ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 32

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Czech-French novelist, essayist, dramatist and poet, one of the major writers of the late 20th century. Kundera's most famous work is The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), which was also made into a successful movie. Kundera has brought the novel toward philosophy and incorporated essayistic elements into his writing, creating his own concept of the novel as "a feast of many courses."
"Conversely, the absolute absence of a burden causes man to be lighter than air, to soar into the heights, take leave of the earth and his earthly being, and become only half real, his movements as free as they are insignificant." (from The Unbearable Lightness of Being)
Milan Kundera was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) into a cultured family. His father, Ludvik Kundera, was a pianist and musicologist. Kundera was educated at Charles University and at the Film Faculty of the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in Prague. Before becoming a professor of literature at the Institute for Advanced Cinematographic Studies in Prague, he worked as a manual laborer and as a jazz pianist.
Kundera joined the Communist Party for the first time in 1948, the year of the communist takeover. He was dispelled in 1950 after criticizing its totalitarian nature, but in the same year, according to a document found in 2008, he informed on Miroslav Dvoracek, a former pilot and purported Western spy, who was later imprisoned for 14 years. Kundera has rejected the charge. "Communism enthralled me in much the way Stravinsky, Picasso and Surrealism had," Kundera once said. In 1956, his membership was reinstated, continuing until 1970.
Until the age of 25, Kundera was more drawn to music than to literature.His first volume of poetry, Clovek zahrada širá, appeared in 1953. Posledni máj (1955) had a positive hero, the Communist militant and writer Julius Fucik, who was executed by the Nazis. These works were praised by the official cultural establishment. Although Kundera's plays were less known in the West, they were highly regarded in his homeland. The Keepers of the Keys (1962), set in a provincial town during the German occupation, has been called one of the most important plays of the post-Stalinist period. In the 1960s, Kundera grew increasingly uneasy with the policy concerning censorship. His three series of short stories, Laughable Loves (1963-69), which dealt with the themes of love, sex, and self-deception, focused on individual characteristics without attacking directly the system itself. In his review of the book Paul Theroux noted, that a "writer who keeps his sanity long enough to ridicule his oppressors, who has enough hope left to make this ridicule into satire, must be congratulated." (The New York Times, July 28, 1974)
Kundera was a member of the editorial board of Literární noviny (1956-59, 1963-68) and Literání listy (1968-69), a mouthpiece of the Prague Spring. At the age of 38, Kundera published his first novel, The Joke (1967), about how reality takes its revenge on those who play with it. The book was published on the eve of Prague Spring, when the grip of Stalinism weakened for a period. After the Russians invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, Kundera became one of the authors, whose books were removed from libraries and banned from legal publication. In 1969, Kundera was fired from his teaching post.
Since 1975, Kundera has lived in France with his wife, Vera Hrabánková. In 1981, two years after the Czech government deprived him of his citizenship, he became a French citizen. From 1975 to 1980 Kundera worked as a professor of comparative literature at the University of Rennes. In 1980 he was appointed professor at École des Hautes Études, Paris. Kundera's many awards include the Writers House prize (1961, 1969), Klement Lukes prize (1963), Czechoslovak Writers' Union prize (1968), Médicis Prize (1973), Mondello prize (1978), Commonwealth award (1984), Europa prize (1982), Los Angeles Times award (1984), Jerusalem prize (1984), Académie Française Critics prize (1987), Nelly Sachs prize (1987), Osterrichischeve state prize (1987), Independent award for foreign fiction (1991).
Kundera made his international breakthrough with The Unbearable Lightness of Being, set in 1968 Czechoslovakia, just prior to the Soviet occupation. The protagonist in the story of four relationships is a Prague surgeon Thomas, who is trapped between love and freedom, politics and eroticism. At the beginning of the novel Kundera refers to the myth of eternal return - a "life which disappears once and for all, which does not return, is like a shadow, without weight, dead in advance". But if everything recurs in the same manner ad indefinitum "the weight of unbearable responsibility lies heavy on every move we make." Kundera asks, which one is more preferable of the opposing poles, weight or lightness? Life is Elsewhere (1973), Kundera's second novel which was immediately banned in Czechoslovakia, won the prestigious Médicis Prize. The original Czech text was published in 1979 by the émigré press run by Josef Škvorecký, Kundera's friend, who had settled in Canada in 1969. Again, the central theme is misunderstanding of reality. In the story a young Communist poet, Jaromir, who is dominated by his mother, becomes the elated servant of a Stalinist regime, and dies a meaningless death. Despite political readings of his work, Kundera has refused the label of "dissident writer" and emphasized the autonomy of art from all political ideologies. "If you cannot view the art that comes to you from Prague, Budapest, or Warsaw in any other way than by means of this wretched political code," Kundera once said, "you murder it, no less brutally that the worst of the Stalinist dogmatists."
Kundera has defined the novel as a "poetic meditation on existence." Like Robert Musil (1880-1942), Kundera uses the genre as a vehicle for reflections on the essence of the European culture. Kundera has considered Immortality (1990), which portrays such figures as Goethe and Hemingway, his most accomplished version of the "novel as a debate". Noteworthy, the architecture - or "polyphonic composition" in which the coherence of the work is achieved through thematic unity - of his early novels is mostly based on the number seven. Also Kundera's widely translated collection of essays, The Art of the Novel (1987), was divided into seven parts, as well as the essay novel The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (1979). Kundera's eighth novel, La Lenteur (1994), was written in French. In Ignorance (2000), about memory and forgetting, the homecoming of two Czech émigrés, Josef and Irena, parallels to the story of Odysseus, but with a melancholic aftertaste.

