The Good Soldier: A Tale of Passion is a 1915 novel by English novelist Ford Madox Ford. It is set just before World War I and chronicles the tragedy of Edward Ashburnham, the soldier to whom the title refers, and his own seemingly perfect marriage and that of two American friends. The novel is told using a series of flashbacks in non-chronological order, a literary technique that formed part of Ford's pioneering view of literary impressionism. Ford employs the device of the unreliable narrator,[1] to great effect as the main character gradually reveals a version of events that is quite different from what the introduction leads you to believe. The novel was loosely based on two incidents of adultery and on Ford's messy personal life.
The novel’s original title was The Saddest Story, but after the onset of World War I, the publishers asked Ford for a new title. Ford suggested (sarcastically) The Good Soldier, and the name stuck.
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Good Soldier 30th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.
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The Good Soldier is narrated by the character John Dowell, half of one of the couples whose dissolving relationships form the subject of the novel. Dowell tells the stories of those dissolutions as well as the deaths of three characters and the madness of a fourth, in a rambling, non-chronological fashion that leaves gaps for the reader to fill.
The novel opens with the famous line, “This is the saddest story I have ever heard.” Dowell explains that for nine years he, his wife Florence and their friends Captain Edward Ashburnham (the “good soldier” of the book’s title) and his wife Leonora had an ostensibly normal friendship while Edward and Florence sought treatment for their heart ailments at a spa in Nauheim, Germany.
As it turns out, nothing in the relationships or in the characters is as it first seems. Florence’s heart ailment is a fiction she perpetrated on John to force them to stay in Europe so that she could continue her affair with an American thug named Jimmy. Edward and Leonora have a loveless, imbalanced marriage broken by his constant infidelities (both of body and heart) and Leonora’s attempts to control Edward’s affairs (both financial and romantic). Dowell is a fool and is coming to realize how much of a fool he is, as Florence and Edward had an affair under his nose for nine years without John knowing until Florence was dead.
Florence’s affair with Edward leads her to commit suicide when she realizes that Edward is falling in love with his and Leonora’s young ward, Nancy Rufford, the daughter of Leonora's closest friend. Florence sees the two in an intimate conversation and rushes back into the resort, where she sees John talking to a man she knows (and who knows of her affair with Jimmy) but whom John doesn’t know. Assuming that her relationship with Edward and her marriage to John are over, Florence takes prussic acid – which she has carried for years in a vial that John thought held her heart medicine – and dies.
With that story told, Dowell moves on to tell the story of Edward and Leonora’s relationship, which appears normal but which is a power struggle that Leonora wins. Dowell runs through several of Edward’s affairs and peccadilloes, including his possibly innocent attempt to comfort a crying servant on a train; his affair with the married Maisie Maidan, the one character in the book whose heart problem was unquestionably real, and his bizarre tryst in Monte Carlo and Antibes with a kept woman known as La Dolciquita. Edward’s philandering ends up costing them a fortune in bribes, blackmail and gifts for his lovers, leading Leonora to take control of Edward’s financial affairs. She gradually gets him out of debt.
Edward’s last affair is his most scandalous, as he becomes infatuated with their young ward, Nancy. Nancy came to live with them after leaving a convent where her parents had sent her; her mother was a violent alcoholic, and her father (it is later suggested that this man may not be Nancy’s biological father) may have abused her. Edward, tearing himself apart because he does not want to spoil Nancy's innocence, arranges to have her sent to India to live with her father, even though this frightens her terribly. Once Leonora knows that Edward intends to keep his passion for Nancy chaste, but only wants Nancy to continue to love him from afar, Leonora torments him by making this wish impossible—she pretends to offer to divorce him so he can marry Nancy, but informs Nancy of his sordid sexual history, destroying Nancy’s innocent love for him. After Nancy's departure, Edward commits suicide, and when she reaches Aden and sees the obituary in the paper, she becomes catatonic.
The novel’s last section has Dowell writing from Edward’s old estate in England, where he takes care of Nancy, whom he cannot marry because of her mental illness. Nancy is only capable of repeating two things – a Latin phrase meaning “I believe in an omnipotent God” and the word “shuttlecocks.” Dowell states that the story is sad because no one got what he wanted: Leonora wanted Edward but lost him and marries the normal (but dull) Rodney Bayham; Edward wanted Nancy but lost her; Dowell wanted a wife but has twice ended up a nurse to a sick woman, one a fake.
As if in an afterthought, Dowell closes the novel by telling the story of Edward’s suicide. Edward receives a telegram from Nancy that reads, “Safe Brindisi. Having a rattling good time. Nancy.” He asks Dowell to take the telegram to his wife, pulls out his pen knife, says that it’s time he had some rest and slits his own throat.
Dowell ends up expressing sympathy for Edward, even though he casts both Edward and Florence as the villai

Ford Madox Ford (17 December 1873 – 26 June 1939) was an English novelist, poet, critic and editor whose journals, The English Review and The Transatlantic Review, were instrumental in the development of early 20th-century English literature.
روائي اتجليزي ولد عام 1873
He is now best remembered for The Good Soldier (1915),
اروع رواياته هي " الجندي الطيب" والتي نشرت عام 1915
the Parade's End tetralogy (1924–28) and The Fifth Queen trilogy (1906–08). The Good Soldier is frequently included among the great literature of the past century, including the Modern Library 100 Best Novels, The Observer's '100 Greatest Novels of All Time', and The Guardian's '1000 novels everyone must read'.
Novelist, poet, literary critic, editor, one of the founding fathers of English Modernism.
واحد من مؤسيي الحداثه البريطانية
Ford published over eighty books.
الف اكثر من 80 كتاب
A frequent theme was the conflict between traditional British values and those of modern industrial society.
الفكرة التي تكررت في اعماله كثيرا تدور حول الصراع بين العادات والقيم البريطانية القديمة وتلك التي سادت في المجتمع الصناعي الحديث
Ford was involved with a number of women, including the novelist Jean Rhys, who described their unhappy relationship in After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie.
كان له علاقات مع عدد من النساء من بينهم الروائية جين رايز
"But for the judging of contemporary literature the only test is one's personal taste. If you much like a new book, you must call it literature even though you find no other soul to agree with you, and if you dislike a book you must declare that it is not literature though a million voices should shout you that you are wrong. The ultimate decision will be made by Time." (in The March of Literature, 1939)
Ford Madox Ford was born Ford Madox Hueffer in Merton, Surrey. His father was an author and the music editor of The Times, his grandfather was the Pre-Raphaelite painter Ford Madox Brown, and his uncle William Michel Rossetti. Ford's literary-artistic milieu included Dante Gabriel and Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne, Edward Burne-Jones, and William Morris. Partly because of family connections in Germany and France, Ford traveled on the Continent several times in his youth.
سافر عبر قارة اوروبا عدة مرات في حياته
He was educated at the Praetorius School at Folkstone.
تعلم في مدرسة فولكستون
When his father died, the family moved to London.
عندما مات والده انتقلت العائلة الى لندن
Ford continued his education at University College School, but he never went to college.
اكمل فورد دراسته في مدرسة الكلية لكنه لم يدرس في الكلية
However, he spoke fluent French and German, some Italian and Flemish, and had good knowledge of Greek and Latin. At the age of nineteen he converted to Catholicism
في سن التاسعة عشره تحول الى الكاثوليكية
Ford's first book was The Brown Owl (1891), a fairy tale, which was illustrated by his grandfather. Ford was just 18 when the book was published.
نشر اول كتاب له عام 1891 وكان عبارة عن قصة خيالية وكان عمره عندها ثمانية عشر سنة
In 1894 Ford married Elsie Martindale. The marriage was unhappy and broke up in 1908, but Ford never divorced her.
تزوج عام 1894 من السا مارتندايل وكان الزواج غير سعيد وانفصل الاثنان عام 1908
According to some sources, he had nearly twenty major relationships with women over the course of his lifetime.
بناء على بعض المصادر كان له ما يزيد على عشرين علاقة نسائية خلال حياته
Ford was not especially handsome but looked very ordinary-he was fat, had a mustache and blond hair. He smoke Gauloises and had bad teeth. His memory was exceptional.

