ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 3

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والان مع سر روعة رواية رحلات جلفر لكاتبها جوناثان سويفت

جوناثان سويفت

(1667-1745) هو أديب وسياسي إنكليزي-إرلندي عاش بين القرنين ال17 وال18 للميلاد واشتهر بمؤلفاته الساتيرية (السخرية) المنتقدة لعيوب المجتمع البريطاني في أيامه والسلطة الإنكليزية في إرلندا.
أهم مؤلفاته وأشهرها هي "رحلات جلفر" (أو "رحلات غوليفر") الذي نشره في 1726 والتي تضم أربعة كتب تصف أربع رحلات خيالية إلى بلدان نائية غريبة تمثل كل واحدة منها حيثية للمجتمع البريطانية.

ومن مؤلفاته المشهورة الأخرى:

"حرب الكتب" (1704 Battle of the Books)
"خرافة مغطس" (1704 A Tale of a Tub) - مثل ساتيري عن تاريخ المسيحية وانفصالها إلى طوائف حاقدة.
"اقتراح متواضع" (1729 A Modest Proposal) - مؤلفة ساتيرية حادة تتناول المجاعة في إيرلندا، حيث يقترح على السلطات الإنكليزية تشجيع الإيرلنديين على أكل أطفالهم لمكافحة المجاعة.
"رسائل تاجر الأقمشة" (1724-1725 The Drapier's Letters) - سلسلة من الرسائل نشرها بالاسم المستعار M. B. Drapier، ودعا فيها الإيرلنديين إلى مقاطعة العملات المعدنية الإنكليزية، إذ حصل صانعها الإنكليزي الامتياز مقابل رشوة.

ولد سويفت في 30 نوفمبر 1667 في العاصمة الإيرلندية دبلن لوالدين بروتستانيين من أصل إنكليزي، أما أبوه فقد مات قبل ولادته. لا يعرف عن طفولته إلا القليل ولكن يبدو من بعض الموارد أن أمه عادت إلى إنكلترا بينما بقي جوناثان سويفت مع عائلة أبيه في دبلن، حيث اعتنى عمه غودوين بتربيته.
في 1686 حاز سويفت على مرتبة بكالوريوس من جامعة ترينيتي في دبلن، وبدأ دراساته لمرتبة ماجيستير إلا أنه اضطر إلى ترك الجامعة بسبب أحداث "الثورة المجيدة" التي اندلعت في بريطانيا في 1688. في هذه السنة سافر سويفت إلى إنكلترا حيث دبرت أمه من أجله منصب مساعد شخصي لويليام تمبل الذي كان من أهم الديبلوماسيين الإنكليز، غير أنه قد تقاعد عن منصبه عندما وصل سويفت إليه، واهتم بكتابة ذكرياته. مع مرور ثلاث سنوات لشغله كمساعد لتمبل، تعززت ثقة تمبل بمساعده حتى أرسله إلى الملك البريطاني ويليام الثالث لترويج مشروع قانون كان تمبل من مؤيده.

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish[satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. Swift originally published all of his works under pseudonyms—such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier—or anonymously.

كثيرا ما كان يستخدم اسماء مستعارة عند كتاباته
He is also known for being a master of two styles of satire: the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

Youth
Jonathan Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, the city residence of his uncle and benefactor Godwin Swift (1628-1695), of Swifts Heath House, Co. Kilkenny. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640-1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England.
He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.
مات ابوه قبل ولادته في دبلن ايرالندا - وامه تركته عند عمه وعادت الى انجلترا

Swift's family had several interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden, was a first cousin of the wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret (Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.
His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by the philosopher George Berkeley). In 1682 he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), financed by Godwin's son, Willoughby, from where he received his B.A. in 1686, and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Swift was studying for his Master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining the confidence of his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance."[cite this quote] Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III, and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

When Swift took up his residence at Moor Park, he met Esther Johnson, then eight years old, the fatherless daughter of one of the household servants. Swift acted as her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.
Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year.
التقى بعد ان سافر الى لندن بفتاة كان عمرها 8 سنوات عندها وهي يتمة وابنة احد الخدم في البيت فاخذ سوف يتعلمها واطلق عليها اسم ستيلا واحتفظ الاثنين بعلاقة غير مفهومة طوال حياة ابستر

The illness, fits of vertigo or giddiness—now known to be Ménière's disease—would continue to plague Swift throughout his life.