12-20-2011, 09:46 PM

المشاركة 312

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مراقب عام سابقا

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ميلان كونديرا

من أشهر الروائيين التشيكيين اليساريين.
حياته الشخصية

ميلان كونديرا، هو كاتب وفيلسوف تشيكى، ولد في الأول من أبريل عام 1929،لاب وام تشيكيين. كان والده لودفيك كونديراعالم موسيقى ورئيس جامعة جانكيك للآداب والموسيقى ببرنو. تعلم ميلان العزف على البيانو من والده ،ولاحقا درس علم الموسيقى والسينما والآدب، تخرج في العام 1952 وعمل استاذاً مساعداً،ومحاضراً،في كلية السينما في اكاديمية براغ للفنون التمثيلية، في أثناء فترة دراسته، نشر شعراً ومقالاتٍ ومسرحيات ،والتحق بقسم التحرير في عدد من المجلات الادبية. التحق بالحزب الشيوعى في العام 1948 ولكنه فُصل هو والكاتب جان ترافولكا عام 1950 بسبب ملاحظة ميول فردية عليهما، ولكنه عاد بعد ذلك عام 1956 لصفوف الحزب ولكنه فُصل مرة أخرى عام 1970.
نشر في العام 1953 أول دواوينه الشعرية لكنه لم يحظ بالاهتمام الكافى، ولم يُعرف كونديرا ككاتب هام الا عام 1963 بعد نشر مجموعته القصصية الأولى غراميات مضحكة.
فقد كونديرا وظيفته عام 1968 ،بعد الغزو السوفييتى لتشيكوسلوفاكيا ،بعد انخراطه فيما سُمى ربيع براغ،اضطر للهجرة إلى فرنسا عام 1975 بعد منع كتبه من التداول لمدة خمس سنين، وعمل استاذاً مساعداً في جامعة رين ببريتانى (فرنسا)،حصل على الجنسية الفرنسية عام 1981 بعد تقدمه بطلب لذلك بعد إسقاط الجنسية التشيكوسلوفاكية عنه عام 1978 كنتيجة لكتابته كتاب الضحك والنسيان.
وتحت وطأة هذه الظروف والمستجدات في حياته، كتب كونديرا كائن لاتحتمل خفته التي جعلت منه كاتباً عالمياً معروفاًن لما فيها من تأملات فلسفية تنضوي في خانة فكرة العود الأبدي لنيتشة.
وفي عام 1995 قرّر كونديرا أن يجعل من الفرنسية لغة لسانه الأدبي من خلال روايته «البطء». وفي هذا السياق قال فرنسوا ريكار في المقدمة التي كتبها عن كونديرا في «لابليياد» انّه حقق معادلة غريبة بعد كتابته بالفرنسية، إذ شعر قارئ كونديرا بأنّ الفرنسية هي لغته الأصلية التي تفوّق فيها على نفسه. وعنه أيضاً يقول الكاتب البريطاني رينيه جيرار: «انّ المدرسة الأدبية التي ينتمي اليها كونديرا ليست إنكليزية على الإطلاق لكونها لا تولي موضوع العمل أو مضمونه الأولوية، بل الأهمية تكمن في الأسلوب الإبداعي والعمارة الأدبية في شكل عام. وعندما قرأت كونديرا في بودابست قرّرت أن أصبح روائياً تحت تأثير الدهشة والإعجاب بهذا الإبداع. قرّرت أن أكتب وإنما تبعاً لمنهج المدرسة الأوروبية وليس البريطانية»
أهم مؤلفاته

" الروايات "

غراميات مضحكة 1963
المزحة 1965
كتاب الضحك والنسيان 1978
الخلود 1988
البطء
كائن لا تحتمل خفته
الحياة هي في مكان آخر
الجهل

12-20-2011, 10:41 PM

المشاركة 313

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http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Kundera.htm

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Milan Kundera

(b. 1st April, 1929)

(Jan Čulík
University of Glasgow)

Milan Kundera is one of the most important contemporary Czech writers. He is one of the few Czech writers who have achieved wide international recognition. In his native Czechoslovakia, Kundera was regarded is an important author and intellectual from his early twenties. Each of his creative works and each of his contributions to the public political and cultural discourse always provoked a lively debate in the context of its time. In the first part of his creative career, Kundera was a communist, although from the inception, his fellow-believers considered him to be an unorthodox thinker. The story of his writing is a story of many Czech intellectuals of his generation: it is the story of freeing themselves of the Marxist dogma and of gaining and communicating important insights, based on the traumatic experience of life under totalitarianism in Central Europe.
The author completed his secondary school studies in Brno in 1948. He then started studying literature and aesthetics at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University, but after two terms he transferred to the Film Academy, where he first attended lectures in film direction and then in script writing. In 1950, he was temporarily forced to interrupt is studies for political reasons. After graduation in 1952 he was appointed as lecturer in world literature at the Film Academy.
Kundera belonged to the generation of young Czechs who had not properly experienced the pre-war democratic Czechoslovak Republic. Their growing up was greatly influenced by the experiences of the Second World War and the German occupation. Paradoxically, the experience of German totalitarianism instilled in these young people a somewhat black-and-white vision of reality. It propelled them towards Marxism and membership of the communist party. Milan Kundera joined the ruling Czechoslovak communist party in 1948, still in his teens.
Milan Kundera is an extremely private person and he guards the details of his personal life as a secret, which is, as he says "nobody's business".
كنديرا متكتم بشكل كبير على حياته الخاصة وهو يحمي نشر اي تفاصيل عن حياته الشخصية حيث يقول ان حياتة لا تعنى احد
In doing this, he has been undoubtedly influenced by the teaching of Czech structuralism, which argues that literary texts should be perceived on their own merits, as self-contained structures of signs, without the interference of extra-literary reality.
In an interview with the British writer Ian McEwan, Kundera said: "We constantly re-write our own biographies and continually give matters new meanings. To re-write history in this sense - indeed, in an Orwellian sense - is not at all inhuman. On the contrary, it is very human." Kundera feels that it is impossible to produce an objective history of politics, just as it is impossible to produce an objective autobiography or a biography.
He strictly controls the public information about his life.
يحاول التحكم بما يصل الجمهور من معلومات عن حياته
In the latest French editions of Kundera's works, his "official biography" consists only of two sentences: "Milan Kundera was born in Czechoslovakia in 1929 and since 1975 has been living in France."
Kundera now rejects and suppresses most of his literary output produced in the 1950s and the 1960s. He asserts the right of the author to exclude from his work "immature" and "unsuccessful" pieces of writing, the way composers do this.
In Majitelé klíčů, a young couple is sharing cramped accomodation with their in-laws in a small Moravian town during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. Young man Jiří Nečas and his twenty-year-old wife Alena live in one room in the small flat, while Alena's narrow-minded and pedantic parents, the Krůtas, live in another room in the same flat. The cramped conditions, the narrow-mindedness of the parents and the uncontrollably destructive emotionalism of particularly the female characters (a typical Kundera theme) are the source of conflict.
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© Dr Jan Čulík, 2000

12-20-2011, 10:51 PM

المشاركة 314

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مراقب عام سابقا

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ميلان كونديرا

- روائي من تشيكوسلفاكيا ولد عام 1029 عاش في المنفى منذ عام 1975
-مات ابوه عام 1971 ولا يتوفر اي معلومة عن امه.
-انضم في مقتبل العمر الى الحزب الشيوعي الذي استلوى على الحكم عام 1948
-انقطع عن الدراسة في مجال الدراسة الفنية عام 1950
-طرد من الحزب بسبب نشاطاته المخالفة للحزب
-اعيد الى الحزب عام 1956
-تم طرده من جديد عام 1970
-اشترك في ربيع براغ عام 1968
-هاجر الى فرنسا عام 1975
-حصل على الجنسية الفرنسية منذ عام 1981
-فقد كونديرا وظيفته عام 1968 ،بعد الغزو السوفييتى لتشيكوسلوفاكيا ،بعد انخراطه فيما سُمى ربيع براغ،اضطر للهجرة إلى فرنسا عام 1975 بعد منع كتبه من التداول لمدة خمس سنين، وعمل استاذاً مساعداً في جامعة رين ببريتانى (فرنسا)،حصل على الجنسية الفرنسية عام 1981 بعد تقدمه بطلب لذلك بعد إسقاط الجنسية التشيكوسلوفاكية عنه عام 1978 كنتيجة لكتابته كتاب الضحك والنسيان.
-وتحت وطأة هذه الظروف والمستجدات في حياته، كتب كونديرا كائن لاتحتمل خفته التي جعلت منه كاتباً عالمياً معروفاًن لما فيها من تأملات فلسفية تنضوي في خانة فكرة العود الأبدي لنيتشة.
-كونديرا متكتم بشكل كبير على حياته الخاصة وهو يحمي نشر اي تفاصيل عن حياته الشخصية حيث يقول ان حياتة لا تعنى احد
-يحاول التحكم بما يصل الجمهور من معلومات عن حياته