لم يكن مظهره جميلا كان زائد الوزن ويدخن لكن ذاكراته كانت قويه ويمكن القول انه كان لديه ذاكرة فوتوغرافية
He could quote long passages from classics and he once started a French translation of his work without a copy of the book or a note.
Scandals around Ford-he an affair with his wife's sister-the social ostracism, ill-health, and financial anxiety led eventually to a nervous breakdown in 1904.
كان له علاقة مع اخت زوجته وكان مريضا وكان يعاني من مشاكل مالية مما ادي في النهاية الىاصابته بأنهيار عصبي في عام 1904
"Only two classes of books are of universal appeal: the very best and the very worst," Ford wrote in Joseph Conrad (1924). He had met the author in the late 1890s and collaborated with him on The Inheritors (1901) and Romance (1903). Conrad's use of mediating narrators impressed Ford deeply. Later he used the technique in The Good Soldier.
In 1908 Ford launched the English Review, which attracted such contributors as Thomas Hardy, H.G. Wells, John Galsworthy, Henry James, and Anatole France. Ford lost control of the Review in 1910, a time of crisis in his life, which was associated with his romance with the writer Violet Hunt. In the same year Ford was ordered to pay his wife funds for the support of their two daughters. When he refused he was sent to Brixton prison for eight days.
العام 1910 مثل عام ازمنة بالنسبة له حيث كان في ذلك العام على علاقة مع الروائية فيولت هنت وفي نفس العام امرته المحكمة بأن يدفع نفقة لبناته من زوجته لكنه رفض فارسل الى السجن لمدة 8 ايام
At the age of forty-two, Ford published The Good Soldier, which is generally considered his his masterpiece.
عندما بلغ الرابعة والعشرين نشر فورد روايته الجندي الطيب
The story about adultery and deceit revolves around two couples, Edward and Leonora Ashburnham, and their two American friends, John and Florence Dowell.
وتدور احداث الرواية حول الرذيلة ( الزنا ) والخديعة
Ford presents the story through the mind of John Dowell, who recounts the events of their life, Florence's affair with Edward, the "good soldier," and her subsequent suicide.
وجعل فورد الراوي في روايته جون دويل الذي يروى العلاقة بين البطلة فلورانس والبطل ادوارد ( الجندي الطيب) ومن ثم انتحار البطلة
Through Dowell's confused and perhaps unreliable narrative Ford attempts to recreate real thoughts. "You may well ask why I write. And yet my reasons are quite many. For it is not unusual in human beings who have witnessed for the the sack of a city or the falling to pieces of a people to desire to set down what they have witnessed for the benefit of unknown heirs or of generation infinitely remote; or, if you please, jut to get the sight out of their heads." (from The Good Soldier) The technique was a forerunner of such works as Samuel Beckett's Molloy (1951) and J.M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country (1977). The Good Soldier was also Ford's own favorite of his early books. Originally it was entitled "The Saddest Story".
اطلق على روايته ( الجندي الطيب ) في البداية اسم اكثر القصص حزنا
Ford claimed that it was based on a true story.
يقول فورد ان تلك القصة كتبت على اثر قصة حقيقية
Before writing it he had noted that he had "never really tried to put into any novel of mine all that I knew about writing."
During World War I Ford served as a lieutenant in the Welch Regiment. Ford wrote the poem 'Antwerp' which T.S. Eliot considered the only good poem he'd met with on the subject of war. During the Battle of the Somme in 1916 Ford was shell-shocked and in 1917 he was invalided home. Ford's war experiences inspired some of his poetry and propaganda pieces.
شارك فورد في الحرب العالمية الاولى وكتب عن تجاربه فيها اشعار وقصص . وخلال العام 1916 اصابته صدمة من شدة القصف عليه وفي العام 1917 سرح من الجيش حيث اعتبر عاجزا عن الاستمرار فيه
After the war Ford lived in isolation in the country for a time.
بعد الحرب عاش في عزلة في الريف لمدة
He then became bored and moved with the Australian painter Stella Bowen to France.
بعد ذلك لم يطق العيش في الريف وسافر مع الرسامة الاسترالية الى فرنسا
In Paris, he founded The Transatlantic Review. Hemingway was its deputy editor; he portrayed Ford as the party-giving Henry Braddocks in The Sun Also Rises (1926). They published works by Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, e.e. cummings and Jean Rhys. In 1919 Ford changed his name from Ford Madox Hueffer to Ford Madox Ford. In 1925 his lover, Violet Hunt, was legally restrained from describing herself as Ford's wife.
In 1924 Ford began an affair with Jean Rhys, whose husband Jean Lenglet had been sentenced to prison.
في العام 1924 بدأ في علاقة مع جين رايز والذي كان زوجها قد سجن

ولد عام 1873 ومات ابوه فرانسس عام 1889 عندما كان فورد في سن الـ 16
He went by the name of Ford Madox Hueffer and in 1919 changed it to Ford Madox Ford (allegedly because it sounded too Germa[ in honour of his grandfather, the Pre-Raphaelite painter Ford Madox Brown, whose biography he had written.

The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.[1] It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations.
The novel formed the basis for a number of film adaptations, notably: Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 version; a 1959 colour remake; a 1978 version which is perhaps most faithful to the novel; and a 2008 version for British television.

