ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 24



والان مع سر الروعة في رواية:

76 ـ مئة عام من العزلة، للمؤلف غابرييلغارسيا ماركيز.

مائة عام من العزلة

(بالإسبانية: Cien años de soledad‏) رواية للكاتب جابرييل جارسيا ماركيز, نشرت عام 1967 بالإسبانية، وطبع منها حتى الآن حوالي ثلاثين مليون نسخة، وترجمت إلى ثلاثين لغة [1] و قد كتبها ماركيز عام 1965 في المكسيك. بعد ذلك بسنتين نشرت دار النشر (سود-أميريكا)Editorial Sudamericana في الأرجنتين ثمانية ألف نسخة.

تعتبر هذه الرواية من أهم الأعمال الأسبانية-الأمريكية خاصة، ومن أهم الأعمال الأدبية العالمية عموما. (مائة عام من العزلة) هي من أكثر الروايات المقروءة والمترجمة للغات أخرى. وتروي الرواية.

يروي الكاتب أحداث المدينة من خلال سيرة عائلة بوينديا على مدى ستة أجيال والذين يعيشون في قرية خيالية تدعى (ماكوندو)، ويسمون الكثير من ابنائهم في الرواية بهذا الاسم بعض شخصيات الرواية:

خوسيه أركاديو بونديا (مؤسس القرية).
أورسولا (زوجة مؤسس القرية).
العقيد اورليانو ابن أركاديو.
أركاديو الابن.
ريبيكا (ابنتهم بالتبني).
ملكياديس (رجل غجري).
فرسبي كراسو (شاب إيطالي يأتي إلى القرية ليعلم الموسيقى)
أمارانتا.
بيلار تينيرا.

يبرز في هذه الرواية عنصر الخيال الذي يأخذ بالقارئ لعالم ماكوندو وحياته البسيطة التي لا تلبث تنغصها صراعات بين المحافظين والأحرار وغيرها من الصعاب. كما وتمتد أحداث هذه القصة على مدة عشرة عقود من الزمن، وتتوالى الشخصيات وما يترافق معها من أحداث برع المؤلف في سردها وأبدع في تصوير الأحداث والمشاكل وفي وضع النهاية لهذه العائلة عبر العودة إلى إحدى الأساطير القديمة التي لطالما آمنت بها أورسولا

==

One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad, 1967), by Gabriel García Márquez, is a novel which tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía Family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founds the town of Macondo, the metaphoric Colombia. The non-linear story is narrated via different time frames, a technique derived from the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges (as in The Garden of Forking Paths).
The widely acclaimed story, considered to be the author's masterpiece, was first published in Spanish in 1967, and subsequently has been translated into thirty-seven languages, selling more than 20 million copies. The magical realist style and thematic substance of One Hundred Years of Solitude established it as an important, representative novel of the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, that was stylistically influenced by Modernism (European and North American), and the Cuban Vanguardia (Vanguard) literary movement.

Biography & publication

The Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez was one of the four Latin American novelists first included in the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s; the other three writers were the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa, the Argentine Julio Cortázar, and the Mexican Carlos Fuentes. One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) earned García Márquez international fame as a novelist of the Magical Realism movement within the literatures of Latin America.
As a metaphoric, critical interpretation of Colombian history, from foundation to contemporary nation, One Hundred Years of Solitude presents different national myths throughout the story of the Buendía Family,[5] whose spirit of adventure places them amidst the important actions of Colombian historical events — such as the nineteenth-century arguments for and against the Liberal political reformation of a colonial way of life; the arrival of the railway to a mountainous country; the Thousand Days War (Guerra de los Mil Días, 1899–1902); the corporate hegemony of the United Fruit Company ("American Fruit Company" in the story); the cinema; the automobile; and the military massacre of striking workers as government–labour relations policy.[6]

Plot

One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) is the story of seven generations of the Buendía Family in the town of Macondo. The founding patriarch of Macondo, José Arcadio Buendía, and Úrsula, his wife (and first cousin), leave Riohacha, Colombia, to find a better life and a new home. One night of their emigration journey, whilst camping on a riverbank, José Arcadio Buendía dreams of "Macondo", a city of mirrors that reflected the world in and about it. Upon awakening, he decides to found Macondo at the river side; after days of wandering the jungle, José Arcadio Buendía's founding of Macondo is utopic.[1]
Founding patriarch José Arcadio Buendía believes Macondo to be surrounded by water, and from that island, he invents the world according to his perceptions.[1] Soon after its foundation, Macondo becomes a town frequented by unusual and extraordinary events that involve the generations of the Buendía family, who are unable or unwilling to escape their periodic (mostly) self-inflicted misfortunes. Ultimately, a hurricane destroys Macondo, the city of mirrors; just the cyclical turmoil inherent to Macondo. At the end of the story, a Buendía man deciphers an encrypted cipher that generations of Buendía family men had failed to decipher. The secret message informed the recipient of every fortune and misfortune lived by the Buendía Family generations.[6]