اصيب بمرض ظل يعاني منه طول حياته
During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hertford College, Oxford in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland and in 1694 he was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor, with his parish located at Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim.

Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence.
تولى وظيفه في منطقة نائية وكان تعيس لبعدة عن مناطق النفوذ لكنه وقع في غرام جين هناك
While at Kilroot, however, Swift may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring. A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690). Battle was however not published until 1704.

On 27 January 1699 Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly in England to complete the editing of Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. However, Swift's work made enemies of some of Temple's family and friends who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.
عندما مات تمبل ساعد في اعداد مذكراته وقد اكسبه ذلك بعض الاعداء

His next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another. But he soon obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

At Laracor, a mile or two from Trim, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin, Swift ministered to a congregation of about fifteen people, and had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal (after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park), planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and traveled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, Swift published, anonymously, a political pamphlet, A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

Writer
In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. That spring he traveled to England and returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now twenty years old—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson nicknamed "Stella". Many[who?] hold that they were secretly married in 1716.
يعتقد البعض انه تزوج من تلك اليتيمة عام 1716 ولكت علاقته بها ظلت عامضة

During his visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club (founded in 1713).
Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the Examiner when they came to power in 1710. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession.
Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government, and often acted as mediator between Henry St. John (Viscount Bolingbroke) the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15) and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford) lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–1714). Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, later collected and published as The Journal to Stella. The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of Queen Anne and accession of George I that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.

Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family and became involved with one of the daughters, Esther, yet another fatherless young woman and another ambiguous relationship to confuse Swift's biographers.
صار على علاقة غامضة مع فتاة اخرى يتيمة اسمها ايضا ايسثر مما ادى الى سوء فهم بالنسبة لمذكراته واكلق عليها اسم فانيسيا وكتب قصيدة لعبت فيها دور شخصية رئيسية في القصيدة
Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "Vanessa" and she features as one of the main characters in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa. The poem and their correspondence suggests that Esther was infatuated with Swift, and that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret this and then try to break off the relationship. Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714, where there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson.

Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35. Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was Anne Long, a toast of the Kit-Cat Club.
ماتت ايسثر فانهمرج عان 1723 عن عمر 35 سنه ولكن يبدو انه صار على علاقة مع فتاة اخرى تسمى آن لونج

Maturity
Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".
عندما فشل في الحصول على وظيفة في كنيسة لندن بسبب عدم موافقة الملكة عاد الى ايرلندا يتدب حظه وكأنه في منفى ليعيش كما يعيش الفأر في جحره

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), Drapier's Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.
Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels.
في هذه الفترة كتب رائعته رحلات جلفر

Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in Ireland
نجح كتابه نجاحا ساحقا
.
Swift returned to England one more time in 1727 and stayed with Alexander Pope once again. The visit was cut short when Swift received word that Esther Johnson was dying and rushed back home to be with her.
في عام 1727 وصله خبر ان صديقته ايسثر جونسون على فراش الموت وعاد الى ايرلندا ليكون الى جوارها وقد ماتت في عام 1728
On 28 January 1728, Esther Johnson died; Swift had prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs. Johnson.
كان يصلى لها الى جوار سريرها ولكن موتها كان صعبا جدا عليه وفي ليلة موتها بدأ يكتب " موت السيدة جونسن"
He was too ill to attend the funeral at St. Patrick's. Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Esther Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair."

Death became a frequent feature in Swift's life from this point. In1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, his own obituary published in 1739.
اصبح الموت فكرة تتردد كثيرا في كتاباته وفي عام 1731 كتب اشعار عن وفاة د. سوفت حيث نعى نفسه

In 1732, his good friend and collaborator John Gay died
في عام 1732 مات صديقة جون جاي .

In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died
في عام 1735 مات صديقه الاخر جون اربثور .

In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness, and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top.")
في عام 1738 بدأ يظهر عليه علامات المرض وقد اصيب بجلطه افقدته القدره على الحديث في عام 1742 وقد كان اشد ما يخشاه ان يفقد عقله

To protect him from unscrupulous hangers on, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory."
لحماية اعلن اصدقائه انه اصيح فاقد للذاكره ثم اعلن انه اصيب بالجنون
However, it was long believed by many that Swift was really insane at this point. In his book Literature and Western Man, author J.B. Priestley even cites the final chapters of Gulliver's Travels as proof of Swift's approaching "insanity".