Background
John Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps while he was ill in bed with a duodenal ulcer, an illness which remained with him all his life. The novel was his first "shocker", as he called it — a story combining personal and political dramas. The novel marked a turning point in Buchan’s literary career and introduced his famous adventuring hero, Richard Hannay. He described a "shocker" as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened.
Buchan's son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter, then about age six, was counting the stairs at a private nursing home in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. "There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps." Some time later the house was demolished and a section of the stairs, complete with a brass plaque, was sent to Buchan.
Plot introduction
In May 1914, Europe is close to war and spies are everywhere. Richard Hannay has just returned to London from Rhodesia in order to begin a new life, when a freelance spy called Franklin P. Scudder calls on him to ask for help. Scudder reveals to Hannay that he has uncovered a German plot to murder the Greek Premier and steal British plans for the outbreak of war. Scudder claims to be following a ring of German spies called the Black Stone.
A few days later, Hannay returns to his flat to find Scudder murdered. If Hannay goes to the police, he will be arrested for Scudder’s murder. Hannay decides to continue Scudder’s work and his adventure begins. He escapes from the German spies watching the house and makes his way to Scotland, pursued both by the spies and by the police.
The mysterious phrase Thirty-nine Steps first mentioned by Scudder becomes the title of the novel and the solution to its meaning is a thread that runs through the whole story.
Plot summary
Richard Hannay, the protagonist and narrator, an expatriate Scot, returns from a long stay in Southern Africa to his new home, a flat in London. One night he is buttonholed by a stranger, a well-travelled American, who claims to be in fear for his life. The man appears to know of an anarchist plot to destabilise Europe, beginning with a plan to assassinate the Greek Premier, Karolides, during his forthcoming visit to London. He reveals his name to be Franklin P. Scudder. Hannay lets Scudder hide in his flat, and returns later the next day to find that another man has been found shot dead in the same building, apparently a suicide. Four days later Hannay returns home to find Scudder dead with a knife through his heart.
Hannay fears that the murderers will come for him next, but cannot ask the police for help because he is the most likely suspect for the murders. Not only does he want to avoid imprisonment, but he also feels a duty to take up Scudder's cause and save Karolides from the assassination, planned in three weeks' time. He decides to go into hiding in Scotland and then to contact the authorities at the last minute. In order to escape from his flat unseen, he bribes the milkman to lend him his uniform and exits wearing it. Carrying Scudder's pocket-book, he catches the next express train leaving from London St.Pancras station; its destination happens to be Dumfries in Scotland, and Hannay, remembering for some reason the nearby town of Newton-Stewart, names this as his destination when he buys his ticket from the guard.
Arriving at the countryside somewhere in Galloway, Hannay lodges in a shepherd's cottage. The next morning he reads in a newspaper that the police are looking for him in Scotland. Reasoning that the police would expect him to head for a port on the West Coast, he doubles back and boards a local train heading east, but jumps off between stations. He is seen but escapes, finding an inn where he stays the night. He tells the innkeeper a modified version of his story, and the man is persuaded to shelter him. While staying at the inn, Hannay cracks the substitution cipher used in Scudder's pocket-book. The next day two men arrive at the inn looking for Hannay, but the innkeeper sends them away. When they return later, Hannay steals their car and escapes.
On his way, Hannay reflects on what he has learnt from Scudder's notes. They contradict the story that Scudder first told to him, and mention an enemy group called the Black Stone and the mysterious Thirty-nine Steps. The United Kingdom appears to be in danger of an invasion by Germany and its allies. By this time, Hannay is being pursued by an aeroplane, and a policeman in a remote village has tried to stop him. Trying to avoid an oncoming car, Hannay crashes his own, but the other driver offers to take him home. The man is Sir Harry, a local landowner and prospective politician, although politically very naive. When he learns of Hannay's experience of South Africa, he invites him to address an election meeting that afternoon. Hannay's speech impresses Sir Harry, and Hannay feels able to trust him with his story. Sir Harry writes an introductory letter about Hannay to a relation in the Foreign Office.
Hannay leaves Sir Harry and tries to hide in the countryside, but is spotted by the aeroplane. Soon he spots a group of men on the ground searching for him. Miraculously, he meets a road mender out on the moor, and swaps places with him, sending the workman home. His disguise fools his pursuers, who pass him by. On the same road he meets a rich motorist, whom he recognises from London, and whom he forces to exchange clothes with him and drive him off the moor.
The next day, Hannay manages to stay ahead of the pursuers, and hides in a cottage occupied by an elderly man. Unfortunately, the man turns out to be one of the enemy, and with his accomplices he imprisons Hannay. Fortunately, the room in which Hannay is locked is full of bomb-making materials, which he uses to break out of the cottage, injuring himself in the process.
A day later, Hannay retrieves his possessions from the helpful roadmender and stays for a few days to recover from the explosion. He dines at a Public House in Moffat before walking to the junction at Beattock to catch a southbound train to England, changing at Crewe, Birmingham New Street and Reading, to meet Sir Harry's relative at the Foreign Office, Sir Walter Bullivant, at his country home in Berkshire. As they discuss Scudder's notes, Sir Walter receives a phone call to tell him that Karolides has been assassinated.
Sir Walter, now at his house in London, lets Hannay in on some military secrets before releasing him to go home. Hannay is unable to shake off his sense of involvement in important events, and returns to Sir Walter's house where a high-level meeting is in progress. He is just in time to see a man, whom he recognises as one of his former pursuers in Scotland, leaving the house. Hannay warns Sir Walter that the man, ostensibly the First Sea Lord, is about to return to Europe with the information he has obtained from their meeting. At that point, Hannay realises that the phrase "the thirty-nine steps" could refer to the landing-point in England from which the spy is about to set sail. Throughout the night Hannay and the United Kingdom's military leaders try to work out the meaning of the mysterious phrase.
After some reasoning worthy of Sherlock Holmes, and with the help of a knowledgeable coastguard, the group decide on a coastal town in Kent. They find a path down from the cliff that has thirty-nine steps. Just offshore they see a yacht. Posing as fishermen, some of the party visit the yacht, the Ariadne, and find that at least one of the crew appears to be German. The only people onshore are playing tennis by a villa and appear to be English, but they match Scudder's description of the conspirators, The Black Stone. Hannay, alone, confronts the men at the villa. After a struggle, two of the men are captured while the third flees to the yacht, which meanwhile has been seized by the British authorities. The plot is thwarted, and the United Kingdom enters the First World War having kept its military secrets from the enemy.
A few weeks later, Hannay joins the army with a captain's rank