Historical context

The critical interpretation of Colombian history that is the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude draws from the nationally agreed-upon history to establish the world of Macondo, where a man's will to power allows him to invent the world according to his perceptions.
Before the Spanish colonisation of the Americas by "right of conquest", the northern region of South America that is contemporary Colombia had no culture akin to that of the (Peruvian) Incas, the (Central American) Mayas, or the (Mexican) Aztecs.[7] That region was populated by the Tairona and Chibcha Indian tribes, who were organised as clans, from which derived the local monarchy who governed pre–Hispanic "Colombia".[7] In 1509, Vasco Núñez de Balboa established the first settlement and is now named the first city of Colombia, as an advanced guard of the Spanish invasion and conquest.[7] The founding of Macondo by the patriarchal Buendía Family is metaphor of the colonisation of the future "Colombia".
After Gonzálo Jiménez de Quesada's conquest of the Chibchas in 1538, Bogotá became the center of colonial Spanish rule.[8] In 1810, upon the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Colombia, provincial juntas soon arose to challenge the political authority of the national government in Bogotá; yet six years later, in 1816, the royalist armies of Count Pablo Morillo restored Spanish rule to Colombia. Three years later, in 1819, when Simón Bolívar began a second war of independence from the Spanish Empire, he proclaimed the supranational state of la Gran Colombia (Greater Colombia, 1819–31), its capital city was Bogotá, and comprised northern South America and Southern Central America (contemporary Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama), the previous Viceroyalty of New Granada.[9]
Gran Colombia's Independence in 1819 revealed many obstacles to nationhood; the geography was a formidable obstacle to modernization, such as paved roads, thus, the high cost of transport facilitated the establishment of economically and politically discrete autonomous communities like Macondo.[10] Colombian society had wrestled with Modernity and modernism since the eighteenth century, and the social and philosophic dynamism of the modernizing capitalist revolution presented the Colombian ruling classes with a choice: either progress into the modern industrial world or perish in backwater barbarism. To incorporate the country to the world, Colombians looked to the European and U.S. models of government, politics, and economy.[11]
As nineteenth century Colombians explored, described, and colonized their interior, they mapped racial hierarchy onto an emerging national geography composed of distinct localities and regions. This created a racialized discourse of regional differentiation that assigned greater morality and progress to certain regions that they marked as "white". Meanwhile, those places defined as "black" and "Indian" were associated with disorder, backwardness, and danger; technology and modernization became associated with race.[12]
The nation of Colombia began violently — from Bolivarian wars for independence from empire to the contemporary Marxist–Leninist guerrillas of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). The initial, Bolivarian, violence was for liberation (1810–21) from the Spanish Empire. After independence, there arose well-defined socio-economic regions, divided north-south, by parallel spurs of the Andes mountains, which contributed to continued civil and political instability, even after having expelled the Spanish Crown.[13]> Moreover, Colombia's geographically and culturally dispersed populations and natural resources much hindered the government's modernization of the country and the nation.[13]
In 1934, the reformist President Dr. Alfonso López Pumarejo, unanimously voted to office by the Colombian Liberal Party, installed La Revolución en Marcha (The Revolution on the March), characterized by labour law and social services reforms benefitting the working class and the Indian peasants, much to the anger of the reactionary Conservatives. Twelve years later, in August 1946, Mariano Ospina Pérez assumed office as the first Conservative party President of Colombia — the beginning of the political dysfunction that degenerated to undemocratic authoritarian rule.[14] Two years later, on 9 April 1948, the assassination of the popular and influential Liberal candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán began the decade period (1948–58) of Colombia's history known as la Violencia (the Violence), between the right-wing and the left-wing of the national political spectrum.
By the mid-1960s, the country had suffered some two hundred thousand assassinations; from 1946 to 1966, la Violencia had occurred in five stages: (i) resumption of political violence, before and after the presidential election of 1946; (ii) popular urban insurrection responding to the Gaitán assassination; (iii) guerrilla warfare — first against the Conservative government of Ospina Pérez; (iv) incomplete pacification and negotiation from army General Rojas Pinilla, who deposed Laureano Gómez; and (v) disjointed fighting under the Liberal–Conservative coalition of the "National Front," from 1958 to 1975.[15]
In One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) the political violence characteristic of Colombian national history is paralleled in the life of Colonel Aureliano Buendía, wars against the treasonous Conservatives facilitating the politico-economic power of foreign imperialists in the national affairs of Colombia. The banana plantation owners (i.e. the United Fruit Company) possess a private police force with which the business corporation attacks Colombian citizens at will.[16]
Technically, using of particular historical event and character narratively renders One Hundred Years of Solitude an exemplar work of magical realism, wherein the novel compresses centuries of cause and effect whilst telling an interesting story.[5] Moreover, One Hundred Years of Solitude illustrates that contemporary Latin America has resulted from the absence of purposeful political organisation and will required for progress. The tragedy of Latin America is the lack of a definitive national identity, without which there is only self-destruction, not preservation. This might be partly attributed to five centuries of Spanish colonialism; nevertheless, the continual violence, repression, and exploitation, rob the Colombian of a definite identity. The historical reality of Latin American countries occurs as the recurring fantastical world of Macondo. The desire for change and progress exists in Macondo as in the countries of Latin America, however, the story's temporal cycles symbolize the nationalist tendency for repeating history.

11-18-2011, 09:31 PM

المشاركة 233

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز
(ولد في 6 مارس 1927) روائي وصحفي وناشر وناشط سياسي كولمبي. ولد في مدينة أراكاتاكا في مديرية ماجدالينا وعاش معظم حياته في المكسيك وأوروبا ويقضي حالياً معظم وقته في مكسيكو سيتي. نال جائزة نوبل للأدب عام 1982 م وذلك تقديرا للقصص القصيرة والرويات التي كتبها .

بدايات ماركيز
بدا ماركيز ككاتب في صحيفة إلإسبكتادور الكولومبية اليومية (El Espectador)، ثمّ عمل بعدها كمراسل أجنبي في كل من روما وباريس وبرشلونة وكراكاس ونيويورك. كان أول عمل له قصة بحار السفينة المحطمة حيث كتبه كحلقات متسلسلة في صحيفة عام 1955 م. كان هذا الكتاب عن قصة حقيقية لسفينة مغمورة الذكر عملت الحكومة على محاولة إشهارها. سبب له هذا العمل عدم الشعور بالأمان في كولومبيا مما شجعه على بدء العمل كمراسل أجنبي. نشر هذا العمل في 1970 م واعتبره الكثيرون كرواية.

ادبه
يعتبر ماركيز من اشهر كتاب الواقعية العجائبية، والعديد من كتاباته تحوي عناصر شديدة الترابط بذلك الإسلوب، ولكن كتاباته متنوعة جداً بحيث يصعب تصنيفها ككل بأنها من ذلك الأسلوب. وتصنف الكثير من أعماله على أنها أدب خيالي أو غير خيالي وخصوصا عمله المسمى حكاية موت معلن 1981 م التي تحكي قصة ثأر مسجلة في الصحف وعمله المسمى الحب في زمن الكوليرا 1985 م الذي يحكي قصة الحب بين والديه.

