Astrid Lindgren
Bibliography

أشهر كاتبة عرفها أدب الطفل على مر التاريخ
-ولدت استريد ليندجرين (Astrid Lindgren) في 14 نوفمبر 1907 في مدينة فيمربي بوسط السويد.
-بدأت استريد في كتابة القصص عند سن 37 وكانت قصة اليتيمة المتمردة “بيبي لونجستوكينج” أو “جنان ذات الجورب الطويل” أول وأشهر كتبها التي بلغت سبعة ملايين نسخة ثم تحولت بعد ذلك إلى دراما، و ترجمت إلى جميع لغات العالم، وبلغ عدد كتبها أكثر من 100 قصة وكتاب، ترجمت غالبيتها إلى 76 لغة من لغات العالم المعروفة، وتم بيع ملايين النسخ منها حول العالم.
-لقبت استريد بـ (معلمة الأجيال) السويدية، والغريب أن انطلاقتها كانت مجرد نتيجة للحظة طفولية بريئة تقول عنها في إحدى التصريحات: “بدايتي الحقيقية، ككاتبة أطفال بدأت في عام 1941 عندما أصيبت ابنتي كارين بمرض التهاب الرئة وهي في السابعة من عمرها، في كل يوم، وأنا أجلس بجانب سريرها، كانت تلح علي لقص حكايات لها، وفي إحدى المرات سألتها: أي الحكايات تريدين؟ فأجابت: حكاية بيبي ذات الجوارب الطويلة، لقد اخترعت هي هذا الاسم في لمح البصر، لهذا لم أسألها أي شيء، فقط بدأت بسرد القصة، ولأن الاسم غريب فقد سردت حكاية غريبة أيضا، بعد وقت أحبت ابنتي هذه الحكاية وأحبها أصدقاؤها، وبقيت ولسنوات أحكي لهم حكايات بيبي”.

Poems


by Paul Celan, Romania/France, (1920-1970)


The first Anvil edition of this book was awarded the EC's inaugural European Translation Prize in 1990. Paul Celan is among the most important German-language poets of the century, and, in George Steiner's words, 'almost certainly the major European poet of the period after 1945.' He was born in 1920 into a Jewish family in Bukovina, a German enclave in Romania which was destroyed by the Nazis. His parents were taken to a concentration camp in 1942, and did not return; Celan managed to escape deportation and to survive. After settling in Paris in 1948, he soon gained widespread recognition as a poet with the publication of his first collection of poems in 1952. Language, Paul Celan said, was the only thing that remained intact for him after the war. His experiences of the war years and of the loss of his parents are the recurrent themes of his poetry. In the end they led as well to his suicide by drowning in 1970.This third Anvil edition of Michael Hamburger's selected translations now includes the previously uncollected longer poem "Wolf's Bean", several additional short poems, and the essay "On Translating Celan" in which he discusses the challenges faced over many years in his engagement with Celan's poetry. The first Anvil edition of this book was awarded the EC's inaugural European Translation Prize in 1990.

Paul Celan
(23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a Romanian poet and translator. He was born as Paul Antschel into a Jewish family in the former Kingdom of Romania (now Ukraine), and changed his name to "Paul Celan" (where Celan in Romanian would be pronounced Chelan, and was derived from Ancel, pronounced Antshel),[1] becoming one of the major German-language poets of the post-World War II era.

Celan was born in 1920 into a German-speaking Jewish family in Cernăuţi, Northern Bukovina, a region then part of Romania and earlier part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, among others (now part of Ukraine). His father, Leo Antschel, was a Zionist who advocated his son's education in Hebrew at Safah Ivriah, an institution previously convinced of the wisdom of assimilation into Austrian culture, and one which favourably received Chaim Weizmann of the World Zionist Organization in 1927.
His mother, Fritzi, was an avid reader of German literature who insisted German be the language of the house. After his Bar Mitzvah in 1933, Celan abandoned Zionism (at least to some extent) and finished his formal Hebrew education, instead becoming active in Jewish Socialist organizations and fostering support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War. His earliest known poem, titled Mother's Day 1938 was an earnest, if sentimental, profession of love. In 1934, fourteen-year old Paul wrote a letter to his aunt Minna in Palestine, in which there is the eloquent phrase: "With regard to anti-Semitism in our school, I could write you a 300-page book."
Paul chose the "Lyceum Mihai great governor" (now Chernivtsi school No. 5 before school No. 23), where he studied from 1934 until 1938; the students there had ample opportunity to develop their language and literary skills. At this time Celan began to secretly write poetry. Celan graduated from the gymnasium/preparatory school called Liceul Marele Voivod Mihai (Great Voivode Mihai Prep School) in 1938.[2]
In 1938 Celan traveled to Tours, France, to study medicine. The Anschluss precluded Vienna, and Romanian schools were harder to get into due to the newly-imposed Jewish quota. He returned to Cernăuţi in 1939 to study literature and Romance languages. His journey to France took him through Berlin as the events of Kristallnacht unfolded, and also introduced him to his uncle, Bruno Schrager, who was later among the French detainees who died at Birkenau.