John Buchan, first Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield (1875-1940) Scottish historian, Governor General of Canada, Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada and author of the infamous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps. (1915)
ولد عام 1875 وهو من اصل اسكتلندي
John Buchan was born at York Place, Perth, Scotland on 26 August 1875 and grew up in the mining town of Pathhead, Fife. He was the eldest son of John Buchan (1847–1911) a jovial and fun-loving Free Church of Scotland minister, and Helen née Masterson, (1857–1937) both of whom would later provide fodder for his fictional characters.
كان الاكبر بين اخوته ، مات ابوه عام 1911 ( وعمره 36 سنة ) وماتت امه عام 1937 وعمره 62 سنة ) فهو ليس يتيم
Among John's siblings William, Walter and Alistair, his sister Anna Buchan (b.1877) would become the novelist O. Douglas.
Scottish diplomat, barrister, journalist, historian, poet, and novelist, whose most famous thriller was THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS (1915), his 27th book, which has been filmed several times.
اصبح كتابه رقم 27 من روائع الادب العالمي ونشر عام 1915 وقد حولت الرواية الى فلم.
Alfred Hitchcock's film version of the story from 1935 is ranked as one of the director's best achievemets. In addition to his large body of nonfiction, John Buchan published nearly 30 novels and seven collections of short stories.
"Public life is regarded as the crown of a career, and to young men it is the worthiest ambition. Politics is still the greatest and the most honorable adventure."
John Buchan was born in Perth, Scotland, the eldest son of Rev. John Buchan and Helen (née Masterton) Buchan.
In 1876 the family moved to Pathhead, Fife, a small mining town, and then to Glasgow.
انتقلت العائلة عام 1876 الى قرية صغيرة تعمل في مجال مناجم الفحم
After attending Hutcheson's Grammar School, Buchan studied at the University of Glasgow and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he had an outstanding career, winning the Stanhope Essay Prize in 1897 and the Newdigate Prize in the following year.
Returning to London in 1903, Buchan specialized in tax law and continued to write prolifically, both fiction and nonfiction.
درس القانون وتخصص في قانون الضرائب
He joined in 1906 the publisher Thomas Nelson and Sons, revitalized publication of pocket editions of great literature, and virtually edited The Spectator.
In 1907 he married Susan Charlotte Grosvenor; they had three sons and one daughter.
تزوج عام 1906 من سوزان تشارلوتي وانجب ثلاثة اطفال وابنة واحدة
After the outbreak of WWI, Buchan tried to enlist but was refused because of an ulcer.
حاول الانضمام للجيش بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية لكنه فشل بسبب وجود قرحه معوية
Before being able to join the army, he worked as a special correspondent for The Times on the Western Front.
قبل تمكنه من الانضمام الى الجيش عمل مراسل حربي
Buchan began his literary career in the 1890s.
بدأ حياه الادبية عام 1890
While ill in bed in 1914, during the first months of the war, Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which introduced the spy-catcher Richard Hannay, who was modelled after a young Army officer named Edmund Ironside, later Field-Marshal Lord Ironside of Archangel.
كتب رائعته تسعة وثلاثين خطوة عام 1914 بينما كان يرقد في السرير بسبب المرض
Hannay had all the qualities of a hero, who could defend the English way of life against foreign thread – he is resourceful, courageous, "solid and respectable citizen" devoted to his own country. In the story Hannay, a 37-year-old wealthy Scot, meets an American journalist, named Scudder, who tells of an international assassination plan. Scudder is murdered, and Hannay realizes that he is the prime suspect. He flees to Scotland, and hides there from the police and the foreign conspirators and other anarchists. Hannay guesses that Scudders's cryptic note ("Thirty-nine steps – I counted them – High tide 10:17 p.m.) refers to the location of the anarchists' beach house. The conspirators are arrested.
A consistent theme in Buchan's thrillers was that nothing is as it seems – behind a respectable facade, there is a hidden agenda and deeply buries secrets, threatening the order of modern society.
At the age of five, Buchan was run over by a carriage, whereupon he lay in bed for the better part of a year and which would leave permanent scars on his otherwise striking features.
عندما كان عمره 5 سنوات صدمته عربة رقد على اثرها في السري لمدة عام تقريبا وقد تركت تلك الحادثه على جسده اثرا بارزا
Summer holidays were spent in the southern sunny Borders region with his maternal grandparents, sheep farmers for many generations, where young John explored the glens, hunted for birds and their eggs, fished for trout in the rivers and met the local people.
كان يقضي ايام الصيف في مزرعة جده والذي كان يربي الغنم وكان يصطاد السلاحف من النهر
Daytime revolved around jaunts into the surrounding woods, which Paul Bunyan himself had claimed, and the magic of fairytales told by his father added to the enchantment. These idyllic childhood memories would also provide much basis for his future writings.
The concept of a Calvinistic Devil didn't torment Buchan as a child because "The fatal influence of Robert Burns made me regard him as a rather humorous and jovial figure; nay more, as something of a sportsman, dashing and debonair." An avid reader, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress was a "constant companion" for John.
Buchan did not follow a conventional schooling due to the family's financial constraints.
لم يلتحق بمدرسة بالمعنى التقليدي بسبب المصاعب المالية لعائلته
1911 saw the birth of his son John Norman Stuart, on 25 November and it was to be the first year that Buchan would suffer troubles from painful duodenal illness.
في عام 1911 انجب ابنه الاول ولكنه نفس العام الذي وقع في مشاكل صحية سببها الاثنا عشر
He entered politics for the first time, becoming the conservative candidate for Peebles and Selkirk counties. He also wrote a number of biographies including one of Sir Walter Scott.
دخل في معترك السياسة وكتب مجموعة من السير الذاتية
Also in 1911 Buchan's father John died peacefully in his sleep after years of dedication to the sick and poor in the Gorbals tenement district of Glasgow.
ايضا مات ابوه في عام 1911 اثناء نومه بعدسنوات لخدمة المرضى والفقراء في منطقة جلاسكو
In 1912 Buchan's brother Willie died and a number of his friends, three from Oxford, were killed in the Great War to his everlasting sadness.
في عام 1912 قتل اخوه مع مجموعة آخرين من زملاؤه في الحرب العظمى وقد تسبب هذا الحادث في حزن دام ابد الدهر ( عندما كان عمره 37 سنه)
When the war had broken out in 1914 Buchan was bed-ridden for three months due to illness.
في عام 1914 رقد جون بوشان في السرير لمدة ثلاثة اشهر بسبب المرض
His brother Alistair would be killed in action in 1917 as head of the Royal Scots Fusiliers.
في عام 1917 قتل اخوه الستير
In 1915 Buchan become a war correspondent after the battle of Loos for The Times newspaper.
عام 1915 اصبح مراسل حربي لصحيفة التايمز اللندنية
He wrote Britain's War By Land and his famous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps in 1915.
كتب روايته الراعة عام 1915
"The war left me with an intense craving for a country life . . . quiet after turmoil." Walking was one of Buchan's favourite pastimes whereupon he would don his `disreputable' shapeless hat and tweeds and head for the hills and dales.
لقد تركته الحرب يشتاق الى حياة الريف حيث كانت رياضة المشي هي المفضلة لديه

والان مع سر الروعة في :

45 ـ يوليسيس، للمؤلف جيمس جويس.

Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on 2 February 1922, in Paris. One of the most important works of Modernist literature,[1] it has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".[2] "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking."[3]
Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, 16 June 1904 (the day of Joyce's first date with his future wife, Nora Barnacle).[4] The title alludes to Odysseus (Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer's Odyssey, and establishes a series of parallels between characters and events in Homer's poem and Joyce's novel (e.g., the correspondence of Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday.
Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length and uses a lexicon of 30,030 words (including proper names, plurals and various verb tenses),[5] divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars." Ulysses' stream-of-consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—full of puns, parodies, and allusions, as well as its rich characterisations and broad humour, made the book a highly regarded novel in the Modernist pantheon. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Ulysses first on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[6]

Background
Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses—an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, which seemed to establish the Roman name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses entitled "My Favourite Hero".[7][8]
Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature.[9]
He thought about calling Dubliners by the name Ulysses in Dublin,[10] but the idea grew from a story in Dubliners in 1906, to a "short book" in 1907,[11] to the vast novel that he began in 1914.
Structure
Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 chapters or "episodes". At first glance much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant", which would earn the novel "immortality".[12] The two schemata which Stuart Gilbert and Herbert Gorman released after publication to defend Joyce from the obscenity accusations made the links to the Odyssey clear, and also explained the work's internal structure.
Every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique, and correspondences between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences; instead, they originate from the Linati and Gilbert schema. Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the idiosyncratic rendering of some of the titles––'Nausikaa', the 'Telemachia'––from Victor Bérard's two-volume Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée which he consulted in 1918 in the Zentralbibliothek Zürich.

