mother took over his father's role as educator. The books she bought him - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils—left him with an impression Ōe says "he will carry to the grave".

After attending local school, Ōe transferred to a high school in Matsuyama. At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo and in the following year began studying French Literature at Tokyo University under the direction of Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais.

He began publishing stories in 1957 while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States.

He married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris.
Ōe now lives in Tokyo. He has three children; the eldest son, Hikari, has been brain-damaged since his birth in 1963, and his disability has been a recurring motif in Ōe's writings since.

In 2004, Ōe lent his name and support to those opposing proposed changes in the post-war Japanese constitution of 1947. His views were seen as controversial by those who wanted Japan to abandon the constitutional impediment to "the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes", which is explicitly renounced in Article 9.[2]
In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides". In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing."

Oe has been involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and written books about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to “halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy”.[4] Kenzabu Oe has said that Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as the country renounced war under the postwar Constitution. During a 2012 press conference at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan, Oe called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations".Kenzaburo Oe participated the nuclear energy demonstration in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park in February 2012 with thousands of people. 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, which caused zero deaths, were among the most severe nuclear accidents of the world.

قتل الاب في الحرب وعمره 9 سنوات كما ماتت جدته التي كان لها تأثير كبير عليه في تلك السنة.

يتيم الاب في سن الـ 9.

10-30-2012, 06:43 PM

المشاركة 96

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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شيموس جستين هيني

(بالأيرلندية: Seamus Justin Heaney، واللفظ /ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/‎) هو شاعر أيرلندي ولد سنة 1939م في أيرلندا الشمالية. هو الابن الأكبر لتسعة أطفال لعائلة كاثوليكية في مجتمع زراعي. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1995.
بدأ شيموس هيني بكتابة الشعر حين كان طالباً في الجامعة وكان شعره في الغالب انعكاساً لتجاربه الشخصية وانعكاساً للوضع في مسقط رأسه أيرلندا الشمالية.

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Seamus Heaney (/ˈ ʃ eɪ m ə s ˈ h iː n i /; born 13 April 1939) is an Irish poet, playwright, translator, lecturer and recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born at Mossbawn farmhouse between Castledawson and Toomebridge, he now resides in Dublin.[2][3]
As well as the Nobel Prize in Literature, Heaney has received the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (1968), the E. M. Forster Award (1975), the PEN Translation Prize (1985), the Golden Wreath of Poetry (2001), T. S. Eliot Prize (2006) and two Whitbread Prizes (1996 and 1999).[4][5] He has been a member of Aosdána since its foundation and has been Saoi since 1997. He was both the Harvard and the Oxford Professor of Poetry and was made a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996. Heaney's literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland. On 6 June 2012, he was awarded the Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust For Excellence In Poetry.
Robert Lowell called him "the most important Irish poet since Yeats" and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have echoed the sentiment that he is "the greatest poet of our age".

Early life
Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn, between Castledawson and Toomebridge in Northern Ireland; he was the first of nine children.

In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy, a few miles away, which is now the family home.

His father, Patrick Heaney, was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his real commitment was to cattle-dealing, to which he was introduced by the uncles who had cared for him after the early death of his own parents

Heaney's mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann, came from the McCann family, whose uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill, and whose aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owner's family.

The poet has commented on the fact that his parentage thus contains both the Ireland of the cattle-herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution; he considers this to have been a significant tension in his background.

Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School, and when he was twelve years-old, he won a scholarship to St. Columb's College, a Roman Catholic boarding school situated in Derry.

Heaney's brother, Christopher, was killed in a road accident at the age of four, while Heaney was studying at St. Columb's.

The poems "Mid-Term Break" and "The Blackbird of Glanmore" focus on his brother's death.

Career

1957–1969

For more details on on this part of Heaney's career, see his collections, Death of a Naturalist and Door into the Dark.
In 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queen's University Belfast. During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughes's Lupercal, which spurred him to write poetry. "Suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life," he has said.