The Soviet occupation of Bukovina in June 1940 deprived Celan of any lingering illusions about Stalinism and Soviet Communism stemming from his earlier socialist engagements; the Soviets quickly imposed bureaucratic reforms on the university where he was studying Romance philology and deportations to Siberia started. Nazi Germany and Romania brought ghettos, internment, and forced labour a year later (see Romania during World War II).
On arrival in Cernăuţi July 1941 the German SSEinsatzkommando and their Romanian allies set the city's Great Synagogue on fire. In October, the Romanians deported a large number of Jews after forcing them into a ghetto, where Celan translated William Shakespeare's Sonnets and continued to write his own poetry, all the while being exposed to traditional Yiddish songs and culture. Before the ghetto was dissolved in the fall of that year, Celan was pressed into labor, first clearing the debris of a demolished post office, and then gathering and destroying Russian books.
The local mayor strove to mitigate the harsh circumstances until the governor of Bukovina had the Jews rounded up and deported, starting on a Saturday night in June 1942. Celan tried to convince his parents that they leave the country to escape sure prosection, however they wanted to stay in their home. After an argument about this topic, Celan was so angry with them that he spent the night at a family friend's house. It was this night, June 21, that his parents were taken from their home and sent by train to an internment camp in Transnistria, where two-thirds of the deportees perished. Celan's parents were sent to a labour camp in the Ukraine, where his father likely perished of typhus and his mother was shot dead after being exhausted by forced labour. Later that year, after having himself been taken to a labour camp in the Romanian Old Kingdom, Celan would receive reports of his parents' deaths.
Celan remained imprisoned until February 1944, when the Red Army's advance forced the Romanians to abandon the camps, whereupon he returned to Cernăuţi shortly before the Soviets returned to reassert their control. There, he worked briefly as a nurse in the mental hospital. Early versions of "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue") were circulated at this time, a poem that clearly relied on accounts coming from the now-liberated camps in Poland. Friends from this period recall Celan expressing immense guilt over his separation from his parents, whom he had tried to convince to go into hiding prior to the deportations, shortly before their death.

Considering emigration to Palestine and wary of widespread Soviet antisemitism, Celan left the USSR in 1945 for Bucharest, where he remained until 1947. He was active in the Jewish literary community as both a translator of Russian literature into Romanian, and as a poet, publishing his work under a variety of pseudonyms. The literary scene of the time was richly populated with surrealists – Gellu Naum, Ilarie Voronca, Gherasim Luca, Paul Păun, and Dolfi Trost – and it was in this period that Celan developed pseudonyms both for himself and his friends, including the one he took as his pen name.
A version of "Todesfuge" appeared as "Tangoul Morţii" ("Death Tango") in a Romanian translation of May 1947. The surrealist ferment of the time was such that additional remarks had to be published explaining that the dancing and musical performances of the poem were realities of the extermination camp life. Night and Fog, the earliest documentary on Auschwitz (Alain Resnais, 1955), includes a description of the Auschwitz Orchestra, an institution organized by the SS to assemble and play selections of German dances and popular songs. (The SS man interviewed by Claude Lanzmann for his film Shoah, who rehearsed the songs prisoners were made to sing in the death camp, remarked that no Jews who had taught the songs survived.)