جيمس أوغسطين ألويسيوس جويس

(2 فبراير1882 في دبلن، أيرلندا - 13 يناير1941 في زيوريخ، سويسرا) كاتب وشاعر أيرلندي من القرن 20، من أشهر أعماله "عوليس"، و"صورة الفنان كشاب" (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)، و"أليسز" (Ulysses)، و"استيقاظ فينغانز" (Finnegans Wake).
تلقى جيمس جويس تعليمه في مدرسة مسيحية، ثم التحق كلية دبلين الجامعية، وقرر أن يصبح أديباً. في عام 1902 انتقل إلى باريس، فرنسا.
كانت حياته صعبة، ومليئة بالمشاكل الاقتصادية،
كما كان مصاباً بأمراض عين مزمنة قادت أحياناً للعمى،
بالإضافة إلى إصابة ابنته بمرض عقلي.
مع العون المالي المقدم من أصحابه، أمضى سبع سنين في كتابة "أليسز" (1922) المثير للجدل، الذي منع في البداية في الولايات المتحدةوبريطانيا. اليوم يعتبر ذلك الكتاب من أعظم كتب اللغة الإنجليزية في القرن العشرين. وأمضى 17 عاماً في كتابة عمله الأخير، "استيقاظ فينغانز" (1939).

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century.
جميس جويس كاتب ايرلندي ولد عام 1882 وكان من اكثر الكتاب تأثيرا في مطلع القرن العشرين
Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of consciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey.
Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as ULYSSES (1922) and FINNEGANS WAKE (1939).
During his career Joyce suffered from rejections from publishers, suppression by censors, attacks by critics, and misunderstanding by readers.
عانى الكثير خلال رحلته مع الادب من الرفض من قبل الناشرين والملاحقة من قبل الرقابة والهجوم من قبل النقاد وسوء الفهم من قبل القراء
From 1902 Joyce led a nomadic life, which perhaps reflected in his interest in the character of Odysseus.
كان يعيش حياة بوهيمية بدوية وظل هائما على وجهه
Although he spent long times in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zürich, with only occasional brief visit to Ireland, his native country remained basic to all his writings.
سافر كثيرا على باريس وروما وزيورخ وقلما عاد الى ايرلندا في زيارات خاطفه لكنه جعل منم بلاده مسرحا لرواياته
"But when the restraining influence of the school was at a distance I began to hunger again for wild sensations, for the escape which those chronicles of disorder alone seemed to offer me. The mimic warfare of the evening became at last as wearisome to me as the routine of school in the morning because I wanted real adventures to happen to myself. But real adventures, I reflected, do not happen to people who remain at home: they must be sought abroad." (from Dubliners)
في هذه المقطوعة يقول بأن المغامرة لا يمكن الحصول عليها وانت في المنزل ولا بد من الحصول عليها في الخارج
James Joyce was born in Dublin. His father, John Stanislaus Joyce, was an impoverished gentleman, who had failed in a distillery business and tried all kinds of professions, including politics and tax collecting.
والده كان رجلا فقيرا وقد فشل في كل عمل قام به تقريبا بما في ذلك مصنع للتقطير
Joyce's mother, Mary Jane Murray, was ten years younger than her husband. She was an accomplished pianist, whose life was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church and her husband. In spite of the poverty, the family struggled to maintain solid middle-class facade.
والدته كانت مثقفة ولديها وعازفت بيانو وقد حاولت العائلة وعلى الرغم من الفقر الحفاظ على مستواها الاجتماعي كواحدة من العائلات المنتمية للطبقة الوسطى
From the age of six Joyce, was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97).
تعلم جويس في مدارس منذ سن السادسه من عام 1893 وحتى عام 1897
Later the author thanked Jesuits for teaching him to think straight, although he rejected their religious instructions. At school he once broke his glasses and was unable to do his lessons. This episode was recounted in A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN (1916).
في احد المرات كرس جويس نظاراته ولم يكن قادر على متابعة دروسه وقد روى عن هذا الحادث في احدى رواياته " صورة الفنان وهو صغير".
In 1898 he entered the University College, Dublin, where he found his early inspirations from the works of Henrik Ibsen, St.Thomas Aquinas and W.B. Yeats. Joyce's first publication was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken.
كانت اولى كتاباته عن مسرحية ابسن بعنوان عندما نحن الاموات افقنا
It appeared in Fortnightly Review in 1900. At this time he began writing lyric poems.
After graduation in 1902 the twenty-year-old Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other occupations in difficult financial conditions.
بعد تخرجه في سن الثانية والعشرين سافر جويس الى فرنسا حيث عمل كصحفي ومدرس ومهن اخرى في ظل وضع مالي سيء.
He spent in France a year, returning when a telegram arrived saying his mother was dying. Not long after her death, Joyce was traveling again.
قضى عام واحد في فرنسا وعاد عندما وصلته برقية تقول بأن امه تموت وما ان ناتت فعلا حتى عاد جويس للسفر من جديد.
He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid (they married in 1931), staying in Pola, Austria-Hungary, and in Trieste, which was the world’s seventh busiest port. Joyce gave English lessons and talked about setting up an agency to sell Irish tweed. Refused a post teaching Italian literature in Dublin, he continued to live abroad.
ظل يعمل في مجال تدريس اللغة الانجليزية في الخارج وتزوج من عاملة تنظيف عام 1931
The Trieste years were nomadic, poverty-stricken, and productive.
عاش في ترستي الايطالية على البحر الادرياتكي حياة بوهيمية وعانى من الفقر الشديد
In 1909 Joyce opened a cinema in Dublin, but this affair failed and he was soon back in Trieste, still broke and working as a teacher, tweed salesman, journalist and lecturer. In 1912 he was in Ireland, trying to persuade Maunsel & Co to fulfill their contract to publish Dubliners. The work contained a series of short stories, dealing with the lives of ordinary people, youth, adolescence, young adulthood, and maturity. The last story, 'The Dead', was adapted into screen by John Huston in 1987.
عام 1909 زار دبلن محاولا نشر مجموعته القصصيه والتي كان آخر قصة فيها بعنوان الاموات والتي تحولت الى فلم سينمائي
From 1917 to 1930 Joyce endured several eye operations, being totally blind for short intervals. (According to tradition, Homer was also blind.)
اجرى جويس من عام 1917 وحتى عام 1930 عدة عمليات لعينيه وكانت تمر عليه اوقات كان فيها اعمى
Joyce's daughter Lucia, born in Trieste in 1907, became Carl Jung's patient in 1934.
اصيبت ابنة جويس والتي ولدت عام 1907 بالجنون وعالجها الطبيب النفسي كارل يونج في عام 1934
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce ( John Stanislaus Joyce (4 July 1849 – 29 December 1931) was the father of writer James Joyce, and a well known Dublin man about town).
مات والد جويس عام 1931
and Mary Jane Murray in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was the eldest of ten surviving children; two of his siblings died of typhoid.
كان اكبر اخوته العشرة و مات اثنان من اخوته بسبب التيفوئيد
In 1891, Joyce wrote a poem, Et Tu Healy on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell. His father was angry at the treatment of Parnell by the Catholic church and at the resulting failure to secure Home Rule for Ireland.
كتب جويس قصيدة عام 1891 ( وعمره حينها كان 10 سنوات) عن موت تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل وهو قائد سياسي ايرلندي مرموق