He graduated in 1961 with a First Class Honours degree. During teacher training at St Joseph's Teacher Training College in Belfast (now merged with St Mary's, University College), Heaney went on a placement to St Thomas' secondary Intermediate School in west Belfast.

The headmaster of this school was the writer Michael McLaverty from County Monaghan, who introduced Heaney to the poetry of Patrick Kavanagh.With McLaverty's mentorship, Heaney first started to publish poetry, beginning in 1962.

Hillal describes how McLaverty was like a foster father to the younger Belfast poet. In the introduction to McLaverty's Collected works, Heaney summarised the poet's contribution and influence: "His voice was modestly pitched, he never sought the limelight, yet for all that, his place in our literature is secure."[12] Heaney's poem Fosterage, in the sequence Singing School from North (1975) is dedicated to him.
In 1963, Heaney became a lecturer at St Joseph's and in the spring of 1963, after contributing various articles to local magazines, he came to the attention of Philip Hobsbaum, then an English lecturer at Queen's University. Hobsbaum was to set up a Belfast Group of local young poets (to mirror the success he had with the London group) and this would bring Heaney into contact with other Belfast poets such as Derek Mahon and Michael Longley. In August 1965 he married Marie Devlin, a school teacher and native of Ardboe, County Tyrone. (Devlin is a writer herself and, in 1994, published Over Nine Waves, a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends.) Heaney's first book, Eleven Poems, was published in November 1965 for the Queen's University Festival. In 1966, Faber and Faber published his first major volume, called Death of a Naturalist. This collection met with much critical acclaim and went on to win several awards, the Gregory Award for Young Writers and the Geoffrey Faber Prize.[10] Also in 1966, he was appointed as a lecturer in Modern English Literature at Queen's University Belfast and his first son, Michael, was born. A second son, Christopher, was born in 1968. That same year, with Michael Longley, Heaney took part in a reading tour called Room to Rhyme, which led to much exposure for the poet's work. In 1969, his second major volume, Door into the Dark, was published.

=
Biography of Seamus Heaney
His family didn’t have the funds to send him to college, but a scholarship allowed him to attend college and live on campus. He learned Latin and Irish while in school, both of which he would later use in his career. While attending college, Heaney's brother died. He would later write several poems about his brother's death.
Heaney moved to the Queen’s University of Belfast in 1957, and majored in English Literature. After graduating in 1961, he went to the St. Joseph’s Teacher Training College where he learned the skills to become a teacher. While completing a placement program at St. Thomas’ Secondary Intermediate School he met Michael MacLaverty. MacLaverty broadened his horizons by showing him poetry of other poets that he’d never read before.

من عائلة فقيرة. والده كان يعمل في تربية الماشية. لكن واضح ان اهم حدث اثر فيه هو موت اخاه بحادث بينما كان عمر ذلك الاخ 4 سنوات وهذا يعني بأن هذا الموت حدث في طفولة الشاعر. ايضا هناك المدرسة الداخلية ثم الجامعة التي انتقل اليها ليسكن بعيدا عن العائلة.

مأزوم.

10-30-2012, 07:07 PM

المشاركة 97

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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فيسوافا شيمبورسكا

هي شاعرة وباحثة ومترجمة بولندية ولدت في 2 يوليو 1923. حصلت على نوبل للأدب عام 1996. توفيت في 1 فبراير 2012.