صحيح ان حايته حافلة ويمكن اعتبارها ان حياة ازمة نظرا لانها تزامنت مع الحرب العالمية الثانية واحتلال المانيا لبلاده وبسبب ما واجهه من ازمات مع الحزب وضده لكن تفاصيل حياتة حتما مجهولة خاصة تلك التي تخص امه، وواصح انه نتزمت في منع نشر اي معلومات عن حياته الشخصية مما يشير الى ازمة ان لم يكن ازمات لا يردها ان تصل الى الجمهور لكننا سنعتبر طفولته مجهولة.

مجهول الطفولة.

12-22-2011, 11:00 PM

المشاركة 315

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والان مع سر الروعة في رواية:

94 ـ هارون وقصص البحار، للمؤلف سلمان رشدي

. 94- Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie - In this entrancing story Rushdie

plays with the idea of narrative itself.

Haroun and the Sea of Stories is a 1992 children's book by Salman Rushdie. It was Rushdie's first novel after The Satanic Verses. It is a phantasmagorical story that begins in a city so old and ruinous that it has forgotten its name.
Haroun and the Sea of Stories is an allegory for several problems existing in society today, especially in India and the Indian subcontinent. It looks at these problems from the viewpoint of the young protagonist Haroun. Rushdie dedicated this book to his son, Zafar Rushdie, from whom he was separated for some time.
It was made into an audiobook read by Rushdie himself, but the more commonly available 2002 edition of the audiobook was read by Zia Mohyeddin.

Plot summary
The novel opens in the sad city in the country of Alifbay, where Haroun Khalifa lives with his father, a famous storyteller, and his mother. One day, Haroun arrives home from school to learn that his mother has run off with his upstairs neighbor. This neighbor had often been critical of Haroun's father, Rashid, because he did not understand the usefulness of stories. In anger, Haroun assails his father for the uselessness of his stories. This crushes his father. Haroun finds it difficult to concentrate on schoolwork and so his father decides to take him on a storytelling job he is performing for some politicos in the Land of G and the Valley of K. When Rashid attempts to tell his stories, however, no words come out, and the politicos get very mad.
Haroun and Rashid board mail bus bound for the Valley of K. It is driven by a parrot-looking man named Butt who stutters and speaks in riddles. Haroun makes a deal with Butt to drive them on the dangerous road between the Land of G and the Valley of K so that his father can see the Valley of K before sunset in order to attempt to inspire him. Butt drives dangerously and Haroun is worried that he will die. When they reach the beautiful sights of the Valley of K, Rashid tells Haroun that it all reminds him of "khattam-shud," an ancient concept that means silence. When they reach K, Haroun and Rashid meet Mr. Buttoo, the politician, who takes them to his boat on the Dull Lake. As they depart on the lake, they are engulfed in a thick mist.
The mist smells very bad and Haroun realizes that it is a Mist of Misery brought on by his father's foul mood. When the sea begins to rock, Haroun tells everyone to think good thoughts, and when they do, the sea calms. Haroun and Rashid reach the yacht that will take them to their destination the next day. The yacht is very luxurious, but both Rashid and Haroun have difficulty sleeping. Just as Haroun dozes off, he hears a noise in his bedroom. He finds an old man with an onion shaped head, who disappears as soon as he sees Haroun. The old man drops a wrench, which Haroun confiscates. The old man materializes and tells Haroun he is Iff, the Water Genie, and he must have the wrench to turn off the Story Stream for his father, Rashid. When Haroun protests, Iff tells him to take it up with the Walrus in Gup City, Kahani. Haroun demands that the Water Genie take him there, and Iff reluctantly concedes in order to get his wrench back from Haroun.
The Genie tells Haroun to pick a bird and give it a name and it will materialize. He pulls out a handful of tiny magical creatures. Haroun picks the Hoopoe and Iff throws it out the window and into the water where it balloons into a huge bird. They climb on its back and accelerate into space. The Hoopoe looks like Mr. Butt, so Haroun names it Butt the Hoopoe. They are able to communicate telepathically. Butt the Hoopoe lands on the Sea of Stories of Kahani, Earth's second moon, which moves so fast it is undetectable by human instruments. it evenly distributes Story Water across the earth. They land in the ocean so that Iff can give Haroun Wishwater and hopefully bypass meeting the Walrus.
Haroun drinks the Wishwater and wishes for his father's storytelling to return. He can only focus on an image of his mother, however, and after eleven minutes, he loses his concentration. Iff then gives Haroun a cup of water from the Sea that contains a story. Haroun drinks it and then finds himself looking through the eyes of a hero in a Princess Rescue story. As the hero climbs the tower to rescue the princess, he turns into a spider and princess hacks away at him until he falls to the ground. When Haroun wakes from his story, Iff tells him that someone named Khattam-Shud is poisoning the stories.
Haroun, Butt the Hoopoe, and Iff the Water Genie fly to the Land of Gup, where they meet Mali, the Water Gardner, and the Plentimaw fishes. The entire land is preparing for war. The Chupwalas have stolen Princess Batcheat from Gup. In addition, they have polluted the Sea of Stories so that many do not make sense anymore. Prince Bolo, General Kitab, and the Walrus announce their plans for war to the Pages of the Guppee Library (or, army). They bring in a spy with a hood over his head. When the hood is removed, Haroun sees his father.
Rashid tells everyone that he transported to Kahani and was in the twilight strip when he saw the Princess Batcheat captured. The Chupwalas have come under the spell of Cultmaster Khattam-Shud who wants to sacrifice her to Bezaban, an idol to silence. Prince Bolo and General Kitab declare war on Chup and Rashid offers to guide them to the Chupwala encampment. One of the soldiers in the army, Blabbermouth, takes Haroun to his room. They become lost and Haroun knocks the hat off Blabbermouth's head. Long hair falls out and Haroun sees Blabbermouth is a girl. She then entertains him with a juggling act.
The army sails towards Chup, chattering about the causes for the war in a way that Haroun thinks might be mutinous. They enter the land of Darkness and land on the beach. They explore the interior and come upon a dark warrior fighting his own shadow in a kind of seductive dance. The man realizes he is being watched and comes to find the trespassers. The shadow begins to speak. It croaks out unintelligible words until Rashid realizes the warrior is speaking in an ancient gesture language. Rashid interprets the warrior's talk. His name is Mudra and he had been second in command in Chup. He is now fighting against Khattam-Shud in order to bring peace back to Chup. Mudra agrees to help the Guppees defeat Khattam-Shud.
Haroun volunteers to spy for the army because of his love of stories. He, Iff, Butt the Hoopoe, Mali, and the Plentimaw fishes begin to trek towards the Old Zone. The water becomes so poisonous that the fish cannot go on. The remaining crew is suddenly ambushed and captured in nets. They are taken to a giant, black ship. On the deck are cauldrons of poison. To Haroun, it looks like everything is impermanent, like a shadow. Khattam-Shud appears and he is a tiny, weasly, measly man. Haroun realizes that this is Khattam-Shud's shadow that has detached from its owner. The Cultmaster tells them that stories are inefficient and useless and that is why they are being destroyed.
The ship's hull is full of darkness and machines Too Complicated to Explain. The Cultmaster shows them where they are building a great Plug to seal the Story Source at the bottom of the Sea. Haroun sees roots growing through a port window and Mali appears, latching onto the generators and breaking the machines. Haroun breaks free, puts on a protective wetsuit, and dives down into the Sea where he sees the Plug being constructed. He returns to Butt the Hoopoe and takes out a vial of Wishwater given to him by Iff. He drinks it and wishes that the axis of Kahani would spin normally. A few minutes pass and then the entire land is bathed in sunlight. All of the shadows on the ship begin to fade away and soon everyone is free and the poison is destroyed.
In Chup, Khattam-Shud sends an ambassador to the Guppee army. The ambassador begins to juggle and pulls out a bomb. Only Blabbermouth's quick action keeps everyone from being blown up, but it is revealed that Blabbermouth is a girl in the process. Bolo tries to fire her, but Mudra asks her to be a part of his army because of her bravery. The battle between the army commences. Because the Guppees have had such open and honest communication, they fight as a team. The Chupwalas, because of their silence, distrust each other. The Guppee army overwhelms the Chupwala army. As the battle ends, there is a great earthquake and the moon begins to spin. The statue of Bezaban falls and crushes the real Khattam-Shud. Peace is declared and everyone receives a promotion within their rank. Haroun prepares to leave and is told that he must see the Walrus.
In the Walrus's office, Haroun learns that it is all a joke and that he is not in trouble. All his friends are there with him. The Walrus tells him that for his bravery he is to be given a happy ending to his story. Haroun doubts that this is possible, but he wishes for his city to no longer be sad. He wakes up back in the Valley of K where his father is preparing his political story. As he stands up to give it, his father tells the story of Haroun and the Sea of Stories. It is a story that the crowd loves and they turn against their autocratic leader, Mr. Buttoo.
When Rashid and Haroun return home, it is raining and they walk through it getting soaked. All of the people in the sad city are dancing and Haroun asks why. They claim that the city has remembered its name, Kahani, which means "story." Haroun realizes that the Walrus has put a happy ending into the raindrops. When he arrives home, he finds his mother there, telling them that she made a mistake in running off with Mr. Sengupta. The next day, Haroun awakes to find it is his birthday and his mother singing in another room in the house. The novel concludes with an appendix explaining the meaning of each major character's name.