Due to the emerging of the communist regime in Romania, Celan fled Romania for Vienna, Austria. It was there that he befriended Ingeborg Bachmann, who had just completed a dissertation on Martin Heidegger. Facing a city divided between occupying powers and with little resemblance to the mythic city it once was, which had harboured the then-shattered Austro-Hungarian Jewish community, he moved to Paris in 1948. In that year his first poetry collection, Der Sand aus den Urnen ("Sand from the Urns"), was published in Vienna by A. Sexl. His first few years in Paris were marked by intense feelings of loneliness and isolation, as expressed in letters to his colleagues, including his longtime friend from Cernăuţi, Petre Solomon. It was also during this time that he exchanged many letters with Diet Kloos, a young Dutch singer and anti-Nazi resister who saw her husband of a few months tortured to death. She visited him twice in Paris between 1949 and 1951.
In 1952, Celan's writing began to gain recognition when he read his poetry on his first reading trip to Germany[3] where he was invited to read at the semiannual meetings of Group 47.[4] At their May meeting he read his poem "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue"), a depiction of concentration camp life. His reading style, which was maybe based on the way a prayer is given in a synagogue and Hungarian folk poems, was off-putting to some of the German audience. His poetry received a mixed reaction.[3] When Ingeborg Bachmann, with whom Celan had an affair, won the group's prize for her collection Die gestundete Zeit (The Extended Hours), Celan (whose work had received only six votes) said "After the meeting, only six people remembered my name". He did not attend any other meeting of the group.
In November 1951, he met the graphic artistGisèle de Lestrange, in Paris. He sent her many love letters, influenced by Franz Kafka's correspondence with Milena Jesenska and Felice Bauer. They married on December 21, 1952, despite the opposition of her aristocratic family, and during the following 18 years they wrote over 700 letters, including a very active exchange with Hermann Lenz and his wife, Hanne.[citation needed] He made his living as a translator and lecturer in German at the École Normale Supérieure. He was a close friend of Nelly Sachs, who later won the Nobel Prize for literature.
Celan became a French citizen in 1955 and lived in Paris. Celan's sense of persecution increased after the widow of a friend, the French-German poet Yvan Goll, accused him of having plagiarised her husband's work. Celan was awarded the Bremen Literature Prize in 1958 and the Georg Büchner Prize in 1960.
Celan committed suicide by drowning in the Seine river in Paris, around April 20, 1970

The death of his parents and the experience of the Shoah (The Holocaust) are defining forces in Celan's poetry and his use of language. In his Bremen Prize speech, Celan said of language after Auschwitz that:
Only one thing remained reachable, close and secure amid all losses: language. Yes, language. In spite of everything, it remained secure against loss.
But it had to go through its own lack of answers, through terrifying silence, through the thousand darkness's of murderous speech. It went through. It gave me no words for what was happening, but went through it. Went through and could resurface, 'enriched' by it all.
It has been written, inaccurately perhaps, that German is the only language that allows (us?) to penetrate the horror of Auschwitz, to describe death from within.

- من مواليد 1920 ابن عائلة يهودية. في اوكرانيا.
- سجن واليده في احد مراكز الاعتقال النازي عام 1942 وعمره 22 سنة لكنه نجى هو بنفسه.
- غير اسمه الى بول سيلان ربما لتجنب الاضطهاد النازي.
- قال ان اللغة هي الشي الوحيد الذي بقي له بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وبعد فقدان والديه في مركز الاعتقال المذكور.
- اثر الحرب وفقدان والديه الافاكر الرئيسة التي يعالجها في اشعاره.
- انهى حياته منتحرا في عام 1970 وهو في سن الخمسين.
- كانت اولى قصائدة بعنوان عيد لام عام 1938 .
- عام 1934 وبنما كان في سن 14 كتب رسالة لعمته شكى فيها من التميز العنصري.
- درس في مدرسة داخلية من عام 1934 وحتى عام 1938.
- سجن في مراكز الاعتقال النازي حتى عام 1944.
- عمل في الاتحاد السوفيتي بعد اطلاق سراحه من قبل القوات السوفيتية ممرضا في مستشفى الامراض العقلية.
- كان يشعر بمرارة الذنب لانه انفصل عن والديه والذي حاول انقناعهم بالاختباء قبل اعتقالهم ثم موتهم.
هو حتما مأزوم والادلة كثرة واهمها انه انهى حياته منتحرا وهو في سن الخمسين، وهو يتيم اجتماعي بسبب انصاله عن والديه للدراسة، وعاش طفولة مأساوية بسبب التميز والحرب لكنه ايضا فاقد الاب والام في سن 22 وهو ما يجعله.