حياتها

فيسوافا شيمبورسكا هي شاعرة وباحثة ومترجمة بولندية ولدت في 2 يوليو 1923. تناولت أعمال شيبمورسكا موضوعين أساسيين هما الحرب والإرهاب ونافست مبيعات أعمالها في بولندا أهم الأدباء رغم أنها صرحت في قصيدة لها تدعي " شيء مثل الشعر" أن إثنين من كل ألف شخص يهتمان فعلياً بالفنون. حصلت شيموبرسكا علي جائزة نوبل في الآداب عام 1996 لأن أشعارها استطاعت بدقة متناهية أن تجسد الحقائق الذاتية والتاريخية في صورة تشرذمات بشرية.
تستخدم شيبمورسكا دائماً أساليب أدبية مثل الطباق والسخرية والتناقدات والتصريح المقتضب لإلقاء الضوء علي الوساوس والمواضيع الفلسفية. قصائد شيبمورسكا القصيرة غالباً ما تستحضر إشكاليات وجودية كبيرة تلمس من خلالها مواضيع ذات قيمة أخلاقية وتعكس حالة الإنسان كفرد وكعضو في المجتمع. يتميز أسلوب شيبمورسكا بالاقتضاب ويتميز بالتأمل في بواطن الأشياء وبروحه الفكاهية.
جنت شيبمورسكا صيتها كشاعرة من مجموعة ليست كبيرة من الأعمال فلا يتجاوز عدد قصائدها إلي اليوم المئتين وخمسين. يوصفها من يتعامل معها بالخجل ويقدرها الجميع في الأوساط الأدبية البولندية. تحول بعض إنتاجها إلي أعمال موسيقي وترجمت كتاباتها إلي لغات أوروبية بالإصافة إلي اللغات العبرية والعربية واليابانية والصينية.
استمرت شيبمورسكا في دراستها عن طريق الدروس الخصوصية وقت اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية وعملت في السكك الحديدية وقاومت بشدة فكرة انتقالها إلي ألمانيا لتعمل بنظام للمهاجرين يشبه السخرة. في تلك الفترة بدأت عملها كفنانة فكانت ترسم الصور الموضحة للكتب التعليمية باللغة الإنجليزية.
في عام 1945، درست شيبمورسكا اللغة والأدب البولندي ثم غيرت مجال دراستها إلي علم الاجتماع. في الجامعة بدأت تظهر موهبتها ككاتبة في الأوساط المحلية وفي نفس العام نشرت أولى قصائدها "أبحث عن العالم" في إحدى الجرائد اليومية واستمرت في نشر قصائدها في مختلف الجرائد والمجلات. في عام 1948 اضطرت شيبمورسكا إلى ترك دراستها دون الحصول علي شهادتها بسبب ظروف مادية صعبة وفي نفس العام تزوجت من آدم فلودك ولم يدم زواجهما سوى ستة أعوام، وفي تلك الفترة كانت تعمل مساعدة في مجلة تعليمية تصدر مرتين كل شهر وأيضاً رسامة.
في عام 1953 في الفترة الستالينية في بولندا شاركت في التشهير بالرهبان الكاثوليك الذي حكم عليهم النظام الاشتراكي الحاكم بالإعدام دون سبب حقيقي ولكن الحكم لم ينفذ علي أية حال بسبب موت ستالين.
كان من المفترض لأول كتبها أن ينشر في عام 1949 ولكن الرقابة لم تصرح به زاعمة أنه لا يتماشي مع المناخ الاشتراكي وبالرغم من ذلك استمرت شيبمورسكا في مديح لينين وستالين والشيوعية في كتاباتها مثل قصيدتها التي سمتها "لينين" في أول مجموعة شعرية لها وكانت تدعي "و هذا الذي نحيا من أجله". انضمت شيبمورسكا لحزب العمال البولنديين المتحدين ولكنها ككثير من المفكرين البولنديين تخلت عن أفكارها الشيوعية ولكنها لم تترك الحزب حتي عام 1966.في عام 1957، ربطتها علاقة صداقة بصحفي في جريدة كولتورا التي تنشر في باريس وشاركت فيها واهتمت في تلك الفترة بالتصدي للمحاولات الشيوعية للتصدي لحرية الرأي.
في عام 1953، انضمت لفريق مجلة متخصصة النقد الأدبي كانت تسمي "الحياة الأدبية" وعملت بها حتي عام 1983 وخلال عام أصبح لها عمود خاص للنقد الأدبي اسمه "قراءة غير ملزمة" والكثير من أبحاثها في تلك الفترة نشر في صورة كتب. شاركت في العديد من المجلات الأخرى وكانت تركز جهودها على معارضة النظام الحاكم.