Places
· A work of magic realism, the story begins and takes place partly in "a sad city, the saddest of cities, a city so ruinously sad it had forgotten its name", which is located beside "a mournful sea full of glumfish, which were so miserable to eat that they made people belch with melancholy". This city is thickly populated by people, of whom only the lead character Haroun and his parents are ever happy, while in the north of the city are factories wherein sadness is allegedly manufactured and exported. The factories produce air pollution that is only relieved during the monsoon, which also heralds the arrival of pomfret into the nearby waters.
· Most of the Earthly locations present in the book are located in the fictional nation of Alifbay, which is a combination of first two letters of the Arabic script based Urdu alphabet, Alif and Bay and therefore contains many places named after letters, such as the "Valley of K" and the "Tunnel of I (which was also known as J)".
· In the center of the Valley of K is the Dull Lake, which is said in the novel's appendix to be named after the Dal Lake in Kashmir. This implies that Kashmir is the place on which K is based. The Dull Lake itself is the location of the Moody Land, a landscape whose weather changes to reflect the emotions of the people currently present in it. It is the place where the lead characters go at the behest of a corrupt politician, and where their adventures begin.
· The larger part of the plot occurs on a fictional satellite of the Earth's, named Kahani, whose orbit is controlled by "Processes Too Complicated To Explain". These processes enable it to fly over every single point on Earth. Kahani consists of a massive Ocean which is composed of an infinite number of stories, each story taking the form of a current or stream of a unique color. The colors encompass the whole visible spectrum and extend beyond into spectra that are not known to exist. Various islands and a continent are also shown on the moon. The name "Kahani" itself means "Story" in Urdu and Hindi, and is ultimately revealed to be the name of the sad city; a revelation that removes the sadness from the city's people.
· The Moon Kahani is, throughout most of the plot, divided into two sections equal in size, one of which is kept in perpetual daylight and the other in perpetual darkness. The two are separated by a narrow strip of twilight, which is marked by a force field named Chattergy's Wall. The daylight side is called Gup, a Hindi and Urdu word (meaning "gossip", "nonsense", or "fib" in English) and the night-darkened side is called Chup (meaning "quiet"). Inhabitants of Gup value speech and are called "Guppees", meaning "talkative people", while inhabitants of Chup are stated to have historically valued silence and are called "Chupwalas", meaning "quiet fellows". The "u" in "Gup" rhymes with the "u" in "cup", the "u" in "Chup" is pronounced similarly to the "oo" in "good", and the "w" in "Chupwala" resembles a sound lying midway between the English letters "w" and "v". At the South Pole of Kahani is a spring known as the Source of Stories, from which (according to the premise of the plot) originated all stories ever communicated. The prevention of this spring's blockage therefore forms the climax of the novel's plot.