In part VIII of his series, The Story of Civilization, Will Durant describes the final years of Swift's life as such:

"Definite symptoms of madness appeared in 1738. In 1741 guardians were appointed to take care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence he should do himself harm. In 1742 he suffered great pain from the inflammation of his left eye, which swelled to the size of an egg; five attendants had to restrain him from tearing out his eye. He went a whole year without uttering a word."

In 1744, Alexander Pope died.

في عام 1744 مات صديقه الكسندر بوب
Then, on October 19, 1745, Swift died.
في 1745 مات هو
After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune (twelve thousand pounds) was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill, originally known as St. Patrick’s Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which still exists as a psychiatric hospital.

اهم احداث حياته:
مات ابوه قبل ولادته.

08-26-2011, 07:13 PM

المشاركة 27

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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رواية "توم جونز» لفيلدنغ: إننا صنيعة ظروفنا الاجتماعية
السبت, 08 مايو 2010

عن الحياة -بقلم إبراهيم العريس

اذا كانت «النهاية السعيدة» اعتبرت دائماً واحدة من السمات الأساسية في نمط من انماط السينما الهوليوودية، فإن من المؤكد ان هذه السينما لم تكن هي من اخترع «النهاية السعيدة». وحتى من دون ان يكون ثمة ما يؤكد ان هذه «النهاية» كانت لها بداية ما في الأدب أو غير الأدب، يمكن القول ان الخاتمة التي تنتمي اليها رواية «توم جونز» احدى أهم الروايات في تاريخ الأدب الانكليزي، يمكن التوقف عندها باعتبارها رائدة لـ «انتصار الطيبة» على الشر، الذي يأتي من خارج البطل ومن داخله، في نهاية الأمر. فهذه الرواية التي كتبها هنري فيلدنغ ونشرت للمرة الأولى عام 1749، تختتم احداثها على ذلك الانتصار الكبير لطيبة الانسان، وعلى لحظة يكتشف فيها هذا الانسان ان الجانب الخيّر في شخصيته يتفوق في نهاية الأمر على الجانب الشرير. وفي هذا المعنى تعتبر «توم جونز» واحدة من أولى الروايات الغربية التي جعلت ايمانها بالانسان موضوعاً أساسياً ومحركاً لأحداثها.

وهي، في هذا، وليس في احداثها، ولا في بنيانها، على رغم أهمية هذه العناصر، أثرت كثيراً في معظم ما كتب من أدب انكليزي بعدها. غير ان فيلدنغ كان يصرّ دائماً على ان ينفي عن نفسه، وأدبه، طابع الريادة حتى في هذا المجال، اذ كان لا يفوته ان يشير الى انه انما يدين لثلاثة من الكتاب سبقوه وهم: اللاتيني لوسيانوس والانكليزي سويفت والاسباني سرفانتس، وخصوصاً في مجال الكتابة المرحة، والكتابة التي تعالج أصعب المواقف وأكثرها ايلاماً معالجة ملحمية. وفي هذا اعتبر أدب فيلدنغ - وعلى رأسه رواية «توم جونز» - فاتحة الأدب الروائي الحديث في بريطانيا، وربما في العالم.