ومن أشهر رواياته مائة عام من العزلة 1967 م والتي حازت على جائزة نوبل للاداب عام 1982، والتي بيع منها أكثر من 10 ملايين نسخة والتي تروي قصة قرية معزولة في أمريكا الجنوبية تحدث فيها أحداث غريبة. ولم تكن هذه الروابة مميزة لاستخدامها السحر الواقعي ولكن للاستخدام الرائع للغة الإسبانية. دائما ما ينظر إلى الرواية عندما تناقش على انها تصف عصورا من حياة عائلة كبيرة ومعقدة. وقد كتب أيضا سيرة سيمون دو بوليفار في رواية الجنرال في متاهة.
ومن أعماله المشهورة الأخرى خريف البطريرك، عام 1975 م، وأحداث موت مُعلن، عام 1981 م، والحب في زمن الكوليرا، عام 1986 م.

تم اقتباس رواية جارسيا قصة موت معلن وتحويلها إلى عمل مسرحي في حلبة مصارعة الثيران بقيادة المخرج الكولومبي الشهير خورخي علي تريانا.
ومن كتبه كتاب اثنا عشر قصة مهاجرة يضم 12 قصة كتبت قبل 18 عاماً مضت، وقد ظهرت من قبل كمقالات صحفية وسيناريوهات سينمائية، ومسلسلاً تلفزيونية لواحدة منها، فهي قصص قصيرة تستند إلى وقائع صحيفة، ولكنها متحررة من شرطها الأخلاقي بحيل شعرية.
كما أصدر مذكراته بكتاب بعنوان عشت لأروي والتي تتناول حياته حتى عام 1955 م, وكتاب مذكرات عاهراتي السود تتحدث عن ذكريات رجل مسن ومغامراته العاطفية، والأم الكبيرة.
عام 2002 م قدم سيرته الذاتية في جزئها الأول من ثلاثة وكان للكتاب مبيعات ضخمة في عالم الكتب الإسبانية. نشرت الترجمة الإنجليزية لهذه السيرة أعيش لأروي على يد ايدث جروسمان عام 2003 م وكانت من الكتب الأكثر مبيعا. في 10 سبتمبر 2004 أعلنت بوغوتا ديلي إيلتيمبو نشر رواية جديدة في أكتوبر بعنوان (Memoria de mis putas tristes) وهي قصة حب سيطبع منها مليون نسخة كطبعة أولى. عرف عن ماركيز صداقته مع القائد الكوبي فيدل كاسترو وأبدى قبل ذلك توافقه مع الجماعات الثورية في أمريكا اللاتينية وخصوصا في الستينيات والسبعينيات. وكان ناقدًا للوضع في كولومبيا ولم يدعم علنيا الجماعات المسلحة مثل فارك FARC وجيش التحرير الوطني ELNالتي تعمل في بلاده.

11-18-2011, 09:36 PM

المشاركة 234

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز

Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (Spanish pronunciation: born March 6, 1927) is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo throughout Latin America.
ولد غابرييب عام 1927 وهو روائي من كولمبيا
He is considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982, and is the earliest winner of this prize who is still alive. He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in his leaving law school for a career in journalism.
ترك دراسة القانون ليعمل في مجال الصحافه
From early on, he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha; they have two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.
He started as a journalist, and has written many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style labeled as magical realism, which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations. Some of his works are set in a fictional village called Macondo (the town mainly inspired by his birthplace Aracataca), and most of them express the theme of solitude.
Early life

Billboard of Gabriel García Márquez in Aracataca. It reads: "I feel Latin American from whatever country, but I have never renounced the nostalgia of my homeland: Aracataca, to which I returned one day and discovered that between reality and nostalgia was the raw material for my work". —Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel García Márquez was born on March 6, 1927 in the town of Aracataca, Colombia, to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez. Soon after García Márquez was born, his father became a pharmacist.
بعد ولادته اصبح اباه صيدليا
In January 1929, his parents moved to Sucre while García Marquez stayed in Aracataca.

في العام 1929 وحينما كان عمر غبراييل سنتان انتقل والديه الى مدينة سوسر بينما بقي غبراييل في اراكتكا
He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía.
تربى في منزل جديه
When he was nine, his grandfather died, and he moved to his parents' home in Sucre where his father owned a pharmacy.
عندما كان في التاسعة توفي جده وانتقل عندها الى منزل والديه
When his parents fell in love, their relationship met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Marquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: he (Gabriel Eligio) was a Conservative, and had the reputation of being a womanizer.
عندما التقى والديه لم يوافق جده لامه على زواج اوالده بأمه فقد كان يحلم بشخص من طبقة راقية لابنته لكنها صممت ان تتزوجه هو
Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters, and even telegraph messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him.
فعل جده كل ما يمكنه لكي يبعد اباه عن امه ولكنه ظل يعود وكان واضحا ان ابنتهم كانت ترغب في الزواج منه
Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him. (The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as Love in the Time of Cholera).
قصة حبهم دونت لاحقا في رواية بأسم حب في زمن الكوليرا
Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life, his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly.
لم يكد يعرف والديه في طفولته المبكرة ولذلك اثر عليه جديه تأثيرا كبيرا
His grandfather, whom he called "Papalelo", was a Liberal veteran of the Thousand Days War. The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected. He was well known for his refusal to remain silent about the banana massacres that took place the year García Márquez was born.
جده كان ضابط في الجيش وكان شخصية مرموقه ولم يسكت عندما ارتكبت مذبحة الموز سنة ولادة غبراييل
The Colonel, whom García Márquez has described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality," was also an excellent storyteller. He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the United Fruit Company store. He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs", reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels.
García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories. In an interview, García Márquez told his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government."
يقول ان جده كان يقص عليه قصص الحرب الاهلية المرعبة التي شارك فيها والتي شنها الليبيراليون ضد الحكومة المحافظة
This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States."
García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an equally influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural." The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents, all of which were studiously ignored by her husband. According to García Márquez she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality". He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude.
كان لجدته تأثير كبير عليه يعادل تأثير جده وكانت تلك الجدة تؤمن بالاشباح وتحكي الحكيات الخرافية وكأنها واقع قائم وكان لها تأثير كبير علىه انعكس في روايته الرائعة مئة عام من العزلة بعد 30 عام