12-22-2011, 11:01 PM

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Haroun and the Sea of Stories

In Salmon Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea of Stories, a f*****mous storyteller Rashid Khalifa loses his gift of telling tales after ***** wife leaves him for a man who hates stories. His son Haroun goes to ***** Ocean ***** S*****ries to recover his father's lost powers. Haroun drinks from the ocean, as instructed by ***** Water Genie, but finds out that the ocean of stories is poisoned. When Haroun tries to tell a ple*****ing and ro*****tic story, ***** story suddenly is trans*****med into a nightmare. Haroun finds the source of ***** water's poisoning. He is rewarded for his ingenuity ***** the rightful King ***** Gup, whose land is now freed from the tyrant's grasp. The oppressive tyrant also poisoned the spring from which all stories come. ***** is granted a h*****ppy ending for h***** efforts. "Haroun" is a truly worldly book for, though written in English, it incorporates different dialects and even different languages into the text. The novel draws upon Indian, American, and British idioms and speech, creating a hodgepodge of ***** th*****t animates the characters' dialogue. Snooty Buttoo speaks ***** English when he says, "you will please to provide up-beat sagas only,"(49) whereas Iff uses American idioms, saying "no can do" and "no way, Jose"(59). ***** different dialects do more than give character depth, however, ***** *****y remind us of the number of English dialects, no one of which can properly claim correctness. In "*****," ***** avoids being strictly defined, *****owing a richness of l*****nguage diversity that can serve as a model for story-*****ing: by embracing different versions (in this case, ***** English) one enriches the work and provides a more *****uthentic portrayal of a wide-ranging language" (Acadedemon essay).
Haroun awakes on a houseboat, discovering that his father has ********** his power ***** storytelling once again, and ***** the boy's mother is now restored to him.
Water is a metaphor not only for the ***** and source ***** in ***** novel, but the nature of storytelling in general. All stories, regardless of their culture ***** origin, Rushdie suggests, ***** from the same source or metaphorical ocean. These ***** mingle together in the water and produce more stories. Even ***** name of the King of Gup suggests Guppy, a f*****h th*****t lives in ***** water. It is the genie ***** the water who leads Haroun to reunite h***** family. Water is fluid, un*****, ***** difficult to *****, yet it is also life-giving. This is ***** nature of the glue that holds families and entire societies together, Rushdie *****. When our stories are denied or poisoned w*****h ugliness, we lose not ***** art, ***** the essence ***** life itself. And if we believe in the possibility of ***** hav*****g happy endings, however *****realistic they may seem, there is a chance that our dreams ***** come true.
***** the story, he claims that a big title wave hinder ***** ***** doing what he wanted to do. However, w*****n he accompl*****hed his goal, he claimed ***** title wave was not t*****re at

==

Haroun and the Sea of Stories, by Salman Rushdie

Reviewed by James Michael White

If you've read this book, why not Any novel that poses the question, “What’s the use of stories that aren’t even true?” has just cobbled together a pretty big shoe to fill, and Salman Rushdie’s Haroun and the Sea of Stories poses that question early and answers it in a variety of interesting ways both obvious and, more importantly perhaps, inobvious, the latter having to do with something we don’t notice unless it’s missing: Stories are fun, or at least they should be, and this cool whirly-gig of a fantasy is.

Titular Haroun is a boy whose father, Rashid, is a renowned storyteller whom all the local politicos want telling stories for their side, thus assuring their election by his happy audience. In fact, Snooty Buttoo from the Valley of K enlists his aid for just such purpose, but prior to Rashid and Haroun’s arrival, wife and mother to each splits with neighbor, Mr. Sengupta, who posed the chillingly important question.

As a result of her departure, Rashid finds himself bereft of all storytelling powers and Haroun finds himself unable to concentrate on anything beyond eleven minutes, eleven being the hour of said wife and mother’s departure.

Thus anticipating a bad time of it during the next day’s political rally, Rashid and Haroun retire glumly to separate rooms on houseboat floating upon the lake of K, but a switcheroo of beds and rooms lead Haroun to discover the source of pop’s gift of gab, and that it can be recovered, and that he’ll have to go to the moon -- Earth’s second moon, that is -- to do it.

The bulk of the story then takes place on Kahani, the aforementioned and very watery moon, where Haoroun hopes to meet the Walrus to petition for restoration of his father’s gift of gab. While there, he also meets the Eggheads (creators of many things known as P2C2Es, or, “Processes Too Complicated To Explain”), a water Genie named Iff, a mechanical mind-reading Hoopoe bird, a royal page named Blabbermouth, and eventually his own father, Rashid. Together they all become embroiled in a plot to save the precious story waters of the moon which are being poisoned by the Cultmaster Khattam-Shud, a being who has split his shadow from his self and who rules the shadow-side of Kahani and who bears a striking resemblance to someone back home in the real world.

There are other obvious analogues between Haroun’s waking world and its various personages and those on Kahani. The analogues stretch most obviously to the political struggle of which Rashid is a part in the real world and the conflict taking shape on Kahani. Their interplay and resolution have much to say, after all, about the importance of stories that aren’t even true, and demonstrate the oft-talked about but perhaps too-seldom explored matter of fiction’s ability to not merely “mirror” reality, but to expose truth and shape opinion. Or, to paraphrase Stephen King, although life doesn’t support art, art certainly informs and thereby supports life, as ultimately made clear at the end of the novel.

This is not to say that Haroun and the Sea of Stories is strictly a parable. It isn’t. But it does pose an important question and does a bang-up job of keeping us entertained, chuckling and nibbling our nails while artfully making its point, employing language that is as fluid and marvelous as Kahani’s multicolored sea.

==

Set in an exotic Eastern landscape peopled by magicians and fantastic talking animals, Salman Rushdie’s classic children’s novel Haroun and the Sea of Stories inhabits the same imaginative space as Gulliver’s Travels, Alice in Wonderland, and The Wizard of Oz. In this captivating adaptation for the stage, Haroun, a 12-year-old boy sets out on an adventure to restore the poisoned source of the sea of stories. On the way, he encounters many foes, all intent on draining the sea of all its storytelling powers.
Winner of the Writers Guild Award
“As eloquent a defense of art as any Renaissance treatise…saturated with the hyperreal color of such classic fantasies as The Wizard of Oz and Alice in Wonderland.”―Publishers Weekly

12-22-2011, 11:02 PM

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سلمان أحمد رشدي

ويسمى سلمان رشدي ولد في مدينة بومباي في 19 يونيو 1947، وهو بريطاني من أصل هندي تخرج من جامعة كنج كولج في كامبردج بريطانيا، سنة 1981 حصل على جائزة بوكر الإنجليزية الهامة عن كتابه "أطفال منتصف الليل". نشر أشهر رواياته آيات شيطانية سنة 1988 وحاز عنها على جائزة ويتبيرد لكن شهرة الرواية جاءت بسبب تسببها في إحداث ضجة في العالم الإسلامي حيث اعتبر البعض أن فيها إهانة لشخص رسول الإسلام محمد.

المهنة كمؤلف

غريموس تعتبر الرواية الأولى لسلمان رشدي ولكنها لم تحظ بأي اهتمام أو شهرة. الرواية التي اخذت الحيز الواسع من الشهرة والتقدير هي روايته الثانية أطفال منتصف الليل وبها دخل سلمان رشدي تاريخ الأدب وتعتبر اليوم أحد أهم اعماله الادبية. علماء الأدب الإنجليزي أشاروا إلى أن رواية طفل منتصف الليل أثرت بشكل كبير على شكل الأدب الهندي-الإنكليزي وتطوره خلال العقود القادمة.
بعد هذا النجاح جاء سلمان رشدي برواية جديدة بعنوان عيب وبعد هذه الرواية أصدر عمل جديد بني على تجربة شخصية وهو ابتسامة جكوار ثم تأتي اعمال أخرى كثيرة. وفي الفترة الأخيرة ظهر سلمان رشدي في دور قصير في فيلم بريدجيت جونز دايري مع رينية زيلويغر.