Demons (Russian: Бесы, transliteration: Bésy, "demons") is an 1872 novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Though titled The Possessed in the initial English translation, Dostoyevsky scholars and later translations favour the titles The Devils or Demons.
An extremely political book, Demons is a testimonial of life in Imperial Russia in the late 19th century.
As the revolutionarydemocrats begin to rise in Russia, different ideologies begin to collide. Dostoyevsky casts a critical eye on both the left-wing idealists, portraying their ideas and ideological foundation as demonic,[1] and the conservative establishment's ineptitude in dealing with those ideas and their social consequences.
This form of intellectual conservativism tied to the Slavophile movement of Dostoyevsky's day, called Pochvennichestvo, is seen to have continued on into its modern manifestation in individuals like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.[2] Dostoyevsky's novels focus on the idea that utopias and positivist ideas, in being utilitarian, were unrealistic and unobtainable.[3]
The book has five primary ideological characters: Verkhovensky, Shatov, Stavrogin, Stepan Trofimovich, and Kirilov. Through their philosophies, Dostoyevsky describes the political chaos seen in 19th century Russia.

The original Russian title uses a relatively rare word, besy (singular bes), from old Slavic mythology, which means "demons" or "evil spirits" and could be compared to The Beast, which may evoke similar associations, as in "possessed by the beast" or "possessed by demons". It conveys the idea of the gradual collapse of Russian Orthodoxy and the imperceptible spread of besy, "little beasts", "demons" or "evil spirits" symbolizing the oncoming nihilistic concepts of the first half of the 20th century, which gives the original title frightening connotations.
The title has been an ongoing source of confusion among readers unfamiliar with the work. There are at least three popular translations of the title: The Possessed, The Devils, and Demons. This is largely a result of Constance Garnett's earlier translation that popularized the novel and gained it notoriety as The Possessed among English speakers; however, Dostoyevsky scholars said the original translation was inaccurate. These scholars argued that The Possessed "points in the wrong direction" and interpreted the original Russian title Бесы (Besy; the plural of bies, "an evil spirit") as referring not to those who are "possessed" but rather to those who are doing the possessing as "The Possessors". Some insist that the difference is crucial to a full understanding of the novel:
It would be simpler if the title were indeed The Possessed, as it was first translated into English (and into French – a tradition to which Albert Camus contributed in his dramatization of the novel). This misrendering made it possible to speak of Dostoevsky's characters as demoniacs in some unexamined sense, which lends them a certain glamor and even exonerates them to a certain extent. We do see a number of people here behaving as if they were 'possessed.' The implications of the word are almost right, but it points in the wrong direction. And in any case it is not the title Dostoevsky gave his novel. Discovering that the Russian title Besy refers not to possessed but to possessors, we then apply this new term 'demons' to the same set of characters in the same unexamined way – a surprising turnabout, if one thinks of it.[4]
As a result, newer editions of the novel are, rarely if ever, rendered under Garnett's earliest title "The Possessed". A more precise rendering of the Demons (Бесы) as an event and turning point in Russian history would be "The Possessing" of Russia by the demonic ideas or "evil spirits" reflected in the novel's characters.

The novel takes place in a provincial Russian setting, primarily on the estates of Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky and Varvara Stavrogina. Stepan Trofimovich's son, Pyotr Verkhovensky, is an aspiring revolutionary conspirator who attempts to organize a knot of revolutionaries in the area. He considers Varvara Stavrogina's son, Nikolai, central to his plot because he thinks Nikolai Stavrogin has no sympathy for mankind whatsoever.
Verkhovensky gathers conspirators like the philosophizing Shigalyov, suicidal Kirillov, and the former military man Virginsky, and he schemes to solidify their loyalty to him and each other by murdering Ivan Shatov, a fellow conspirator. Verkhovensky plans to have Kirillov, who was committed to killing himself, take credit for the murder in his suicide note. Kirillov complies and Verkhovensky murders Shatov, but his scheme falls apart. He escapes, but the remainder of his aspiring revolutionary crew is arrested. In the denouement of the novel, Nikolai Stavrogin kills himself, tortured by his own misdeeds

لو لم يحضر شقيق زوجة دستويفسكي "سنيتكين" إلىدردسن, ولو لم يحمل معه تفاصيل الحادثة التي فتحت أبواب الشياطين لدستويفسكي, لكانبالإمكان الآن أن نتحدث عن رواية: الخاطئ الكبير". أكبر عمل روائي كان مقدراً له أنيرى النور, وتفرق لعدة أعمال في السنوات اللاحقة لدستويفسكي.