==

Wisława Szymborska-Włodek [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska] (2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. She was described as a "Mozart of Poetry".[1][2] In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors: although she once remarked in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), that no more than two out of a thousand people care for the art.[3]
Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality".[4][5] She became better known internationally as a result of this. Her work has been translated into English and many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese and Chine.

Life

Wisława Szymborska was born on 2 July 1923 in Prowent, Poland (present-day Bnin, Kórnik, Poland), the daughter of Wincenty and Anna (née Rottermund) Szymborski.

Her father was at that time the steward of Count Władysław Zamoyski, a Polish patriot and charitable patron.

After the death of Count Zamoyski in 1924, her family moved to Toruń, and in 1931 to Kraków, where she lived and worked until her death in early 2012.

When World War II broke out in 1939, she continued her education in underground classes. From 1943, she worked as a railroad employee and managed to avoid being deported to Germany as a forced labourer. It was during this time that her career as an artist began with illustrations for an English-language textbook. She also began writing stories and occasional poems. Beginning in 1945, she began studying Polish literature before switching to sociology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.[2] There she soon became involved in the local writing scene, and met and was influenced by Czesław Miłosz. In March 1945, she published her first poem "Szukam słowa" ("Looking for words") in the daily newspaper, Dziennik Polski. Her poems continued to be published in various newspapers and periodicals for a number of years.[2][6] In 1948, she quit her studies without a degree, due to her poor financial circumstances; the same year, she married poet Adam Włodek, whom she divorced in 1954 (they remained close until Włodek's death in 1986).[2] The union was childless. Around the time of her marriage she was working as a secretary for an educational biweekly magazine as well as an illustrator.
Her first book was to be published in 1949, but did not pass censorship as it "did not meet socialist requirements". Like many other intellectuals in post-war Poland, however, Szymborska adhered to the People's Republic of Poland's (PRL) official ideology early in her career, signing an infamous political petition from 8 February 1953, condemning Polish priests accused of treason in a show trial.[7][8][9] Her early work supported socialist themes, as seen in her debut collection Dlatego żyjemy (That is what we are living for), containing the poems "Lenin" and "Młodzieży budującej Nową Hutę" ("For the Youth who are building Nowa Huta"), about the construction of a Stalinist industrial town near Kraków.[2] She became a member of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party.
Like many communist intellectuals initially close to the official party line, Szymborska gradually grew estranged from socialist ideology and renounced her earlier political work.[2] Although she did not officially leave the party until 1966, she began to establish contacts with dissidents.[2] As early as 1957, she befriended Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the influential Paris-based emigré journal Kultura, to which she also contributed. In 1964, she opposed a Communist-backed protest to The Times against independent intellectuals, demanding freedom of speech instead.[10]
In 1953, Szymborska joined the staff of the literary review magazine Życie Literackie (Literary Life), where she continued to work until 1981 and from 1968 ran her own book review column, called Lektury Nadobowiązkowe.[2] Many of her essays from this period were later published in book form. From 1981–83, she was an editor of the Kraków-based monthly periodical, NaGlos (OutLoud). In the 1980s, she intensified her oppositional activities, contributing to the samizdat periodical Arka under the pseudonym "Stańczykówna", as well as to the Paris-based Kultura. The final collection published while Szymborska was still alive, Dwukropek, was chosen as the best book of 2006 by readers of Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza.[2] She also translated French literature into Polish, in particular Baroque poetry and the works of Agrippa d'Aubigné. In Germany, Szymborska was associated with her translator Karl Dedecius, who did much to popularize her works there.

Death

Wisława Szymborska died 1 February 2012 at home in Kraków, aged 88.[11] Her personal assistant, Michał Rusinek, confirmed the information and said that she "died peacefully, in her sleep".[1][12] She was surrounded by friends and relatives at the time.[2] Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski described her death on Twitter as an "irrepairable loss to Poland's culture".[2]
She was working on new poetry right until her death, though she was unable to arrange her final efforts for a book in the way she would have wanted. Her last poetry will be published later in 2012.