حياته الشخصية

هو الابن الوحيد لأنيس أحمد رشدي، محامي خريج جامعة كامبردج تحول إلى رجل اعمال، ونيجين بهات، مدرسة، ولد رشدي في مومباي بالهند. تلقى تعليمه في مدرسة كاتدرائية جون كونن في مومباي، في مدرسة الرجبي، في الكلية الملكية، كامبردج حيث درس التاريخ.
عمل لدى اثنين من وكالات الاعلان (اوجلفي& ماثر وآير باركر) قبل أن يتفرغ للكتابة. تزوج رشدي أريعة مرات، أول زوجاته كانت كلارسيا لوارد من الفترة 1976 إلى 1987 وانجب منها ابنه زافار. زوجته الثانية هي ماريان ويجينز الروائية الأمريكية حيث تزوجا في عام 1988 وتم الطلاق في عام 1993. زوجته الثالثة (من 1997 إلى 2004) كانت إليزابيث ويست، انجبا ابن يدعا ميلان. في عام 2004 تزوج من الممثلة الهندية الأمريكية والموديل بادما لاكشمي. انتهى الزواج في 2 يوليو 2007 حيث صرحت لاكشمي ان نهاية الزواج كات نتيجة لرغبتها هي. في الصحافة البوليودية، كان هناك حديث في 2008 عن علاقة بينه وبين الموديل الهندية ريا سين التي كانت صديقته، وفي رد على ما جاء في وسائل الاعلام قالت ريا في تصريح لها "اعتقد حينما تكون سلمان رشدي، من المؤكد ان تصاب بالملل من الناس الذين دائما ما يتكلمون معك عن الأدب".
في عام 1999، خضع سلمان لعملية "تصحيح وتر" حيث -حسبما صرح- كان يعاني من صعوبة متزايدة في فتح عينيه. وقال" لو لم اخضع لهذه العملية لما تمكنت من فتح عيني نهائيا".

أعمال سلمان رشدي

غريموس (1975)
أطفال منتصف الليل (1980)
عيب (1983)
ابتسامة جكوار (1987)
آيات شيطانية (1988)
هارون وقصص البحر (1990)
تخيلات وأوطان: مقالات ونقد (1992)
مشرد باختيار (1992)
شرق، غرب (1994)
زفرة العربي الأخيرة (بالإنكليزية) (1995)
الأرض تحت أقدامها (1999)
الجنون (2001)
خطوات تقطع الخط (2002)
شاليمار المهرج (2005)
عرافة فلورنسا (2008)

12-22-2011, 11:05 PM

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Salman Rushdie

Salman Rushdie is the author of ten novels: Grimus, Midnight’s Children (which was awarded the Booker Prize in 1981), Shame, The Satanic Verses, Haroun and the Sea of Stories, The Moor’s Last Sigh, The Ground Beneath Her Feet, Fury, Shalimar the Clown and The Enchantress of Florence.
He is also the author of a book of stories, East, West, and three works of non-fiction - Imaginary Homelands, The Jaguar Smile, and Step Across This Line. He is the co-editor of Mirrorwork, an anthology of contemporary Indian writing, and of the 2008 Best American Short Stories anthology.
He has adapted Midnight’s Children for the stage. It was performed in London and New York by the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2004, an opera based upon Haroun and the Sea of Stories was premiered by the New York City Opera at Lincoln Center.
A Fellow of the British Royal Society of Literature, Salman Rushdie has received, among other honours, the Whitbread Prize for Best Novel (twice), the Writers’ Guild Award, the James Tait Black Prize, the European Union’s Aristeion Prize for Literature, Author of the Year Prizes in both Britain and Germany, the French Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, the Budapest Grand Prize for Literature, the Premio Grinzane Cavour in Italy, the Crossword Book Award in India, the Austrian State Prize for European Literature, the London International Writers’ Award, and the James Joyce award of University College Dublin.
He holds honorary doctorates and fellowships at six European and six American universities, is an Honorary Professor in the Humanities at M.I.T, and Distinguished Writer in Residence at Emory University. He has received the Freedom of the City in Mexico City, Strasbourg and El Paso, and the Edgerton Prize of the American Civil Liberties Union. He holds the rank of Commander in the Order of Arts and Letters - France’s highest artistic honour.
Between 2004 and 2006 he served as President of PEN American Center, and continues to work as President of the PEN World Voices International Literary Festival, which he helped to create. In June 2007 he received a Knighthood in the Queen’s Birthday Honours. In 2008 he became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was named a Library Lion of the New York Public Library. In addition, Midnight’s Children was named the Best of the Booker – the best winner in the award’s 40 year history – by a public vote.
His books have been translated into over forty languages. Films are currently in production of both Midnight's Children and Haroun and he Sea of Stories

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie , احمد سلمان رشدی born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds.
His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the centre of a major controversy, drawing protests from Muslims in several countries. Some of the protests were violent, in which death threats were issued to Rushdie, including a fatwā against him by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on February 14, 1989.
He was appointed a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II for "services to literature" in June 2007. He holds the rank Commandeur in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France. He began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at Emory University in 2007. In May 2008 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2008, The Times ranked Rushdie thirteenth on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". His latest novel is Luka and the Fire of Life, published in November 2010. In 2010, he announced that he has begun writing his memoirs.
The only son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge University-educated lawyer turned businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher, Rushdie was born in Bombay (now known as Mumbai), India, into a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent.
من عائلة هندية مسلمة من اصل كشميري
He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai, Rugby School, and King's College, Cambridge University where he studied history.
درس في مدرسة داخليه في الهند ثم في مدرسة داخليه في انجلترا ثم درس التاريخ في كلية كنجس وجامعة كامبرج
Rushdie has been married four times. He was married to his first wife Clarissa Luard from 1976 to 1987 and fathered a son, Zafar. His second wife was the American novelist Marianne Wiggins; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan. In 2004, he married the Indian American actress and model Padma Lakshmi, the host of the American reality-television show Top Chef. The marriage ended on 2 July 2007, with Lakshmi indicating that it was her desire to end the marriage. In 2008 the Bollywood press romantically linked him to the Indian model Riya Sen, with whom he was otherwise a friend. In response to the media speculation about their friendship, she simply stated "I think when you are Salman Rushdie, you must get bored with people who always want to talk to you about literature."
In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct ptosis, a tendon condition that causes drooping eyelids and that, according to him, was making it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all," he said.