] Main article: The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor
Ending in controversy, his last domestically written editorial for El Espectador was a series of fourteen news article in which he revealed the hidden story of how a Colombian Navy vessel's shipwreck "occurred because the boat contained a badly stowed cargo of contraband goods that broke loose on the deck." García Márquez compiled this story through interviews with a young sailor who survived the shipwreck. The publication of the articles resulted in public controversy, as they discredited the official account of the events, which had blamed a storm for the shipwreck and glorified the surviving sailor.
In response to this controversy El Espectador sent García Márquez away to Europe to be a foreign correspondent. He wrote about his experiences for El Independiente, a newspaper which had briefly replaced El Espectador during the military government of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla and was later shut down by Colombian authorities. García Márquez's background in journalism provided a foundational base for his writing career. Literary critic Bell-Villada noted, "Owing to his hands on experiences in journalism, García Márquez is, of all the great living authors, the one who is closest to everyday reality."
Marriage and family

García Márquez met Mercedes Barcha while she was in college, they decided to wait for her to finish before getting married. When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent, Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla.
سافر الى اوروبا للعمل كصحفي
They were finally wed in 1958.The following year, their first son, Rodrigo García, now a television and film director, was born. In 1961, the family traveled by Greyhound bus throughout the southern United States and eventually settled in Mexico City.
بعد زواجه سافر عبر جنوب الولايات المتحدة واخير ا استقر في المكسيك

García Márquez had always wanted to see the Southern United States because it inspired the writings of William Faulkner. Three years later the couple's second son, Gonzalo, was born in Mexico. Gonzalo is currently a graphic designer in Mexico City.
Leaf Storm

After writing One Hundred Years of Solitude García Márquez returned to Europe, this time bringing along his family, to live in Barcelona, Spain for seven years.
عاش في برشلونه لمدة 7 سنوات
The international recognition García Márquez earned with the publication of the novel led to his ability to act as a facilitator in several negotiations between the Colombian government and the guerrillas, including the former 19th of April Movement (M-19), and the current FARC and ELN organizations.[ The popularity of his writing also led to friendships with powerful leaders, including one with former Cuban president Fidel Castro, which has been analyzed in Gabo and Fidel: Portrait of a Friendship. It was during this time that he was punched in the face by Mario Vargas Llosa in what became one of the largest feuds in modern literature. In an interview with Claudia Dreifus in 1982 García Márquez notes his relationship with Castro is mostly based on literature: “Ours is an intellectual friendship. It may not be widely known that Fidel is a very cultured man. When we’re together, we talk a great deal about literature.” This relationship was criticized by Cuban exile writer Reinaldo Arenas, in his 1992 memoir Antes que anocheza (Before Night Falls).[52]
Also due to his newfound fame and his outspoken views on U.S. imperialism he was labeled as a subversive and for many years was denied visas by U.S. immigration authorities. However, after Bill Clinton was elected U.S. president, he finally lifted the travel ban and claimed that García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude was his favorite novel. There is a street in East Los Angeles, CA bearing his name.
Autumn of the Patriarch

Main article: Autumn of the Patriarch
García Márquez was inspired to write a dictator novel when he witnessed the flight of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. He shares, "it was the first time we had seen a dictator fall in Latin America."[55] García Márquez began writing Autumn of the Patriarch (El otoño del patriarca) in 1968 and said it was finished in 1971; however, he continued to embellish the dictator novel until 1975 when it was published in Spain.[56] According to García Márquez, the novel is a "poem on the solitude of power" as it follows the life of an eternal dictator known as the General. The novel is developed through a series of anecdotes related to the life of the General, which do not appear in chronological order.[57] Although the exact location of the story is not pin-pointed in the novel, the imaginary country is situated somewhere in the Caribbean.[58]
García Márquez gave his own explanation of the plot:
My intention was always to make a synthesis of all the Latin American dictators, but especially those from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the personality of Juan Vicente Gomez [of Venezuela] was so strong, in addition to the fact that he exercised a special fascination over me, that undoubtedly the Patriarch has much more of him than anyone else.[58]
After Autumn of the Patriarch was published the García Márquez's family moved from Barcelona to Mexico City [41] and García Márquez pledged not to publish again until the Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet was deposed. However, he ultimately published Chronicle of a Death Foretold while Pinochet was still in power as he "could not remain silent in the face of injustice and repression."[59]
Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Main article: Chronicle of a Death Foretold
Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada) recreates a murder that took place in Sucre, Colombia in 1951.
كتب رواية عن مقتل صديق طفوة له حدث عام 1951
The character named Santiago Nasar is based on a good friend from García Márquez's childhoods, Cayetano Gentile Chimento. Pelayo classifies this novel as a combination of journalism, realism and detective story.
The plot of the novel revolves around Santiago Nasar's murder. The narrator acts as a detective, uncovering the events of the murder second by second. Literary critic Ruben Pelayo notes that the story "unfolds in an inverted fashion. Instead of moving forward... the plot moves backwards." In the first chapter, the narrator tells the reader exactly who killed Santiago Nasar and the rest of the book is left to unfold why.
Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, the year before García Márquez won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. The novel was also adapted into a film by Italian director Francesco Rosi in 1987.
Love in the Time of Cholera

Main article: Love in the Time of Cholera
Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) was first published in 1985. It is considered a non-traditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'- in their seventies, when death is all around them".
روايته عن الحب في زمن الكوليرا تدور حول قصة حب كانت تدور احداثها زمن كان الموت في كل مكان ويقول انه تأثر كثيرا في مقتل شخص امركي كان يلتقي مع حبيبته كل عام من قبل ساق القارب والذي قتلهم بالمجداف وعرفت قصة حبهم فقط بعد مقتلهم