*ليس من السهل تلخيص احداث رواية وزع مؤلفها احداثها على ثمانية عشر كتاباً تشكل في مجموعها سعة ستة مجلدات سميكة. فهي عمل «بيكاري» حافل بالشخصيات والحبكات والخبطات المسرحية، يتخذ من المجتمع المدني ميداناً له، ويحاول ان يكون صورة متكاملة عن ذلك المجتمع وأخلاقياته في زمن صعود الطبقة الوسطى مع ازدهار الثورة الصناعية، وفي زمن بدأ الفكر فيه يجد ميادين لتحركه في حيز العلاقات الاجتماعية، معطياً الفرد ومشكلاته مكانة أساسية. وفي المقابل يمكن رسم الخلفية التي تدور فيها الأحداث. وهذه الخلفية يشغلها أساساً، ذلك الطفل الوليد الذي يعثر عليه أرمل ثري يعيش في سامرست، هو السيد آلوورثي، في فراشه ذات مساء. يفتن السيد بالوليد ويقرر ان يتبناه، وهو يعتقد ان أمه خادمة تدعى جيني جونز. ومن هنا يسميه توم جونز. واذ يسوي آلوورثي المسألة بطرد المدرس باتريدج الذي يظن انه هو الأب يختفي باتريدج مع الخادمة. فيما تتزوج شقيقة آلوورثي التي تعيش معه بريدجت من الكابتن بليفيل وينجبان ولداً هو ماستر بليفيل يربى سوية مع توم. وينمو الوالدان معاً، حتى تعود الرواية وتلتقطهما بعد ذلك بتسعة عشر عاماً، حين يكتشف توم ان حبه الطفولي لجارته الطفلة صوفيا، أضحى حباً بالغاً. لكن صوفيا منذورة للزواج من ماستر... وهنا تبدأ الاحداث بالتعقد، والمؤامرات بالتركّب. وينتهي هذا الجزء بدفع آلوورثي الى طرد توم من المنزل. فيفعل ما يوقع توم في يأس شديد اذ فقد في آن واحد عطف ابيه بالتبني ومسرح طفولته وحبه. فيقرر ان يتوجه الى بريستول للارتحال بحراً. ولكن يحدث في الآن نفسه ان تهرب صوفيا لتقيم عند قريبة لها في لندن. وهكذا تنتقل الأحداث كلها الى العاصمة التي يصلها توم بدوره. لكن توم، على رغم حبه لصوفيا وحزنه الشديد، لا يتورع عن مواصلة حياة لهو وشبق جنسي كان بدأها باكراً، وجعلته يرغب في كل امرأة يراها. وهكذا يحدث له ذات يوم ان يرتبط بعلاقة مع سيدة سرعان ما يتبين انها هي جيني جونز، التي يفترض انها أمه الحقيقية التي هربت بعد ولادته. فيغرق توم اذ يعرف هذا، في يأس شديد وقد خيل اليه انه انما ارتكب معصية حب المحارم. غير ان الحقيقة تكون في مكان آخر، لأن توم سيعرف لاحقاً ان امه الحقيقية ليست جيني، بل بريدجت شقيقة آلوورثي، التي تعترف لشقيقها بكل شيء وهي على فراش الموت، مؤكدة ان الوالد الحقيقي لتوم هو شاب التقته ذات يوم ثم ارتحل ومات بعد ذلك.

وعلى رغم ما انكشف من ان توم وماستر أخوان غير شقيقين، فإن ماستر يواصل مؤامراته ضد توم طمعاً في الحصول وحده على ثروة آلوورثي وعلى فؤاد صوفيا. ولكن يحدث أن يصحو ضمير واحد من الذين شاركوا ماستر في مؤامراته ضد توم، ويرسل رسالة مطولة الى السيد آلوورثي يحكي فيها كل شيء واصفاً كيف ان ماستر بليفيل يتآمر ضد توم منذ الطفولة، وأن تلك المعاملة هي التي جعلت توم يسلك دروب الشر والمجون. وهكذا تبدأ النهاية السعيدة: آلوورثي يعفو عن توم جونز ويجعله وريثه الوحيد. وصوفيا تعلن حبها لتوم بعدما فهمت ان كل العبث الذي عاشه والمجون الذي كان من سماته، ليسا سوى النتيجة الظالمة للظروف التي عاشها. وتنتهي الحكاية بانتصار الخير على الشر.

*لم يكن من قبيل الصدفة ان ينبه فيلدنغ قارئه منذ البداية الى أن «الاحداث والأمور التي اصفها هنا انما هي صورة للطبيعة الانسانية»، مؤكداً في مكان آخر أن «الجهد الذي بذلته في هذه الحكاية انما كان قصدي منه ان ادعو الناس الى الطيبة والبراءة». والحال ان الطيبة والبراءة هما السمتان الاساسيتان اللتان تطبعان شخصية توم جونز. وواضح هنا ان فيلدنغ انما اراد ان يرسم الصورة التي تؤثر بها الظروف الاجتماعية في سلوك الناس.

فالمرء اذا كان يسلك هذه الطريق أو تلك، فما هذا إلا لأن الظروف الاجتماعية، لا تركيبته الوراثية هي التي تدفعه الى هذا.

وفي هذا المعنى يكمن جزء أساسي من جوهر هذا العمل الذي سيعتبره كتّاب مثل تشارلز ديكنز وويليام ثاكري، مدرستهم الحقيقية، بمعنى ان الأدب الانكليزي بعد «توم جونز» لم يعد في امكانه ان يتغاضى عن دور العوامل الاجتماعية في رسم الاخلاقيات والأحداث. وكان هذا بدوره جديداً.

وسيصبح منذ ذلك الحين واحداً من أعمدة الأعمال الفنية، وممهداً لثورة التحليل - نفسية التي ستجعل العوامل الاجتماعية العنصر الأساسي في تكوين العوامل النفسية، لكن هذه حكاية أخرى.