Themes
Szymborska frequently employed literary devices such as irony, paradox, contradiction and understatement, to illuminate philosophical themes and obsessions. Many of her poems feature war and terrorism.[13] In "Calling out to the Yeti" (1957), she compared Joseph Stalin to the abominable snowman.[1][2]
She wrote from unusual points of view, such as a cat in the newly empty apartment of its dead owner.[2] Her reputation rests on a relatively small body of work, fewer than 350 poems. When asked why she had published so few poems, she said: "I have a trash can in my home".
==
Recurring themes of her work include war, torture, death and the passage of time, and though highly contemplative, she never manoeuvered away from the subject at hand.

Born outside Poznań in 1923, her family soon moved to Kraków where she would quietly spend the rest of her life. During Nazi occupation Szymborska secretly attended an underground secondary school and after the war studied literature and sociology at Jagiellonian University, dropping out before getting a degree due to financial problems. It was during this time that she first began publishing her poetry and had a short-lived six year marriage with fellow poet Adam Włodek. Like many of her contemporaries, Szymborska’s early work adhered to official Soviet ideology and her first two collections – 1952’s Dlatego Żyjemy (That’s What We Are Living For) and 1954’s Pytanie Zadawanie Sobie (Questions Put to Myself) – later become known as her Stalinist period. By 1957 she had denounced her early work, and was later involved in the Solidarity movement to overthrow Poland’s communist government, writing under a pseudonym in the underground and foreign presses during martial law

لا يعرف متى مات والديها والقليل من التفاصيل متوفرة عن طفولتها.

مجهولة الطفولة.

10-30-2012, 09:43 PM

المشاركة 98

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



داريو فو

هو أديب ومسرحي إيطالي ولد قرب فاريزي يوم 24 مارس 1926 متحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1997
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Dario Fo (born 24 March 1926) is an Italian satirist, playwright, theatre director, actor, composer and recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature. His dramatic work employs comedic methods of the ancient Italian commedia dell'arte, a theatrical style popular with the working classes.
Fo's works are characterised by criticisms of organised crime, political corruption, political murders, most of the Catholic Church doctrine and conflict in the Middle East. His plays often depend on improvisation, commedia dell'arte style. His plays, especially Mistero Buffo, have been translated into 30 languages and, when performed outside Italy, they are often modified to reflect local political and other issues. Fo encourages directors and translators to modify his plays as they see fit, as he finds this in accordance to the commedia dell'arte tradition of on-stage improvisation.
Fo currently owns and operates a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. Upon awarding him the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature, the committee highlighted Fo as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".[1]

Early life
Fo was born in Sangiano, in the province of Varese, near the eastern shore of Lago Maggiore.

His father, Felice, was a stationmaster for the Italian state railway, and the family frequently moved when Felice was transferred to new postings.

Felice was also an amateur actor and a socialist. Fo learned storytelling from his maternal grandfather and Lombard fishers and glassblowers.

In 1940, Fo moved to Milan to study architecture at the Brera Academy, but World War II intervened. His family was active in the anti-fascist Resistance and reputedly he helped his father to smuggle refugees and Allied soldiers to Switzerland.

His father helped smuggle Jewish scientists to safety in Switzerland. Near the end of the war, Fo was conscripted into the army of the Republic of Salò, but he escaped and hid for the remainder of the war in an attic.

After the war Fo continued his architectural studies in Milan. Initially he commuted from Lago Maggiore, but soon his family moved to Milan. There Fo became involved in the piccoli teatri (small theatres) movement, in which he began to present improvised monologues. In 1950 he began to work for Franco Parenti's theatre company, and gradually abandoned his work as an assistant architect.