11-18-2011, 09:45 PM

المشاركة 235

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



-ولد غابرييل عام 1927 وهو روائي من كولمبيا
-ترك دراسة القانون ليعمل في مجال الصحافه
-بعد ولادته اصبح اباه صيدليا
- في العام 1929 وحينما كان عمر غبراييل سنتان انتقل والديه الى مدينة سوسر بينما بقي غبراييل في اراكتكا
- تربى في منزل جديه
-عندما كان في التاسعة توفي جده وانتقل عندها الى منزل والديه
-عندما التقى والديه لم يوافق جده لامه على زواج اوالده بأمه فقد كان يحلم بشخص من طبقة راقية لابنته لكنها صممت ان تتزوجه هو
-فعل جده كل ما يمكنه لكي يبعد اباه عن امه ولكنه ظل يعود وكان واضحا ان ابنتهم كانت ترغب في الزواج منه
-قصة حبهم دونت لاحقا في رواية بأسم حب في زمن الكوليرا -
- لم يكد يعرف والديه في طفولته المبكرة ولذلك اثر عليه جديه تأثيرا كبيرا
- جده كان ضابط في الجيش وكان شخصية مرموقه ولم يسكت عندما ارتكبت مذبحة الموز سنة ولادة غبراييل
- يقول ان جده كان يقص عليه قصص الحرب الاهلية المرعبة التي شارك فيها والتي شنها الليبيراليون ضد الحكومة المحافظة
- كان لجدته تأثير كبير عليه يعادل تأثير جده وكانت تلك الجدة تؤمن بالاشباح وتحكي الحكيات الخرافية وكأنها واقع قائم وكان لها تأثير كبير علىه انعكس في روايته الرائعة مئة عام من العزلة بعد 30 عام
-سافر الى اوروبا للعمل كصحفي
-بعد زواجه سافر عبر جنوب الولايات المتحدة واخير ا استقر في المكسيك
-عاش في برشلونه لمدة 7 سنوات
- كتب رواية عن مقتل صديق طفولة له حدث عام 1951
-روايته عن الحب في زمن الكوليرا تدور حول قصة حب كانت تدور احداثها زمن كان الموت في كل مكان ويقول انه تأثر كثيرا في مقتل شخص امركي كان يلتقي مع حبيبته كل عام من قبل ساق القارب والذي قتلهم بالمجداف وعرفت قصة حبهم فقط بعد مقتلهم.

واضح ان غبرييل عاش حاية مأساوية كونه ثمرة حب غير مرغوب فيه من قبل الاهل ، وعاش بعيدا عن والديه لمدة 9 سنوات ليموت الجد الذي رباه لينتقل بعدها للعيش مع والديه لكن الزمن كان قاسيا فيه الكثير من الموت بسبب الكوليرا ونجد ان غبراييل فقد صديق طفوة وهو في مقتبل العمر ولا ننسى بأن جده كان محارب قديم بما يحمل ذلك من الم كان ينقله ل غبراييل من خلال ما كان يروي له من قسس الحرب بينما كانت الجده ترويى قصص الجن والاشباح .

لكن اهم حدث هو حتما انفصاله عن والديه في زمن الطفولة المبكرة وحتى سن التاسعة ثم موت الجد الذي كان يعيش معه. وسوف نعتبره

- يتيم افتراضي.

11-19-2011, 12:30 PM

المشاركة 236

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



والان مع سر الروعة في رواية:

77 - السيدة بالفري في كليرمونت،للمؤلفة إليزابيث تايلور ( هذه رواية انجليزية وليست الممثلة المعروفة).

Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont
An elderly widow and a young would-be author strike up an unlikely friendship in this comedy drama. Mrs. Palfrey (Joan Plowright) has been uneasy since the death of her husband, and she decides to move from her long-time home in Scotland to London so she can be closer to her grandson Desmond (Lorcan O'Toole). Mrs. Palfrey settles into the Claremont Hotel, a shabby residential inn for senior citizens that has seen better days. She tries to contact Desmond, but isn't able to get in touch with him, and at first she has a hard time relating to the other folks at the Claremont, especially friendly busybody Mrs. Arbuthnot (Anna Massey). Lonely and out of sorts, Mrs. Palfrey goes out for a walk one day and takes a nasty spill after losing her balance. Ludovic Meyer (Rupert Friend), a struggling writer in his mid-twenties, finds Mrs. Palfrey on the pavement and helps her, taking her back to her room and making sure she's OK. The two strike up a conversation and discover they have a surprisingly amount in common. A friendship grows between them, even though Mrs. Palfrey asks Ludovic to pose as her absent grandson so her neighbors will stop asking questions about him. Mrs. Palfrey even gives her new friend romantic advice, encouraging Ludovic to ask a pretty girl he meets at the video store out on a date. Based on a novel by the British author Elizabeth Taylor, Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont was directed by Dan Ireland. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi

Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont is a 2005 comedy-drama film made by Claremont Films and distributed by Picture Entertainment Corporation. It was directed by Dan Ireland and produced by Lee Caplin, Carl Colpaert and Zachary Matz from a screenplay by Ruth Sacks, based on the novel by Elizabeth Taylor.

The film stars Joan Plowright and Rupert Friend, with Zoe Tapper, Anna Massey, Robert Lang, Marcia Warren, Georgina Hale, Millicent Martin, Michael Culkin and Anna Carteret.

Plot

All but abandoned by her family in a London retirement hotel, Mrs. Palfrey (Joan Plowright) strikes up a curious friendship with a young writer, Ludovic Meyer (Rupert Friend). Fate brings them together after she has an accident outside his basement flat. The two newly found friends discover they have a lot more in common with each other than they do with other people their own age. Ludovic inadvertently leads Mrs. Palfrey through her past; Mrs. Palfrey inadvertently leads Ludovic to his future.
The 1945 British film Brief Encounter figures into the plot, as does Beaulieu Castle.

Book

The 2005 film is based on the 1971 novel also entitled Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont which was written by Elizabeth Taylor, the novelist.

Movie

The screenplay was written by Ruth Caplin. A DVD of the film adaptation is available.