*حين كتب هنري فيلدنغ «توم جونز» كان في الأربعين من عمره، هو المولود في العام 1707، في سامرست، مثل بطله توم جونز. وتربى فيلدنغ في تلك المنطقة،لكنه أرسل بعد ذلك الى ايتون، حين تزوج ابوه بعد وفاة أمه وهو في الحادية عشرة من عمره. وبعد ذلك بأقل من عشر سنوات بدأ توجهه الى الكتابة، بتشجيع من بعض اصدقائه.

وكان من أول أعماله التي عرفت، مسرحية «الحب تحت اقنعة عدة» (1728) التي قدّمت وعرفت نجاحاً كبيراً. ومنذ ذلك الحين لم يتوقف فيلدنغ عن الكتابة، المسرحية خصوصاً، متأثراً بموليير. كما انتقل من الكتابة الى المسرح الى كتابة الروايات، وكان يتخذ من الأشخاص المقربين اليه، نماذج للشخصيات التي يرسمها في أعماله. وكان الطابع المسيطر على أعماله ساخراً الى حد اثارة غضب الآخرين. وهو في الوقت نفسه عمل في القضاء وفي الصحافة. وكان النجاح حليفه في كل ما يحقق، ما جعل كبار كتاب زمنه اعداء له.

ومن ابرز أعمال فيلدنغ، الى «توم جونز» رواية «اميليا» و «باميلا» وكتاب رحلته الى البرتغال «رحلتي في لشبونه» و «توم تامب» و «مأساة المآسي» التي سخر فيها من كتّاب معاصرين له، و «دون كيشوت» التي جعلها تحية الى «استاذه» سرفانتس. رحل فيلدنغ في العام 1754 في لشبونة التي احبها كثيراً وكتب عنها.
alariss@alhayat.com

- شكرا للاستاذ ابراهيم العريس على هذه القراءة الرائعة والتي تلقي الضوء على كل جوانب العمل وتربط بين حياة الكاتب وروايته. وتخدم موضوع هذه الدراسة بشكل رائع. وليس غريبا ان يكون الكاتب هنا قد تأثر بكاتبين ايتام قبله كما انه يتيم الام وهو في سن الحادية عشره وتزوج ابوه بعد ذلك فكان يتيم الاب والام عمليا كونه عاش بعيد عنهما.

ونجد ان كتب بأسلوب ساخر ايضا واتخذ من الشخصيات التي حوله اساس لشخصيات رواياته مما يرجح بأن الكثير من توم جوز اليتيم بطل الرواية هو على الاغلب الكاتب نفسه.

وربما من المهم لفت الانتباه الى موضوع الرواية فهي بمثابة صراع بين الخير والشر ويتنصر الخير في نفس الانسان في النهاية على الشر. وقد يكون اختيار الروائي لهذه الفكرة قد ساهم في جعلها من بين ام الروايات العالمية.

08-27-2011, 05:57 PM

المشاركة 28

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

http://kirjasto.sci.fi/hfieldin.htm



هنري فيلدنغ

ولد الروائي البريطاني هنري فيلدنغ (Henry Fielding) بالقرب من غلاستون بوري بإنكلترا عام 1707. درس القانون في جامعة ليدن بهولندا ، ثم احترف العمل المسرحي فكتب بعد أن صار مدير مسرح حوالي خمس وعشرين مسرحية ، من أشهرها المسرحية الهزلية إبهام طوم عام 1730. أستدعي في العام 1740 إلى المحكمة ، وعين قاضي صلح في وستمينستر عام 1748 ، وفي ميدلسكس عام 1749. في تلك الفترة ، بدأت حياته الروائية براوية ( تاريخ مغامرات جوزيف أندروس وصديقه السيد أبراهام آدامس، وهي عبارة عن محاكاة ساخرة للرواية الوجدانية الأخلاقية الشهيرة (باميلا ) عام 1741 ، التي كتبها المؤلف البريطاني صموئيل ريتشاردسون. لكن موهبة فيلدنغ في عرض الشخصيات وتصوير بيئة الطبقات الدنيا جعلت روايته المذكورة أكثر من مجرد محاكاة ساخرة. نشر هنري فيلدنغ في العام 1749 عمله الروائي تاريخ طوم جونز اللقيط الذي اعتبره النقاد من أعظم الروايات الإنكليزية. وقد تحولت هذه الرواية في العام 1962 إلى فيلم ناجح بعنوان طوم جونز. كتب هنري فيلدنغ العديد من الأشعار والمقالات السياسية ، واكتسب سمعة حسنة لشجاعته في محاربة الجريمة في مدينة لندن. وقد أجبره المرض في العام 1753 على ترك منصبه كقاضٍ ، ثم توفي في العام الذي تلاه.