1950s
In 1951, Fo met Franca Rame, daughter of a theatrical family, when they were working in the revue Sette giorni a Milano, and they eventually became engaged. In 1951 he was invited to perform a radio play Cocorico on RAI (Italian national radio). He made 18 satirical monologues where he adapted biblical tales as political satire. Scandalized authorities cancelled the show. In 1953, Fo wrote and directed a satirical play Il dito nell'occhio. After initial success both government and Church authorities censored his work and the theatre company had trouble finding theatres in which to perform it. Rame and Fo were married on 24 June 1954. They had a son, Jacopo (born 31 March 1955), who also became a writer.
In 1955, Fo and Rame worked in movie production in Rome. Fo became a screenwriter and worked for many productions, including those of Dino De Laurentiis. Rame worked in Teatro Stabile of Bolzano. In 1956 Fo and Rame were together in the Carlo Lizzani's film Lo svitato. Other movies followed. In 1959, the couple returned to Milan and founded the Compagnia Dario Fo-Franca Rame. Fo wrote scripts, acted, directed, and designed costumes and stage paraphernalia. Rame took care of the administration. The company débuted in Piccolo Teatro and then initiated its first annual nationwide tour.[citation needed]

10-30-2012, 10:38 PM

المشاركة 99

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



جوزيه دي سوزا ساراماغو

(بالبرتغالية José de Sousa Saramago)‏ (16 نوفمبر 1922 - 18 يونيو 2010) روائي حائز على جائزة نوبل للأدب وكاتب مسرحي وصحفي برتغالي. مؤلفاته، التي يمكن اعتبار بعضها أمثولات، تستعرض عادة أحداثا تاريخية من وجهة نظر مختلفة تتمركز حول العنصر الإنساني.
حاز ساراماغو على جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1998. في سنوات حياته الأخيرة، منذ 1992، قطن في لانزاروت في جزر الكناري [1].
محتويات

سيرته

ولد يوم 16 نوفمبر 1922 في أزينهاغا (وسط البرتغال) لعائلة من فقراء المزارعين، عام 1924 انتقلت عائلته للسكن في لشبونة.

بدأ حياته صانعا للأقفال ثم صحافيا ومترجما قبل أن يكرس وقته كليا للأدب.
أصدر روايته الأولى "أرض الخطيئة" عام 1947 وتوقف عن الكتابة ما يقرب العشرين عاما ليصدر عام 1966 ديوانه الشعري الأول قصائد محتملة.
أصدر نحو عشرين كتابا ويعتبره النقاد واحدا من أهم الكتاب في البرتغال بفضل رواياته المتعددة الأصوات والتي تستعيد التاريخ البرتغالي بتهكم دقيق قريب من الاسلوب الذي اعتمده فولتير.
عضو في الحزب الشيوعي البرتغالي منذ عام 1959.
حصل على جائزة نادي القلم الدولي عام 1982 وعلى جائزة كأمويس البرتغالية عام 1995.
في أكتوبر من عام 1998 منح جائزة نوبل في الأدب.
نشط في في محاربة العولمة كما هو من المشككين في الرواية الرسمية لأحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001.

وفاته

توفي في 18 يونيو 2010 عن عمر يناهز 87 عاما في بيته القائم في لانزاروت في جزر الكناري حيث أقام منذ سنة 1992.
من أعماله

وجيز الرسم والخط 1976 (صدرت ترجمتها عن الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب بعنوان (كتاب الرسم والخط) سلسلة الجوائز)
ليفنتادو دوتشار 1980
الاله الاكتع 1982
سنة موت ريكاردوس 1984
الطوف الحجري 1986
قصة حصار لشبونة 1989
العمى 1995
كل الأسماء 2002
الانجيل بحسب يسوع المسيح 1992
البصيرة (صدرت ترجمتها عن الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب- س الجوائز)
الكهف (صدرت ترجمتها عن الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب بعنوان (كتاب الرسم والخط) س الجوائز)
==

José de Sousa Saramago, 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Portuguese novelist, poet, playwright, journalist and recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the human factor. Harold Bloom has described Saramago as "a permanent part of the Western canon".[2]

Awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature,[3] more than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.[4][5] He founded the National Front for the Defence of Culture (Lisbon, 1992) with Freitas-Magalhães and others. A proponent of libertarian communism,[6] Saramago came into conflict with some groups, such as the Catholic Church. Saramago was an atheist who defended love as an instrument to improve the human condition.
In 1992, the Portuguese government, under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, ordered the removal of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ from the European Literary Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political censorship of his work, Saramago went into exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote, upon which he resided until his death in 2010.[8]the time of his death, Saramago was married to Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio, and had a daughter from a previous marriage.[9] The European Writers’ Parliament came about as a result of a joint proposal by Saramago and Orhan Pamuk; Saramago was expected to speak as the guest of honour at the EWP however he died before its opening ceremony in 2010.[10]
Early and middle life
Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in Ribatejo Province some hundred kilometers northeast of Lisbon.[

His parents were José de Sousa and Maria de Piedade.
"Saramago", a wild herbaceous plant known in English as the wild radish, was his father's family's nickname, and was accidentally incorporated into his name upon registration of his birth.[8] In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died.

He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig trees, olive trees.

And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying good-bye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling."[11] Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12. After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper Diário de Notícias, a position he had to leave after the democratic revolution in 1974.[8]
After a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself as a writer. Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947.[8] In 1986 he met the Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio. They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Pilar Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.

[Later life and international acclaim

Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, Memorial do Convento (literally, Memoir of the Convent). A baroque tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda, by Giovanni Pontiero, brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership.[8][12] This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.
He became a member of the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained so until the end of his life.[13] Saramago was also an atheist [14] and self-described pessimist.[15] His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.[16] Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of Jesus and particularly God as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government, then led by prime minister Cavaco Silva, would not allow Saramago's work to compete for the European Literary Prize, arguing

لا يعرف متى مات والديه لكن اهم حدث في حياته على ما يبدو موت اخاه وهو في سن 4 سنه.

مجهول الطفولة.

10-30-2012, 10:47 PM

المشاركة 100

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



غونتر غراس

(بالألمانية: Günter Grass) ولد في 16 أكتوبر1927 في مدينة دانتسيغ (ضمت إلى بولندا بعد الحرب العالمية التانية). شارك غونتر غراس سنة 1944 في الحرب العالمية الثانية كمساعد في سلاح الطيران الألماني. وبعد انتهاء الحرب وقع سنة 1946 في أسر القوات الأمريكية إلى أن أطلق سراحه في نفس السنة.
يعد غونتر غراس أحد أهم الأدباء الألمان في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية, حاز على جائزة نوبل للآداب سنة 1999. وهو يعيش اليوم بالقرب من مدينة لوبيك في شمال ألمانيا.

دراسته الأكاديمية

درس غونتر غراس فن النحت في مدينة دوسلدورف الألمانية لمدة سنتين (1947ـ 1948) ثم أتم دراسته الجامعية في مجمع الفنون في دوسلدورف وجامعة برلين (1946ـ 1956) حيث أكمل دراسته العليا في جامعة برلين للفنون لغاية سنة 1956.
مسيرته الأدبية والكتابية

نالت روايته الطبل والصفيح Die Blechtrommel شهرة عالمية كبيرة وترجم هذا العمل الادبي إلى لغات عالمية كثيرة من بينها العربية أيضا. وهذه الرواية هي جزء من ثلاثيته المعروفة بـ "ثلاثية داينتسيغ"Danziger Trilogie وتضم أيضا الروايتين "القط والفأر" Katz und Maus (1961) و"سنوات الكلاب"Hundejahre (1963) ومن رواياته المشهورة هناك أيضا "مئويتي" Mein Jahrhundert (1999) و"مشية السرطان"Im Krebsgang (2002).
حصل غراس في سنة 1999 على جائزة نوبل للآداب عن دوره في إثراء الأدب العالمي وخصوصا في ثلاثيته الشهيرة "ثلاثية داينتسيغ" بالإضافة إلى جوائز محلية كثيرة منها جائزة كارل فون اوسيتسكي Carl von Ossietzky سنة 1967 وجائزة الأدب من قبل مجمع بافاريا للعلوم والفنون سنة 1994.وفي سنة 2005 حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة برلين.
فيما يلي لائحة لأهم كتاباته الادبية:

الكتابات السردية

ثلاثية داينتسيغ Danziger Trilogie

الطبل والصفيح Die Blechtrommel (1959)
القط والفأر Katz und Maus (1961
سنوات الكلاب Hundejahre (1963

تخدير جزئي Örtlich betäubt (1969
اللقاء في تيلكتي Das Treffen in Telgte 1979
الفأرة Die Rättin (1986)
مئويتي Mein Jahrhundert 1999
مشية السرطان Im Krebsgang 2002
الرقصات الأخيرة Letzte Tänze 2003

مسرحيات

الطهاة الاشرار Die bösen Köche 1956
الفيضان Hochwasser 1957

كتابات شعرية

(Die Vorzüge der Windhühner (1956
(Gleisdreieck (1960
(Ausgefragt (1967
(Gesammelte Gedichte (1971
(Lyrische Beute (2004
==

Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927) is a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely regarded as Germany's most famous living writer.[1][2][3][4]
Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). In 1945, he came to West Germany as a homeless refugee, though in his fiction he frequently returns to the Danzig of his childhood.
Grass is best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959), a key text in European magic realism, and the first part of his Danzig Trilogy, which also includes Cat and Mouse and Dog Years. His works are frequently considered to have a left-wing political dimension and Grass has been an active supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Tin Drum was adapted into a film, which won both the 1979 Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The Swedish Academy, upon awarding him the Nobel Prize in Literature, noted him as a writer "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history".]

Early life

Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig on 16 October 1927, to Wilhelm Grass (1899–1979), a Protestant ethnic German, and Helene (Knoff) Grass (1898–1954), a Roman Catholic of Kashubian-Polish origin. Grass was raised a Catholic. His parents had a grocery store with an attached apartment in Danzig-Langfuhr (now Gdańsk Wrzeszcz). He has one sister, who was born in 1930.
Grass attended the Danzig Gymnasium Conradinum. In 1943 he became a Luftwaffenhelfer, then he was conscripted into the Reichsarbeitsdienst. In November 1944, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, he volunteered for submarine service with the Kriegsmarine, "to get out of the confinement he felt as a teenager in his parents' house" which he considered stuffy Catholic lower middle class.

However, he was not accepted by the Navy and instead was drafted into the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg.[ He saw combat with the Panzer Division from February 1945 until he was wounded on 20 April 1945.

He was captured in Marienbad and sent to an American prisoner-of-war camp.

Danzig had been captured by the Soviet Army and was then annexed by Poland, which expelled its German population. Grass could not return home and found refuge in western Germany.

His military service became the subject of debate in 2006, after he disclosed in an interview and a book that he had been conscripted into the Waffen-SS while a teenager in late 1944.[ At that point of the war, youths could be conscripted into the Waffen-SS instead of the regular Armed Forces (Wehrmacht), although Grass' division functioned like a regular Panzer division.
In 1946 and 1947 he worked in a mine and received training in stonemasonry. For many years he studied sculpture and graphics, first at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, then at the Berlin University of the Arts. Grass worked as an author, graphic designer, and sculptor, traveling frequently. He married in 1954 and since 1960 has lived in Berlin as well as part-time in Schleswig-Holstein. Divorced in 1978, he remarried in 1979. From 1983 to 1986 he held the presidency of the Berlin Academy of the Arts

مأزوم بسبب مشاركته في الحرب وهو في سن 17 ثم اصابته بجراح ثم وقوعه في الاسر ثم غربته عن مكان مولده ولجوءه الى المانيا الغربية.

مأزوم.