11-21-2011, 09:10 PM

المشاركة 237

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



إليزابيث تايلور( الروائية )

Elizabeth Taylor (novelist)

Elizabeth Taylor (née Coles; 3 July 1912 in Reading, Berkshire - 19 November 1975 in Penn, Buckinghamshire) was a British novelist and short story writer.
ولدت الروائية اليزبث تايلو عام 1912 في انجلترا وماتت في 1975

Life and writings

The daughter of Oliver Coles, an insurance inspector, and his wife, Elsie May Fewtrell, Elizabeth Coles was educated at The Abbey School in Reading and then worked as a governess, tutor, and librarian.
درست في مدرسة ابي ثم عملت في عدة وظائف مثل موظفة كتبه
She married John William Kendall Taylor, owner of a confectionery company, in 1936.
تزوجت عام 1936 من وليم كندل وهو صاحب شركة حلويات
They lived in Penn, Buckinghamshire, for almost all their married life. She was briefly a member of the Communist Party, then a lifelong Labour Party supporter.
انضمت للحزب الشيوعي لفترة قصيرة ثم انضمت لحزب العمال بقية حياتها
Taylor's first novel, At Mrs. Lippincote's, was published in 1945 and was followed by eleven more. Her short stories were published in magazines and collected in four volumes. She also wrote a children's book. The British critic Philip Hensher called The Soul of Kindness a novel "so expert that it seems effortless. As it progresses, it seems as if the cast are so fully rounded that all the novelist had to do was place them, successively, in one setting after another and observe how they reacted to each other.... The plot... never feels as if it were organised in advance; it feels as if it arises from her characters' mutual responses."
Taylor's work is mainly concerned with the nuances of everyday life and situations, which she writes about with dexterity.
كتبت ما يعالج الاحداث اليومية
Her shrewd but affectionate portrayals of middle class and upper middle class English life won her an audience of discriminating readers, as well as loyal friends in the world of letters.
كتبت عن الطبقة الوسطي والطبقة البرجوازية
She was a friend of the novelist Ivy Compton-Burnett and of the novelist and critic Robert Liddell. Her long correspondence with the latter forms the subject of one of her short stories, "The Letter Writers" (published in The Blush, 1951), but the letters were unfortunately destroyed, in line with her general policy of keeping her private life private.
بذلت اقصى جهدها لتظل حياتها الخاصة خاصة وقد اتلفت الكثير من الوثائق لذلك الغرض
A horror of publicity is the subject of another celebrated short story, "Sisters", written in 1969.
الخوف من الاعلام كان احد مواضيع قصصها القصيرة
Anne Tyler once compared Taylor to Jane Austen, Barbara Pym and Elizabeth Bowen -- "soul sisters all," in Tyler's words.
Elizabeth Taylor was also a close friend of Elizabeth Jane Howard, who was asked by Elizabeth Taylor's widower to write a biography following Elizabeth Taylor's death.
Elizabeth Jane Howard refused due to what she felt was a lack of incident in Elizabeth Taylor's life. See Slipstream, Elizabeth Jane Howard's memoir, for more details on their friendship. Taylor's editor at the UK publisher Chatto & Windus was the poet D. J. Enright.
رفضت صديقتها اليزابيث جين كتابة مذكراتها كون ان حايتها خالية من الاحداث المهمة طبعا حسب وجهة نظرها
Elizabeth Taylor died of cancer in 1975, at the age of 63.]
ماتت بسبب السرطان عام 1975
In the 21st century a new interest in her work was kindled by film-makers. French director François Ozon made a 2007 film of The Real Life of Angel Deverell entitled Angel, with Romola Garai. US director Dan Ireland made a screen adaptation of Taylor's Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont (2005), with Joan Plowright in the title role.

Bibliography of her works

Novels

· At Mrs. Lippincote's (1945)
· Palladian (1946) shows most clearly the influence of Jane Austen.
· A View of the Harbour (1947)
· A Wreath of Roses (1949)
· A Game of Hide and Seek (1951)
· The Sleeping Beauty (1953)
· The Real Life of Angel Deverell (published as Angel,1957)
· In a Summer Season (1961) is her most sex-infused work, telling the story of a rich woman who marries a man ten years her junior.
· The Soul of Kindness (1964)
· The Wedding Group (1968)
· Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (1971). The author's actress namesake is probably alluded to when it is announced that "the blousy Mrs Burton" is coming to stay at the hotel.[8]
· Blaming (1976), posthumous.

Short story collections

· Hester Lilly (1954)
· The Blush and Other Stories (1958)
· A Dedicated Man and Other Stories (1965)
· The Devastating Boys (1972). Includes "Sisters".
· Dangerous Calm (1995). A selection of her stories.

Children's book

· Mossy Trotter (1967)

Quotation

· "The whole point is that writing has a pattern and life hasn't. Life is so untidy. Art is so short and life so long. It is not possible to have perfection in life but it is possible to have perfection in a novel."

The Other Elizabeth Taylor

Editor’s Choice: The late English writer is overdue for the recognition and readers she deserves.

By Benjamin Schwarz

The English author Elizabeth Taylor (1912–1975) is best known for not being better known.
هذه الروائية معروفه باتها فير وعروفه
Taylor’s lack of recognition springs from accident and temperament, from literary tastes and prejudices, and from her artistic approach and ambitions. National Velvet came out in 1944, the year before Taylor’s first novel, At Mrs. Lippincote’s, was published. For her entire career, living and posthumous, every conversation and article about her, and every request for her books, has had to begin “Elizabeth Taylor the writer.” Moreover, Taylor eschewed the London literary scene; she had, as Amis recalled, a “genuine distaste for any kind of publicity—that rarest of qualities in a writer.” Although universally regarded as an extraordinarily thoughtful and polite woman, she was nearly pathologically shy.
كانت خجولة الى حد مرضي
(Howard recalled trying to interview her on a television show: Taylor, “looking like a trapped and rather beautiful owl,” answered 30 questions in a minute and a half.) Most crucial, in many ways Taylor’s biography fit her subject, and neither appealed to the literary tastemakers.
في احد المقالات التفلزيونية ظهرت وكأنها بومة جميلة وقد اجابت على 30 سؤال خلال دقيقة ونصف
Like Jane Austen, the writer with whom she’s most often compared, Taylor led a perversely mild and parochial life. Before she was married, she worked as a governess and a librarian. With her husband, the director of his family’s confectionery company, she had a boy and a girl (her fiction displays a remarkable ear for the speech of children and a subtle grasp of their peculiar obsessions, suspicions, and insecurities). Ensconced in an upper-middle-class Buckinghamshire village, she was fascinated and deeply comforted by the daily routine of domestic life, the details of which she gave minute attention in her fiction. “I dislike much travel or change of environment and prefer the days … to come round almost the same, week after week,” she said.
كانت تكره التغيير وعاشت حياة متحفظة ومحدودة
==

Elizabeth Taylor

A View of the Harbour is made up of short sections which jump from one character’s perspective to another’s. What effect does this have?
‘I think loneliness is a theme running through many of my novels and short stories,’ Taylor once wrote.
قالت في احدى المقابلات : اعتقد ان الشعور بالوحدة هو فكرة رئيسية تم التعامل معها خلال كل قصصي ورواياتي"

11-21-2011, 09:24 PM

المشاركة 239

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



والان مع سر الروعة في رواية :

78 ـالجاسوس الجندي السمكري تايلور، للمؤلف جون ليكاريه.