Henry Fielding (1707-1754)

British writer, playwright and journalist, founder of the English Realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson. Fielding's career as a dramatist has been shadowed by his fame as a novelist, who undertook the duty of writing comic epic poems in prose – Fielding once described himself as "great, tattered bard."

"When I'm not thanked at all, I'm thanked enough;

I've done my duty, and I've done no more."

(from Tom Thumb the Great, 1730)

يقول هنري فيلدنغ في احد كتبه: عندما يحجم الناس عن شكري فان ذلك يكون بمثابة اكبر شكر يقدم لي.

Henry Fielding was born at Sharpham Park, Somerset. He was by birth a gentleman, close allied to the aristocracy. His father was a nephew of the 3th Earl of Denbigha, and mother was from a prominent family of lawyers.

ولد في عائلة ارستقراطية

Fielding grew up on his parents farm at East Stour, Dotset. His mother died when Fielding was eleven, and when his father remarried, Henry was sent to Eton College (1719-1724), where he learned to love ancient Greek and Roman literature.

ماتت امه عمره 11 سنة وتزوج اباه مرة اخرى وارسل وعمره 12 سنة الى كلية ايتون حيث تعلم حب اللغات الاغريقية والادب الروماني القديمين

During this period he also befriended George, later Lord, Lyttelton, and William Pitt, later Lord Chatham. To Lyttelton, his old school friend, who helped him from the late 1740s, Fielding dedicated the novel THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING (1749). After Eton, he attempted to elope with his cousin Sarah Andrew.
Encouraged by his cousin, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Fielding began his literary career in London. In 1728 he wrote two plays, of which LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES, performed at Drury Lane, ran only four nights. In the same year he went to the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, enlarging his knowledge of classical literature. After returning to England, he devoted himself to writing for the stage. Under the pseudonym 'Sciblerus Secundus' he wrote comic-satirical burlesques, which made him the most successful playwrigh for several years in the British theatre. Fielding also became a manager of the Little Theatre in the Haymarket. In 1730 he had four plays produced, among them TOM THUMB, which is his most famous and popular drama, particularly in its revised version, THE TRAGEDY OF TRAGEDIES (1731). According to a story, it made Swift laugh for the second time in his life. In 1736 Fielding took over the management of the New Theatre, writing for it among others the satirical comedy PASQUIN. For several years Fielding's life was happy and prosperous.
However, Fielding's sharp burlesques satirizing the government gained the attention of the prime minister Sir Robert Walpole and Fielding's activities in theater was ended by Theatrical Licensing Act - directed primarily at him. In search for an alternative career he became editor of the magazine Champion, an opposition journal. After studies of law Fielding was called in 1740 to the bar.

Because of increasing illness – he suffered from gout and asthma – Fielding was eventually unable to continue as a Westminster justice.
كان يعاني من مرض الازمة واثر ذلك على عمله في مجال القضاء فلم يستطع ان يستمر فيه

Physically Fielding was impressive, he was over six feet tall, with a "frame of a body large, and remarkably robust," as his first biographer, Arthur Murphy recorded. He was also known as a man with a great appetite for food, alcohol and tobacco; the joys of the rich diet he celebrated in the song 'The Roast Beef of Old England'.
Between the years 1729 and 1737 Fielding wrote 25 plays but he acclaimed critical notice with his novels, The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling, and THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURES OF JOSEPH ANDREWS (1742), a parody of Richardson's Pamela (1740). Although Fielding said in Tom Jones, "That monstrous animal, a husband and wife", he married in 1734 Charlotte Cradock, who became his model for Sophia Western in Tom Jones and for the heroine of AMELIA, the author's last novel.
كتب في روايته توم جونز وصافا الزواج على انه ( ذلك الحيون الوحشي) لكنه تزوج .

It was written according to Fielding "to promote the cause of virtue and to expose some of the most glaring evils, as well public as private, which at present infect the country..." In the story an army officer is imprisoned. His virtuous wife resists all temptations and stays faithful to him. With Charlotte Fielding enjoyed ten years of happiness until her death in 1744, leaving him with a small son and daughter. Fielding had called her "one from whom I draw all the solid Comfort of my life."