بعد أن ظهرترواية الحرب والسلم لتولستوي بكامل مجلداتها تلقفها القراء والنقاد بكل حماس ولهفة. دستويفسكي أصابته روح المنافسه القائمة آنذاك, فهو يشعر بأن الجمهور لم يستقبل عمله "الأبلة" بمثل مااستقبلت به "الجريمة والعقاب", كبريائه وكرامته معرضتان للخطر, ويجب أن يجذب الإنتباه إليه من جديد. بعد أن شاهد نجاح عمل تولستوي الملحمي, أرادأن يكتب على غرار الحرب والسلم, رواية مؤلفة من خمس مجلدات تقريباً تتناول مسالةالخالق والخطيئة, والأهم : وجود الله وتقديم البراهين على ذلك.

هذا العمللا يستطيع أن يكتبه إلا متشكك كبير مر بتجربة روحية هائلة. من غير دستويفسكي يستطيعأن يكتب مثلها! هذا العمل مستسقى من تجربته العاصفه. حياة الغربة أيقظت فيه المشاعرالمسيحية العميقة والأفكار الدينية الصافية وخلصته من التعنت والمكابرة فجعلته أكثرطيبة وتسامحاً واستسلاماً، الأمر الذي تجلى بأفضل تعبير فى مؤلفاته. بطل القصةسيكون طوال حياته تارة ملحداً, وتارة مؤمنا, ومتعصباً, ومتزمتاً, ثم يعود للإلحادمرة أخرى, وفي الأخير سيختار الإيمان بالله والأرض الروسية.

فكرة العملتقوم على خمس مستويات, القصة الأولى مقدمة عن الفكر الثقافي الروسي بشكل عام, وطفولة ومراهقة البطل, ثم اشتراكة باقتراف جريمة من جرائم الحق العام. القصةالثانية تدرو في أحد الأديرة المسيحية حيث يقيم الأسقف تيخون زادونسكي, ويذهب البطلإلى هذا الدير بضغط من الأهل لطلب العلم والتربية, ثم يسقط هذا الفتى المثقلبالأفكار تحت نيران رجل الدين. فيتعرف على بوشكين وبيلنسكي وعلى أفكار الشبيبةالروسية. القصة الثالثة تحكي فتوة البطل, وسنوات دارسته واهتمامه بالفلسفةوالإلحاد, وهو يظهر الغطرسة والإحتقار العميق للبشرية. تبلغ الطبيعة الإجرامية فيهذا العمل حدها الأقصى. صورة هذا البطل مشابه بشكل كبير لشخصية بتشورين بطل روايةليرمنتوف بطل من هذا الزمان, الكسيح أخلاقياً والكاره للبشر. القصة الرابعة مخصصهللبحث عن أزمة البطل العميقة, ووصف حالة الترحال للبحث عن أجوبة لما يعتمر في عقلهمن أفكار. والجزء الأخير يتم الإعلان عن ولادة الآثم: متشكك روسي يختار بعد ترددطويل بين المدارس الدينية الإيمان بالله والأرض الروسية, ويصبح ودوداً ومحباًللجميع , ويعترف بجريمته.

بقيت هذه الأفكار مجرد خطوط رئيسية لعمل لا يمكنكتابته في الخارج لسبب واحد. تستلزم كتابة هذا العمل قراءة مكتبة كاملة حول الكتابالملحدين, والكتاب الكاثوليك والأرثوذكس, ويجب من أجل كتابة هذه الرواية أن يرجعدستويفسكي إلى الوطن, إلى روسيا. يجب عليه أن أن لا يرى الدير وحسب, بل أن يقيم فيهلبعض الوقت.

عند رسم دستويفسكي الخطوط العريضة لهذه الأفكار حدث الحادث الذيأجهز على الخاطئ, وحول هذا العمل إلى عدة أعمال نشرت في الشياطين, والمراهق, والأخوة كارامازوف. هذا الحادث هو الذي أشعل دستويفسكي ليكتب إحدى خوالده الخمس : الشياطين