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy is a 1974 British spy novel by John le Carré, featuring George Smiley. Smiley is a middle-aged, taciturn, perspicacious intelligence expert in forced retirement. He is recalled to hunt down a Soviet mole in the "Circus", the highest echelon of the Secret Intelligence Service. In keeping with le Carré's work, the narrative begins in medias res with the repatriation of a captured British spy. The background is supplied during the book through a series of flashbacks.

Chronology

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy is the first novel of the Karla Trilogy, the second and third novels being The Honourable Schoolboy (1977) and Smiley's People (1979), later published in an omnibus edition as The Quest for Karla (1982). These are the fifth, sixth, and seventh Le Carré spy novels featuring George Smiley.

Title

Control, the Circus Chief, assigns the code names "Tinker", "Tailor", "Soldier", "Poorman" and "Beggarman" to various senior intelligence officers under suspicion of being a Soviet mole, with the intention that should an agent called Prideaux uncover information about the identity of the mole he can relay it back using an easy-to-recall code the mole is unaware of. The names are derived from the English children's rhyme "Tinker, Tailor". In the book, "Sailor" is not used as it sounds too much like "Tailor".

Plot

Through a love affair with the wife of a Moscow Centre intelligence officer, British agent Ricki Tarr discovers that there may be a high-ranking Soviet mole, codenamed "Gerald", within the Circus. After going under cover to avoid Soviet agents, Tarr alerts his immediate superior, Peter Guillam, who in turn notifies Oliver Lacon, the Civil Service officer responsible for the Intelligence Services. Lacon enlists George Smiley, the retired former Deputy Head of the Service, to investigate. Smiley and Guillam must investigate without the knowledge of the Circus, which is headed by Percy Alleline and his deputies Bill Haydon, Roy Bland, and Toby Esterhase, as any of these could be the mole.
Smiley suspects that "Gerald" was responsible for the failure of Operation Testify, a mission in Communist Czechoslovakia, the ostensible purpose of which was the kidnapping of a Czech Army general. Operation Testify ended with Circus agent Jim Prideaux shot in the back, and caused the disgrace and dismissal of Control, former head of Circus, who subsequently died. Prideaux, who survived and was repatriated but was then dismissed from the Circus, reveals to Smiley that Control suspected the mole's existence and the true aim of Operation Testify was to discover the mole's identity, and the Moscow Centre personnel who interrogated him already knew this.
Percy Alleline, who was Control's rival, has risen to head the Circus as a result of seemingly top-grade Soviet intelligence from a source code-named "Merlin". Smiley's investigation leads him to believe that the "Merlin" source is false, and is being used by Moscow Centre to influence the leadership of Circus. Cleverly, Moscow Centre has induced the Circus leadership to believe that "Merlin" maintains his cover in Moscow by feeding them low-grade British intelligence, "chicken feed", from a false Circus mole. As a result, the leaders of the Circus suppress any rumours of a mole, thus protecting the actual mole.
Smiley contrives a trap for the real mole using a communication from Tarr, and "Gerald" is revealed to be Bill Haydon, a respected colleague and former friend who once had an affair with Smiley's now estranged wife. Haydon acknowledges he was recruited by Karla, the Moscow Centre spymaster. Haydon is to be exchanged for several of the agents he betrayed, but is killed shortly before he was due to leave England. Though his killer is not explicitly revealed, it is strongly implied to be Prideaux, whose motivation was revenge.
Smiley is appointed temporary head of Circus to deal with the fallout.