The elder Joyce had the poem printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that same year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette (an official register of bankruptcies) and suspended from work. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the family's slide into poverty caused mainly by John's drinking and general financial mismanagement.
اعلن والده عام 1893 ووحينما كان جويس في سن الحادية عشره افلاسه وذلك بسبب ادمانه على الخمر وبسبب سوء الادارة المالية

- كانت حياته صعبة، ومليئة بالمشاكل الاقتصادية،
- كما كان مصاباً بأمراض عين مزمنة قادت أحياناً للعمى،
- بالإضافة إلى إصابة ابنته بمرض عقلي.

والان مع سر الروعة في :

46 ـ السيدة دالاوي، للمؤلفة فيرجينياوولف.

Mrs Dalloway (published on 14 May 1925) is a novel by Virginia Woolf that details a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway in post-World War IEngland. It is one of Woolf's best-known novels.
Created from two short stories, "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" and the unfinished "The Prime Minister", the novel's story is of Clarissa's preparations for a party of which she is to be hostess. With the interior perspective of the novel, the story travels forwards and back in time and in and out of the characters' minds to construct an image of Clarissa's life and of the inter-war social structure.
In 2005, the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present.[1]

Clarissa Dalloway goes around London in the morning, getting ready to host a party that evening. The nice day reminds her of her youth at Bourton and makes her wonder about her choice of husband; she married the reliable Richard Dalloway instead of the enigmatic and demanding Peter Walsh and she "had not the option" to be with Sally Seton. Peter reintroduces these conflicts by paying a visit that morning.
Septimus Warren Smith, a veteran of World War I suffering from deferred traumatic stress, spends his day in the park with his Italian-born wife Lucrezia, where they are observed by Peter Walsh. Septimus is visited by frequent and indecipherable hallucinations, mostly concerning his dear friend Evans who died in the war. Later that day, after he is prescribed involuntary commitment to a psychiatric hospital, he commits suicide by jumping out of a window.
Clarissa's party in the evening is a slow success. It is attended by most of the characters she has met in the book, including people from her past. She hears about Septimus' suicide at the party and gradually comes to admire the act of this stranger, which she considers an effort to preserve the purity of his happiness.

اديلين فيرجينيا وولف

25 يناير1882 — 28 مارس1941 أديبة إنجليزية، اشتهرت برواياتها التي تمتاز بإيقاظ الضمير الإنساني, ومنها :السيدة دالواي, الأمواج, تعد واحدة من أهم الرموز الأدبية المحدثة في القرن العشرين.

==
Adeline Virginia Woolf 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
كاتبه انجليزيه ولدت عام 1882
During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
اصبحت واحدة من اهم الشخصيات الادبية البريطانية
Woolf, who was educated at home, grew up at the family home at Hyde Park Gate. From her early age, she was extremely attached to her father.
فرجينا كانت مرتبطة كثيرا بوالدها
In middle age she described this period in a letter to Vita Sackville-West: "Think how I was brought up! No school; mooning about alone among my father's books; never any chance to pick up all that goes on in schools—throwing balls; ragging; slang; vulgarities; scenes; jealousies!"
لم تذهب الى المدرسة ولكنها تعلمت من كتب والدها
Woolf's youth was shadowed by series of emotional shocks.
في شبابها تعرض ت لعدد من الصدمات العاطفية
Gerald Duckworth, her half-brother, sexually abused her.
فقد اعتدى عليها اخوها غير الشقيق جنسيا
Julia Jackson Duckworth died from a bout of influenza, when Virginia was in her early teens.
ماتت امها عندما كانت في الثالثة عشرة والتي لم تكن علاقتها بها جيدة حتى انها لا تتذكر بأنها قضت معها وقت ولول لعدة دقائق
She never had a close relationship with her mother – "Can I remember," she once asked, "being alone with her for more than a few minutes."
Stella Duckworth, her half sister, took her mother's place, but died a scant two years later.
اخذت اختها الكبيرة ستيلا دور الام لكنها ما لبثت ان ماتت هي ايضا بعد عامين
Leslie Stephen suffered a slow death from stomach cancer, he died in 1904.
مات والدها عام 1904 عندما كان عمرها ( 22 سنة) اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي
When Virginia's brother Thoby died in 1906, she had a prolonged mental breakdown.
وعندما مات اخوها ثوبي عام 1906 وعمرها 24 اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي طويل
The sudden death of her mother in 1895, when Virginia was 13, and that of her half-sister Stella two years later, led to the first of Virginia's several nervous breakdowns.
The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse and she was briefly institutionalised.
Her breakdowns and subsequent recurring depressive periods, modern scholars (including her nephew and biographer, Quentin Bell) have suggested,[5] were also influenced by the sexual abuse she and Vanessa were subjected to by their half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth (which Woolf recalls in her autobiographical essays A Sketch of the Past and 22 Hyde Park Gate).
Throughout her life, Woolf was plagued by periodic mood swings and associated illnesses. Though this instability often affected her social life, her literary productivity continued with few breaks throughout her life.
On 28 March 1941, Woolf put on her overcoat, filled its pockets with stones, and walked into the River Ouse near her home and drowned herself. Woolf's body was not found until 18 April 1941. Her husband buried her cremated remains under an elm in the garden of Monk's House, their home in Rodmell, Sussex.
In her last note to her husband she wrote:

-اصبحت واحدة من اهم الشخصيات الادبية البريطانية
- فرجينا كانت مرتبطة كثيرا بوالدها
-لم تذهب الى المدرسة ولكنها تعلمت من كتب والدها
-في شبابها تعرض ت لعدد من الصدمات العاطفية
- فقد اعتدى عليها اخوها غير الشقيق جنسيا
-ماتت امها عندما كانت في الثالثة عشرة والتي لم تكن علاقتها بها جيدة حتى انها لا تتذكر بأنها قضت معها وقت ولول لعدة دقائق
-اخذت اختها الكبيرة ستيلا دور الام لكنها ما لبثت ان ماتت هي ايضا بعد عامين
-مات والدها عام 1904 عندما كان عمرها ( 22 سنة) اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي
-وعندما مات اخوها ثوبي عام 1906 وعمرها 24 اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي طويل
-ماتت منتحرة عام 1941 وكتبت لزوجها تقول بأنها بدأت تفقد عقلها من جديد وانه لا يمكنها احتمال ذلك فاغرقت نفسها في النهر

عاشت حياة مآساوية بكل ما في الكلمة من معنى، فمن ناحية تم الاعتداء عليها جنسيا وهي صغيرة من قبل اخيها غير الشقيق ثم ماتت امها، ثم ماتت اختها والتي اصبحت مثل ام بديلة ، ثم مات اخوها ومات ابوها وقد زاد الالم من المستوى المقبول الى حد انها اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي ثم تكرر الانهيار العبصبي الى ان ماتت منتحرة.