Career

Copywriter

Rushdie's first career was as a copywriter, working for the advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather, where he came up with "irresistibubble" for Aero and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker, for whom he wrote the memorable line "That'll do nicely" for American Express. It was while he was at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnight's Children, before becoming a full-time writer.[13][14][15] John Hegarty of Bartle Bogle Hegarty has criticised Rushdie for not referring to his copywriting past frequently enough, although conceding: "He did write crap ads...admittedly."[16]

Major literary work

His first novel, Grimus, a part-science fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, Midnight's Children, catapulted him to literary notability. It significantly shaped the course that Indian writing in English followed over the next decade, and is regarded by many as one of the great books of the last 100 years. This work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years. Midnight's Children follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the history of the Indian sub-continent and the birth of the modern nation of India. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.
After Midnight's Children, Rushdie wrote Shame (1983), in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Shame won France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of postcolonial literature are characterised by a style of magic realism and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the Indian diaspora.
Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about Nicaragua in the 1980s, The Jaguar Smile (1987). The book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of Sandinista political experiments.
His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 (see section below). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in East, West (1994). The Moor's Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's history was published in 1995. The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) presents an alternative history of modern rock music. The song of the same name by U2 is one of many song lyrics included in the book, hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist. He also wrote "Haroun and the Sea of Stories" in 1990.
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His 2005 novel Shalimar the Clown received, in India, the prestigious Hutch Crossword Book Award, and was, in Britain, a finalist for the Whitbread Book Awards. It was shortlisted for the 2007 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.
In his 2002 non-fiction collection Step Across This Line, he professes his admiration for the Italian writer Italo Calvino and the American writer Thomas Pynchon, among others. His early influences included James Joyce, Günter Grass, Jorge Luis Borges, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Lewis Carroll. Rushdie was a personal friend of Angela Carter and praised her highly in the foreword for her collection Burning your Boats.

12-22-2011, 11:06 PM

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Other activities

Rushdie has quietly mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of Indo-Anglian writers, and is an influential writer in postcolonial literature in general.[20] He has received many plaudits for his writings, including the European Union's Aristeion Prize for Literature, the Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany and many of literature's highest honours.[21] Rushdie was the President of PEN American Center from 2004 to 2006.
He opposed the British government's introduction of the Racial and Religious Hatred Act, something he writes about in his contribution to Free Expression Is No Offence, a collection of essays by several writers, published by Penguin in November 2005.

In 2006, Rushdie joined the Emory University faculty as Distinguished Writer in Residence for a five-year term.[22] Though he enjoys writing, Salman Rushdie says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. Even from early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood movies (which he later realized in his frequent cameo appearances).
Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a cameo appearance in the film Bridget Jones's Diary based on the book of the same name, which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on The Charlie Rose Show, where he interviewed Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta, whose 2005 film, Water, faced violent protests. He appears in the role of Helen Hunt's obstetrician-gynecologist in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of Elinor Lipman's novel Then She Found Me. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panelist on the HBO program "Real Time With Bill Maher".
Rushdie is currently collaborating on the screenplay for the cinematic adaptation of his novel Midnight's Children with noted director Deepa Mehta. The film will be called Midnight's Children. While casting is still in progress, Seema Biswas, Shabana Azmi, Nandita Das, and Irrfan Khan are confirmed as participating in the film. Mehta has stated that production will begin in September, 2010.
Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the first draft of a script for a new television series for the U.S. cable network Showtime, a project on which he will also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to be called The Next People, will be, according to Rushie, "a sort of paranoid science-fiction series, people disappearing and being replaced by other people." The idea of a television series was suggested by his U.S. agents, said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him more creative control than feature film. The Next People is being made by the British film production company Working Title, the firm behind such projects as Four Weddings and a Funeral and Shaun of the Dead.
Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of The Lunchbox Fund , a non-profit organization which provides daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto of South Africa. He is also a member of the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America, an advocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C. In November 2010 he became a founding patron of Ralston College, a new liberal arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin translation of a phrase ("free speech is life itself") from an address he gave at Columbia University in 1991 to mark the two-hundredth anniversary of the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
He took on Facebook over the use of his name in 2011. He won. Rushdie had asked to use his middle name Salman, which he is most recognised by. He described his online identity crisis in a series of messages posted on Twitter, among them ""Dear #Facebook, forcing me to change my FB name from Salman to Ahmed Rushdie is like forcing J. Edgar to become John Hoover" and "Or, if F. Scott Fitzgerald was on #Facebook, would they force him to be Francis Fitzgerald? What about F. Murray Abraham?" Messages such as these were then circulated online. Facebook eventually relented and allowed him to call himself by the name is known as internationally

12-22-2011, 11:13 PM

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سليمان رشدي

Anglo-Indian novelist, who uses in his works tales from various genres – fantasy, mythology, religion, oral tradition. Rushdie's narrative technique has connected his books to magic realism, which includes such English-language authors as Peter Carey, Angela Carter, E.L. Doctorow, John Fowles, Mark Helprin or Emma Tennant.

"Insults are mysteries. What seems to the bystander to be the cruelest, most destructive sledgehammer of an assault, whore! slut! tart!, can leave its target undamaged, while an apparently lesser gibe, thank god you're not my child, can fatally penetrate the finest suits of armour, you're nothing to me, you're less than the dirt on the soles of my shoes, and strike directly at the heart." (in The Ground Beneath Her Feet, 1999)

Salman Rushdie was born in Bombay, India, to a middle-class Moslem family. His paternal grandfather was an Urdu poet, and his father a Cambridge-educated businessman. At the age of fourteen Rushdie was sent to Rugby School in England.

ارسل وه في سن الرابعة عشره الى مدرسة رجبي في انجلترا

In 1964 Rushdie's parents moved to Karachi, Pakistan, joining reluctantly the Muslim exodus – during these years there was a war between India and Pakistan, and the choosing of sides and divided loyalties burdened
Rushdie heavily.
عام 1964 انتقل والديه من الهندي الى باكستان وتبع ذلك الحرب التي دارت بين الباكستان والهند وقد احس رشيد بنكبة ان عليه ان يختار في اي جانب يكون ، وكان عمره عند ذلك 17 سنه