11-21-2011, 11:32 PM

المشاركة 240

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



جون لي كاريه

John le Carré

David John Moore Cornwell (born 19 October 1931), who writes under the name John le Carré, is an author of espionage novels.
اسمه الحقيقي ديفد جون مور كورنويل ولد عام 1931 ويكتب قصص جاسوسية
During the 1950s and the 1960s, Cornwell worked for MI5 and MI6, and began writing novels under the pseudonym "John le Carré".
عمل في اجهزة المخابرات بين الاعوام 1950 و1960 وبدأ يكتب روايات باسم مستعار وهو جون لي كاري
His third novel The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) became an international best-seller and remains one of his best known works. Following the novel's success, he left MI6 to become a full-time author.
في العام 1963 الف رواية واصبحت هذه الروايه "الجاسوس الذي جاء من لا مكان" من اكثر الكتب مبيعا فاستقال من العمل في جهاز المخابرات ليصبح كاتبا متفرغا
In 1990, le Carré received the Helmerich Award which is presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust. He is a 2011 recipient of the Goethe Medal.
Le Carré has since written several novels that have established him as one of the finest writers of espionage fiction in 20th century literature. In 2008, The Times ranked le Carré 22nd on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
English writer known for disillusioned, suspenseful spy novels based on a wide knowledge of international espionage. Le Carré's famous hero is George Smiley, a Chekhovian character and shadowlike member of the British Foreign Service. In his works the author has explored the moral problems of patriotism, espionage, and ends versus means. Le Carré's style is precise and elegant, and his novels are noted for skillful plotting and witty dialogue. Familiarity with intelligence agents connects le Carré to the long tradition of spy/writers from Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and Daniel Defoe to the modern day writers, such as Graham Greene, John Dickson Carr, Somerset Maugham, Alec Waugh, and Ted Allbeury.
"Beyond the trees, Smiley thought, cars are passing. Beyond the trees lies a whole world, but Lacon has this red castle and a sense of Christian ethic that promises him no reward except a knighthood, the respect of his peers, a fat pension, and a couple of charitable directorships in the City." (Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, 1974)
John Le Carré is the pen name of David Cornwell. He was born in Poole, Dorset, the son of Ronnie Cornwell, who engaged in swindleس and was imprisoned for fraud.
ولد في بول دورست ( انجلترا) وكان والده يمارس الغش والخداع مما ادى الى سجنه
According to the author, this has been one of the factors of his fascination with secrets.
يقول ان ذلك كان احد اسباب اهتمامه بالاسرار
Ronnie Cornwell also participated in politics. His father's chameleonic character inspired the novel A PERFECT SPY (1986).
Le Carré's mother left the family when he was five.
هجرته والدته وهو في سن الخامسة "
I have no memory of mourning my mother at all," le Carré has confessed, but her absence was another secret, which shaped his early years. Le Carré did not meet his mother until he was 21.
يقول انه لا يذكر امه على الاطلاق كما ان غيابها كان بالنسبة له سر آخر جعله يحب الاسرار ولم يتلق بها مرة ارخى حتى اصبح في الـ 21
Dissatisfied with Sherborne School, le Carré persuaded his father to send him to school in Switzerland.
لم ينسجم في الدراسة ولذلك اقنع والده ان يرسله الى سويسرا
At Sherbone his relationship with the rigid housemaster was not good and le Carré started to view institutions with growing suspicion.
لم تكن علاقته مع المدير جيدة وعليه اصبح يتعامل مع المؤسسات بشكل وريبة
He studied at Berne University (1948-49), and after military service, which he did in Austria, le Carré returned to England.
خدم في الجيش في النمسا بعد ان انهى دراسته الجامعية في العام 1949 وعاد بعد ذلك الى انجلترا
In Switzerland le Carré met an English diplomat, who possibly was attached to intelligence work, and he become fascinated by espionage - it was the call for le Carré.
التقى في سويسرا بدلماسي كان يعمل جاسوس ووقع في غرام العمل الجاسوسي السري
He studied modern languages at Lincoln College, Oxford, graduating in 1956. At Oxford he kept a very low profile. Later it has been claimed, that le Carré was already a spy. He was two years as a tutor at Eton, teaching French and German, and then joined the Foreign Service.
In 1959 le Carré became a member of the British Foreign Service in West Germany, where he made friends of German politicians.
انضم في العام 1959 الى العمل في وزارة الخارجية البريطانية وعمل في المالنيا الغربية
Later he was consul in Hamburg. The most famous double agent of the Cold War, "Kim" Philby (1912-1988), betrayed le Carré, and gave his name among others to the Russians.
عمل قنصل في هامبرج وقد كشف الجاسوس المزدوج ( كم فلي ) اسمه للروس
During his years at the operational section of MI5 le Carré met John Bingham, who encouraged him to write and read the manuscript of his first novel. Bingham, the pen-name and family name of Lord Clanmorris, was one of the two men who inspired le Carré's famous character, George Smiley: "Short, fat and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes..." Bingham, who had published crime novels, never accepted the picture of the Intelligence Services that le Carré gave in his books. "As far as John was concerned - and many others too - claims of good intent were guff. I was a shit, consigned to the ranks of other shits like Compton McKenzie, Malcolm Muggeridge and J.C. Masterman, all of whom had betrayed the Service by writing about it." (Le Carré in his introduction to Bingham's Five Roundabouts to Heaven, Pan Classic Crime, 2001)
For decades le Carré denied that his work in Germany had any element of espionage. Gradually he has gradually broken his silence and talked about this and other sides of his life in the BBC documentary The Secret Service (prod. 2000). However, le Carré has insisted that he was never James Bond or anything like that. "I sat behind a desk"
At Lincoln College he apparently kept his eyes open for possible agents recruited by the Soviet Union. Later le Carré moved from MI5 to MI6, and he was in Berlin when the wall was erected - "the fun had started". His own experiences inspired him to compose a novel which became CALL FOR THE DEAD (1961), le Carré's first spy thriller, which introduced George Smiley. Later the author himself considered it only a so-so book. It was followed by a completely different kind of work, A MURDER OF QUALITY (1962), a detective novel set in a boys' school.
After the success of his third novel, THE SPY WHO CAME IN FROM THE COLD (1963), le Carré began to devote himself full-time to writing. His aim was to portray the intelligence world from a new standpoint - "When I first began writing, Ian Fleming was riding high and the picture of the spy was that of a character who could have affairs with women, drive a fast car, who used gadgetry and gimmickry to escape." With his breakthrough novel le Carré established an alternative form to the James Bond cult and a new type of hero. Graham Greene considered it the best spy story he had ever read and J.B. Priestley wrote that the book was "superbly constructed with an atmosphere of chilly hell." The novel won le Carré the Somerset Maugham Award.
In 1954 le Carré married Ann Martin. He lived in the 1960s on various Greek islands, but then returned to England. After divorce he married again in 1972.
تزوج في العام 1954 وعاش في عام 1960 في جزر اليونان ولكنه عاد الى بريطانيا وتزوج مرة ثانية في العام 1972

In January 2003 le Carré published in The Times an essay entitled 'The United States has gone mad,' joining a number of European and American writers protesting about war on Iraq. "How Bush and his junta succeeded in deflecting America's anger from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein is one of the great public relations conjuring tricks of history," argued le Carré. Richard Cohen answered in the Washington Post, saying that the essay was "the intellectual collapse of what is called the anti-war movement." More radical than Mick Jagger, le Carré has declined all honors offered to him, stating that he will never be Sir David. In 2005 Britain's crime writers' club awarded him its Dagger of Daggers for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold and in 2011 he received the Goethe Medal in honour of his life's work.

Early life and career

On 19 October 1931, David John Moore Cornwell was born to Richard Thomas Archibald (Ronnie) Cornwell (1906–75) and Olive (Glassy) Cornwell, in Poole, Dorset, England, UK. He was the second son to the marriage, the first being Tony, two years his elder, now a retired advertising executive; his younger half-sister is the actress Charlotte Cornwell; and Rupert Cornwell, a former Independent newspaper Washington bureau chief, is a younger half-brother
واضح ان والده تزوج وانجب اولاد من الام الثانية ولذلك كان له اخوة غير اشقاء
[John le Carré said he did not know his mother, who abandoned him when he was five years old, until their re-acquaintance when he was 21 years old.
لم يعرف امع لانها تخلت عنه وهو ف ي سن الخامسة
His relationship with his father was difficult, given that the man had been jailed for insurance fraud, was an associate of the Kray twins (among the foremost criminals in London) and was continually in debt.

كانت علاقته مع والده صعبه