يتمية الام في سن الـ 13.

47ـ الطريق إلىالهند، للمؤلف إي. إم. فورستر.

هذه المقالة قمت بترحمتها ونشرها في احدى الصحف المحلية قبل عدة أشهر بأسمي الحقيقي ...
الطريق إلى الهــــند
Passage to India
للقصصي الإنجليزي
إ. م فورستر
E. M. froster

هذه هي خاتمة قصة " رحلة إلى الهند "A Passage to India لعملاق القصة الإنجليزي المعاصر إ.م . فوستر E.M Forster وجدير أن نذكر أن فوستر قضى فترة طويلة من شبابه خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى في مصر . ضمن فريق الصليب الأحمر في الإسكندرية . وقد أثمرت هذه الإقامة العديد من المقالات الأسبوعية التي كان ينشرها تباعا في الأجبشيان جازيت ، كما أثمرت كتابين هامين عن مدينة الإسكندرية أولهما Alexandria : a History. and a Guide والآخر هو Pharos and PhariIIon
ولعل قصة " رحلة إلى الهند " قد اختمرت في مخيلته كحيلة لتجربة إقامته في مصر . فقد بدأ هذه القصة أثناء زيارته الأولى للهند قبل مجيئه إلى مصر . ثم ألقاها جانباً . ثم تناولها مرة أخرى بعد أن عاود زيارة الهند عام 1921م . وأكمل القصة في إنجلترا عام 1924م . تخللت إقامته في مصر هاتين الزيارتين ، وأنضجت إحساسه بالمواجهة بين حضارتي الشرق والغرب والصراع القائم بينهما وهو الموضوع الرئيسي لقصة " رحلة إلى الهند " .
ومحور الحكاية هو مقدم بمسز مور مع خطيبة ابنها مس كوستد إلى بلدة شندرابور بالهند حيث يعمل ابنها رونى وكيلا للنيابة . وهى رحلة تهدف مس كوستد من خلالها أن تخبر الحياة في الهند استعداداً للإقامة الدائمة فيها . غير أن الأمر ليس بهذه البساطة إذ تفجر هذه القرية . وهو ليس صراع بين قوميات بين الجالية الإنجليزية الحاكمة ، والهنود المحكومين فحسب . بل هو صراع بين القديم والحديث . بين الشرق والغرب . وهو أيضاً صراع بين ثلاث من الدينات الكبرى الإسلام . والمسيحية والبوذية . غير أن هذه الصراعات المتأججة المتوهجة ، تخفى تحتها رغبة جامحة . وحنيناً شديداً نحو التلاقي والتواصل بين بنى الإنسان .
ويقسم فورستر القصة إلى أقسام ثلاثة فيرمز للقسم الأول بالمسجد وللثاني بالكهف وللثالث بالمعبد . وهذه الرموز - فضلا عن أنها ترمز لحضارات وديانات مختلفة إلا أنها تحدد - بالنسبة للقصة - المحاور الثلاثة التي تدور حولها هذه العلاقات المزدوجة التي تنطوي على التنافر والتلاحم في آن معا. فالمسجد هو المكان الذي التقى فيه عزيز الطبيب الهندي المسلم وبطل القصة - بمسز مور الوافدة الإنجليزية التي علقت بشخصيتها مسحة من التصوف . وهو لقاء بدأ بشيء من التشكك وانتهى بألفة أذابت ما بين الطرفين من اختلاف جنسي وديني .
أما الكهف - عنوان القسم الثاني - فهو إشارة إلى كهوف مالابار الأسطورية المظلمة . حيث كان اللقاء بين الدكتور عزيز ومس كوستد وهو لقاء بدأ بالألفة ولكنه انتهى بالمحنة التي أودت بعزيز متهماً بهتك عرض مس كوستد ومحاكمته. وفى هذا القسم يصل الصراع بين الأطراف إلى قمته .
أما في القسم الثالث والأخير فنحن في المعبد حيث يقام احتفال ديني يؤمه البوذيون بمناسبة عيد مولد اله الحب . وتتلى الترانيم تيمناً بهذا الإله . وطبيعي أن الحب هو القصد الأسمى من التراحم والتعاطف غير أن صورة الاحتفال به كما ورد في الجزء من القصة . توحي بأنه مازال شيئاً أسطورياً بعيد المنال والاحتمال .
فرغم محاولة الفردين الهندي والإنجليزي ، التغلب على العوائق التي تمنع تواصلهما . فإن هذه العوائق قومية كانت أم طبيعية - مازالت صعبة الاجتياز .
الطريق إلى الهند
الهند أمة ! يا له من تحول عظيم ! آخر من سيدخل زمرة قوميات القرن التاسع عشر ! تحبو الساعة لتتبوأ مكانها ! تلك التي لم يكن يضارعها إلا الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة ، ستقف الآن على قدم مع جواتيمالا وربما بلجيكا
وسخر فيلدنج مرة أخرى . وأخذ عزيز - في قمة الغضب يلوى هنا وهناك ، لا يدرى ماذا يفعل . ثم صاح " فليسقط الإنجليز على كل حال .
هذا مؤكد انزحوا يا هؤلاء - بسرعة . نحن قد يكره أحدنا الآخر ، ولكن كرهنا لكم أشد . فإذا لم نفلح في إجلائكم . فسيفلح أحمد ، وسيفلح كريم ، وسنتخلص منكم ولو بعد خمسة آلاف سنة . نعم سنلقى كل إنجليزي كريه في اليم ، ثم - وهنا جمح نحوه بالحصان - واختتم وهو يكاد يلثمه ثم نصبح أنا وأنت صديقين ".
" ولم لا نكون صديقين منذ الساعة ؟ " قالها الآخر وهو يضمه إليه في تعاطف . " هذا ما أبغيه . وهذا ما تبغيه " .
ولكن الحصانين لم يبغيا ذلك . فقد انفرجا متباعدين . وكذلك الأرض لم تبغ ذلك فقد تصاعدت الصخور بحيث لا يمكن للراكبين إلا السير فرادى . المعابد . والخزان . والسجن . والقصر . والطيور . والغثاء ، ودار الضيافة - كل ما ترامى إلى النظر بعد أن خرجا من الشعاب ليريا قرية ماو في أدنى الجبل - كل ذلك لم يبغ الالتقاء . والكل ردد في أصوات كثيرة " لا ليس بعد " ، وقالت السماء " لا ليس هنالك "

A Passage to India (1924) is a novel by E. M. Forster set against the backdrop of the British Raj and the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. It was selected as one of the 100 great works of English literature by the Modern Library and won the 1924 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Time magazine included the novel in its "TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".[1] The novel is based on Forster's experiences in India.
The story revolves around four characters: Dr. Aziz, his British friend Mr. Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Ms. Adela Quested. During a trip to the Marabar Caves (modeled on the Barabar Caves of Bihar),[2] Adela accuses Aziz of attempting to assault her. Aziz's trial, and its run-up and aftermath, bring out all the racial tensions and prejudices between indigenous Indians and the British colonists who rule India.