Rushdie continued his studies at King's College, Cambridge, where he read history. After graduating in 1968 he worked for a time in television in Pakistan. He was an actor in a theatre group at the Oval House in Kennington and from 1971 to 1981 he worked intermittently as a freelance advertising copywriter for Ogilvy and Mather and Charles Barker.
As a novelist Rushdie made his debut with Grimus (1975), a fantastical science fiction, which draws on the 12th-century Sufi poem The Conference of Birds. The title of the novel is an anagram of the name "Simurg," the immense, all-wise, fabled bird of pre-Islamic Persian mythology. Rushdie's the next novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize and brought him international fame. Written in exuberant style, this comic allegory of Indian history revolves around the lives of the narrator Saleem Sinai and the 1000 children born after the Declaration of Independence. All of the children are given some magical property. Saleem has a very large nose, which grants him the ability to see "into the hearts and minds of men." His chief rival is Shiva, who has the power of war. Saleem, dying in a pickle factory near Bombay, tells his tragic story with special interest in its comical aspects. The work aroused a great deal of controversy in India because of its unflattering portrait of Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay, who was involved in a controversial sterilization campaign. Midnight's Children took its title from Nehru's speech delivered at the stroke of midnight, 14 August 1947, as India gained its independence from England.
Shame (1983) centered on a well-to-do Pakistani family, using the family history as a metaphor for the country. The story included two thinly veiled historical characters – Iskander Harappa, a playboy turned politician, modeled on the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and General Raza Hyder, Iskander's associate and later his executioner. Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1990) was written for children, and wove into the story an affable robot, genies, talking fish, dark illains, and an Arabian princess in need of saving. Luca and the Fire of Life (2010), the sequel, told about the younger brother of Haroun, who enters into adventures in the World of Magic.
Rushdie won in 1988 the Whitbread Award with his fourth novel, The Satanic Verses. The story opens spectacularly. Gibreel Farishta and Saladin Chamcha, two Indian actors, fall to earth after an Air India jumbo jet explodes 30,000 feet above the English Channel. This refers to a real act of terrorism, when an Air India Boeing 747 was blown up in 1985 – supposedly by Sikh terrorist. Gibreel Farishta in Urdu, means Gabriel Angel, which makes him the archangel whom Islamic tradition regards as "bringing down" the Qur'an from God to Muhammad. "'To be born again,' sang Gibreel Farishta tumbling from the heavens, 'first you have to die. Ho ji! To land upon the bosomy earth, first one needs to fly. Tat-taa! Taka-thun! How to ever smile again, if first you won't cry? How to win the darling's love, mister, without a sigh? Baba, if you want to get born again...' Just before dawn one winter's morning, New Year's Day or thereabouts, two real, full-grown, living men fell from a great height, twenty-nine thousand and two feet, towards the English Channel, without benefit of parachutes or wings, out of a clear sky." (in The Satanic Verses) Gibreel Farishta and Saladin are miraculously saved, and chosen as protagonist in the fight between Good and Evil. In the following cycle of bizarre adventures, dreams, and tales of past and future, the reader meets Mahound, the Prophet of Jahilia, the recipient of a revelation in which satanic verses mingle with divine. "'I told you a long time back,' Gibreel Farishta quietly said, 'that if I thought the sickness would never leave me, that it would always return, I would not be able to bear up to it.' Then, very quickly, before Salahuddin could move a finger, Gobreel put the barrel of the gun into his own mouth; and pulled the trigger; and was free." The character modelled on the Prophet Muhammad and his transcription of the Quran is portrayed in an unconventional light. The quotations from the Quran are composites of the English version of N.J. Dawood and of Maulana Muhammad Ali, with a few touches of Rushdie's own.
Shortly before the publication of The Satanic Verses Rushdie had said in an interview, "It would be absurd to think that a book can cause riots." The novel was banned in India by the ministry of finance – about a week after it had been published in Britain – and South Africa and burned on the streets of Bradford, Yorkshire. Videoed images of the protest spread across the world. When Ayatollah Khomeini called on all zealous Muslims to execute the writer and the publishers of the book, Rushdie was forced into hiding. Also an aide to Khomeini offered a million-dollar reward for Rushdie's death. In 1993 Rushdie's Norwegian publisher William Nygaard was wounded in an attack outside his house. In 1997 the reward was doubled, and the next year the highest Iranian state prosecutor Morteza Moqtadale renewed the death sentence. During this period of fatwa violent protest in India, Pakistan, and Egypt caused several deaths. In 1990 Rushdie published an essay In Good Faith to appease his critics and issued an apology in which he reaffirmed his respect for Islam. However, Iranian clerics did not repudiate their death threat.
Since the religious decree, Rushdie has shunned publicity, hiding from assassins, but he has continued to write and publish books. The Moor's Last Sight (1995) focused on contemporary India, and explored those activities, directed at Indian Muslims and lower castes, of right-wing Hindu terrorists. In the character of Moor, the first person narrator, Rushdie promoted an ideal of hybrid India, in opposition to the Hindu-nationalist agenda. In his introduction to Imaginary Homelands (1991), a collection of essays, Rushdie said: "It is a paradoxical fact that secularism, which has been much under attack of late, outside India as well as inside it, is the only way of safeguarding the constitutional, civil, human and, yes, religious rights of minority groups."
The Ground Benath Her Feet (1999), set in the world of hedonistic rock stars, was a mixture of mythology and elements from the repertoire of science fiction. In Fury (2001) Malik Solanka, a former Cambridge professor, tries to find a new life in New York City. He has left his wife and son and created an animated philosophising doll, Little Brain, which has its own successful TV series. In New York he has blackouts and violent rages and becomes involved with two women, Mila, who looks like Little Brain, and a beautiful freedom fighter named Neela Mahendra. "Though Mr. Rushdie weaves his favorite themes – of exile, metamorphosis and rootlessness – around Solanka's story, though he tries hard to lend his hero's experiences an allegorical weight, Fury lacks the fierce, visionary magic of The Moor's Last Sigh and Midnight's Children." (Michiko Kakutani in the New York Times, August 31, 2001) Step Across This Line (2003) was a collection of non-fiction from 1992-2002. Most of its articles were written while the fatwa was in place.
Rushdie has been married four times, first in 1976 to Clarissa Luard and after divorce in 1988 to the American writer Marianne Wiggins. The marriage broke up during their enforced underground life. In September 1998 the Iranian government announced that the state is not going to put into effect the fatwa or encourage anybody to do so, but Ayatollah Hassan Sanei promised in 1999 a 2,8 million dollar reward for killing the author. However, when the threat was formally lifted, Rushdie ended his hiding. I n the beginning of 2000, he left his third wife upon falling in love with the actress Padma Lakshmi and moved from London to New York. They married in 2004, but in June 2007, Rushdie agreed to divorce.
After Rushdie was made a knight by Britain's Queen Elizabeth II in 2007, demonstrations broke out across the Islamic world. A government minister in Pakistan declared that Rushdie's knighthood justifies suicide bombing. The Enchantress of Florence (2008), finished in the aftermath of divorce, was a historical romance about the mutual suspicion and mistrust between East and West, in this case Renaissance Florence and India's Mughal Empire.
In addition to giving interviews to the media, Rushdie has played himself in television films and was cast as Dr. Masani, a gynecologist, in Helen Hunt's comedy Then She Found Me (2007). For the US network Showtime Rushdie began in 2011 to write a teleplay, Next People, about contemporary American life. Rushdie's book of memories is due to appear in 2012. Following President Bashar Assad's brutal crackdown on the country's uprising, Rushdie and other writers, such as Umberto Eco, David Grossman, Amos Oz, Orhan Pamuk and Wole Soyinka, urged in June 2011 the United Nations to condemn the repression in Syria as a crime against humanity.