Fielding's improvidence led to long periods of considerable poverty, but he did not drift into taking bribes.
عاش حياة فقر ولكنه لم يأخذ رشاوي

At various periods of his life Fielding was greatly assisted by his friend R. Allen, the model for Allworthy in Tom Jones. His wife's fortune Fielding spent in living and hospitality. He had a small income from his share of his parents' farm and a tiny annuity from an uncle.

"What is commonly called love, namely the desire of satisfying a voracious appetite with a certain quantity of delicate white human flesh." (from Tom Jones)

In 1747 Fielding caused some scandal by marrying his wife's maid and friend Mary Daniel, who was six months pregnant at the time of the wedding – Fiending was condemned by every snob in England. Actually she was about to bear his child, and Fielding wished to save her from disgrace. In the six years of their marriage, Mary bore him five children.

في عام 1747 تسبب فيلدنغ بفضيحه حينما تزوج خادمة زوجته وصديقتها ( ماري دانيال) والتي كانت حامل منذ مدة ستى اشهر حينما تزوجها وقد تم ادانته من قبل الجميع في انجلترا

After Walpole had been replaced by another prime minister, Fielding came to the defense of the Establishment. As a reward for his governmental journalism he was made justice of the peace for the City of Westminster in 1748 and for the county of Middlesex in 1749. However, the position was unpaid, and thus not much admired.
عين قاضي سلام لميدنة وستمنستر لكنه كان وظيفه من غير اجر ولذلك لم يكن شغوفا به
Together with his half brother Sir John Fielding, assistant Saunders Welch, and clerk Joshua Brodgen, he established a new tradition of justice and suppression of crime in London, organizing a detective force (with a salary), that later developed into Scotland Yard.

كان وراء فكرة تأسيس البوليس الانجليزي استكتلنديارد

Fielding's writings became more socially orientated – he opposed among others public hangings.
عارض الاعدام امام الجمهور

From the court in Bow Street he continued his struggle against corruption and and saw successfully implemented a plan for breaking up the criminal gangs who were then flourishing in London. One of his most controversial cases was the riot after which a sailor was executed. As a vehicle for his ideas he used The Covent-Garden Journal.

When the author's health was failing and he was forced to use crutches, he went with his wife, Margaret Collier, and one of his daughters to Portugal to recuperate in the milder air. His health badly damaged, Fielding died on October 8, 1754, in Lisbon. Fielding's travel book, THE JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE TO LISBON, in which he recorded the unhappy journey, appeared posthumously in 1755.
ساءت صحته بشكل كبير واضطر للسفر الى البرتغال للعلاج في جو افضل لصحته ولكن صحته ساءت ومات عام 1754 في لشبون عاصمة البرتغال

The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling, was enthusiastically revived by the general public, if not by Richardson, Dr. Johnson and other literary figures. Coleridge declared that the plot of Tom Jones was one of the three perfect plots in all literature, the others were Ben Jonson's Alchemist and Sophocles's Oedipus Rex. In its 'Preface' Fielding stated: "The excellence of the entertainment consists less in the subject than in the author's skill in well dressing it up...
اعتبرت روايته ( توم جونز) واحدة من اروع ثلاث روايات في تاريخ الروايات والسبب ليس الموضوع وانما مهارة الكاتب في عرض الفكرة
we shall represent human nature at first to keep appetite of our reader, in that more plain and simple manner in which it is found in the country, and shall hereafter hash and ragout it with all the high French and Italian seasoning of affectation and vice which courts and cities afford." Much of the action unfolds against the backdrop of the 1745 Jacobite rebellion.

The introductory chapters that preface each of the novel's 18 books cultivate the reader in a way that was then unprecedented in English fiction. The kindly, prosperous Mr Allworthy finds a baby boy on his bed. He adopts the child, naming it Tom Jones. Allworthy suspects that Jenny Jones, a maid-servant to the wife of the schoolmaster Partridge, is the mother.
فكرة الرواية تتمحور حول طفل يجده السيد في بيته وعلى سريره فيقوم على تبنيه ويطلق عليه اسم توم جونز