A young British schoolmistress, Adela Quested, and her elderly friend, Mrs. Moore, visit the fictional city of Chandrapore, British India. Adela is to marry Mrs. Moore's son, Ronny Heaslop, the city magistrate.
Meanwhile, Dr. Aziz, a young MuslimIndianphysician, is dining with two of his Indian friends and conversing about whether it is possible to be friends with an Englishman. During the meal, a summons arrives from Major Callendar, Aziz's unpleasant superior at the hospital. Aziz hastens to Callendar's bungalow as ordered, but is delayed by a flat tyre and difficulty in finding a tonga and the major has already left in a huff.
Disconsolate, Aziz walks down the road toward the railway station. When he sees his favourite mosque, a rather ramshackle but beautiful structure, he enters on impulse. He sees a strange Englishwoman there, and angrily yells at her not to profane this sacred place. The woman, however, turns out to be Mrs Moore. Her respect for native customs (she took off her shoes on entering and she acknowledged that "God is here" in the mosque) disarms Aziz, and the two chat and part friends.
Mrs. Moore returns to the British club down the road and relates her experience at the mosque. Ronny Heaslop, her son, initially thinks she is talking about an Englishman, and becomes indignant when he learns the truth. He thinks she should have indicated by her tone that it was a "Mohammedan" who was in question. Adela, however, is intrigued.
Because the newcomers had expressed a desire to see Indians, Mr. Turton, the city tax collector, invites numerous Indian gentlemen to a party at his house. The party turns out to be an awkward business, thanks to the Indians' timidity and the Britons' bigotry, but Adela does meet Cyril Fielding, headmaster of Chandrapore's little government-run college for Indians. Fielding invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to a tea party with him and a Hindu-Brahmin professor named Narayan Godbole. On Adela's request, he extends his invitation to Dr. Aziz.
At Fielding's tea party, everyone has a good time conversing about India, and Fielding and Aziz even become great friends. Aziz buoyantly promises to take Mrs. Moore and Adela to see the Marabar Caves, a distant cave complex that everyone talks about but no one seems to actually visit. Aziz's Marabar invitation was one of those casual promises that people often make and never intend to keep. Ronny Heaslop arrives and rudely breaks up the party.
Aziz mistakenly believes that the women are really offended that he has not followed through with his promise and arranges the outing at great expense to himself. Fielding and Godbole were supposed to accompany the little expedition, but they miss the train.
Aziz and the women begin to explore the caves. In the first cave, however, Mrs. Moore is overcome with claustrophobia, for the cave is dark and Aziz's retinue has followed her in. The press of people nearly smothers her. But worse than the claustrophobia is the echo. No matter what sound one makes, the echo is always "Boum." Disturbed by the echo, Mrs. Moore declines to continue exploring. So Adela and Aziz, accompanied by a single guide, a local man, climb on up the hill to the next cluster of caves.
As Aziz helps Adela up the hill, she innocently asks him whether he has more than one wife. Disconcerted by the bluntness of the remark, he ducks into a cave to compose himself. When he comes out, he finds the guide sitting alone outside the caves. The guide says Adela has gone into one of the caves by herself. Aziz looks for her in vain. Deciding she is lost, he angrily punches the guide, who runs away. Aziz looks around again and discovers Adela's field-glasses (binoculars) lying broken on the ground. He puts them in his pocket.
Then Aziz looks down the hill and sees Adela speaking to another young Englishwoman, Miss Derek, who has arrived with Fielding in a car. Aziz runs down the hill and greets Fielding effusively, but Miss Derek and Adela have already driven off without a word of explanation. Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Aziz return to Chandrapore on the train.
Then the blow falls. At the train station, Dr. Aziz is arrested and charged with sexually assaulting Adela in a cave. She reports the alleged incident to the British authorities.
The run-up to Aziz's trial for attempted sexual assault releases the racial tensions between the British and the Indians. Adela accuses Aziz only of trying to touch her. She says that he followed her into the cave and tried to grab her, and that she fended him off by swinging her field glasses at him. She remembers him grabbing the glasses and the strap breaking, which allowed her to get away. The only actual evidence the British have is the field glasses in the possession of Dr. Aziz. Despite this, the British colonists firmly believe that Aziz is guilty; at the back of all their minds is the conviction that all darker peoples lust after white women. They are stunned when Fielding proclaims his belief in Aziz's innocence. Fielding is ostracized and condemned as a blood-traitor. But the Indians, who consider the assault allegation a fraud aimed at ruining their community's reputation, welcome him.
During the weeks before the trial, Mrs. Moore is unexpectedly apathetic and irritable. Her experience in the cave seems to have ruined her faith in humanity. Although she curtly professes her belief in Aziz's innocence, she does nothing to help him. Ronny, alarmed by his mother's assertion that Aziz is innocent, decides to arrange for her return by ship to England before she can testify to this effect at the trial. Mrs. Moore dies during the voyage. Her absence from India becomes a major issue at the trial, where Aziz's legal defenders assert that her testimony alone, had it been available, would have proven the accused's innocence.
After an initial period of fever and weeping, Adela becomes confused as to Aziz's guilt. At the trial, she is asked point-blank whether Aziz sexually assaulted her. She asks for a moment to think before replying. She has a vision of the cave in that moment, and it turns out that Adela had, while in the cave, received a shock similar to Mrs. Moore's. The echo had disconcerted her so much that she temporarily became unhinged. She ran around the cave, fled down the hill, and finally sped off with Miss Derek. At the time, Adela mistakenly interpreted her shock as an assault by Aziz, who personifies the India that has stripped her of her psychological innocence, but he was never there. She admits that she was mistaken. The case is dismissed. (Note that in the 1913 draft of the novel EM Forster originally had Aziz guilty of the assault and found guilty in the court, but later changed this in the 1924 draft to create a more ambiguous ending).
All the Anglo-Indians are shocked and infuriated by what they view as Adela's betrayal of the white race. Ronny Heaslop breaks off their engagement. Adela stays at Fielding's house until her passage on a boat to England is arranged. After explaining to Fielding that the echo was the cause of the whole business, she departs India, never to return.
Although he is free and vindicated, Aziz is angry and bitter that his friend, Fielding, would befriend Adela after she nearly ruined his life. The two men's friendship suffers in consequence, and Fielding soon departs for England. Aziz believes that he is leaving to marry Adela for her money. Bitter at his friend's perceived betrayal, he vows never again to befriend a white person. Aziz moves to the Hindu-ruled state of Mau and begins a new life.
Two years later, Fielding returns to India and to Aziz. His wife is Stella, Mrs. Moore's daughter from a second marriage. Aziz, now the Raja's chief physician, at first persists in his anger against his old friend. But in time, he comes to respect and love Fielding again. However, he does not give up his dream of a free and united India. In the novel's last sentences, he explains that he and Fielding cannot be friends, at least not until India is free of the British Raj. Even the earth and the sky seem to say, "Not yet."