Jenny leaves with Partridge the neighborhood. Allworthy's sister Bridget marries Captain Blifil, they have a son. Tom and the young and mean-spirited Blifil are raised together. Years later a rivalry over the attention of Sophia Western arises between them. Because of an affair with the gamekeeper's daughter Molly Seagrim, and because of Blifil's treachery, Tom is expelled from the house. He experiences adventures in the picaresque section of the novel, drifts into an affair with Lady Ballaston, nearly kills his opponent in a duel, and is imprisoned. Meanwhile Sophia flees to London to escape the marriage with Blifil. Jenny Jones turns up to reveal that Bridget is the mother of Tom, and Blifil's cruelties to Tom over the years are exposed – Blifil knew the truth of Tom's birth. Tom marries Sophia, who forgives him for his infidelities, and Tom becomes the heir of Allworthy. Ford Madox Ford's comment on the work was: "Obviously, marital bliss is possible to the wives of the worst of rakes and to the rakes themselves. But to convince us that that is the lot of one or other of his characters the writer must take much more trouble... and write much better." (from The March of Literature, 1938)

Note: After novel established itself as a certain literary form in Britain, were novels often described as The Adventures of... Examples: The Life and Adventures of Mr Duncan Campbell by Daniel Defoe (1720); The Adventures of Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding (1742); The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44) by Charles Dickens, The Adventures of Philip by W.M. Thackeray (1861-62), The Adventures of Harry Richmond (1871) by George Meredith - For further reading: biographies by W.L. Cross (3 vols, 1918) and F.H. Duddon (2 vols, 1952. - Fielding and the Nature of the Novel by Robert Alter (1968); Henry Fielding: The Critical Heritage, ed. by R. Paulson and T. Lockwood (1969); Henry Fielding: Justice Observed, ed. by K.G. Simpson (1986); Imagining the Penitentiary by John Bender (1987); Henry Fielding: A Life by Martin C. Battestin and Ruthe R. Battestin (1989); Natural Masques: Gender and Indentity in Fielding's Plays and Novels by Jill Campbell (1995); Critical Essays on Henry Fielding, ed. by Albert J. Rivero (1998); Henry Fielding: A Literary Life by Harold E. Pagliaro (1998); The Author's Inheritance: Henry Fielding, Jane Austen and the Establishment of the Novel by Joy Alyson Parker (1998)

Selected works:

LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES, 1728
THE TRAGEDY OF TRAGEDIES: OR, THE THE LIFE AND DEATH OF TOM THUMB THE GREAT, 1730
THE COFFEE-HOUSE POLITICIAN, 1730
THE MODERN HUSBAND, 1732
DON QUIXOTE IN ENGLAND, 1734
PASQUIN, 1937
THE HISTORICAL REGISTER, 1737
AN APOLOGY FOR THE LIFE OF MRS. SHAMELA ANDREWS, 1741
THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURES OF JOSEPH ANDREWS, 1742 - Josef Andrewsin seikkailut (suomentanut Valfrid Hedman, 1927) - film 1977, prod. Woodfall Film Productions, dir. by Tony Richardson, starring Peter Firth, Ann-Margret, Michael Hordern
THE HISTORY OF MR. JONATHAN WILD THE GREAT, 1743
A JOURNEY FROM THIS WORLD TO THE NEXT, 1743
THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING, 1749 - Tom Jones (suom. Olli Nuorto, 1950; Marja Alopaeus, 1994) - films: 1917, dir. by Edwin J. Collins, starring Langhorn Burton, Sybil Arundale, Will Corrie, Wyndham Guise; 1960 (TV series), prod. by Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), dir. by Eros Macchi, starring Pino Colizzi; 1963, dir. by Tony Richardson, written by John Osborne, starring Albert Finney, Susannah York, Hugh Griffith; The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones, 1976, dir. Cliff Owen, starring Nicky Henson, Trevor Howard, Terry-Thomas, Arthur Lowe, Joan Collins; 1997 (TV mini-series), prod. A&E Television Networks
AMELIA, 1751
ENQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES OF THE LATE INCREASE OF ROBBERS, 1751
PROPOSAL FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE PROVISION FOR THE POOR, 1753
THE JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE TO LISBON, 1755
WORKS, 1766
COLLECTED WORKS, 1882, 1902, 1967

المصدر:

اهم سمات حياته :
-يتيم في سن 11
-تزوج والده وارسل بعيد عنه
-مريض في الازمه
-عاش فقيرا

08-31-2011, 12:52 AM

المشاركة 30

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا



صمويل ريتشاردسون

ريتشاردسون، صمويل (1689-1761م). كاتب إنجليزي يعد أحد مبتكري الرواية، ألف ثلاث روايات باميلا، أو مكافأة الفضيلة (1740م)؛ تاريخ سيدة شابة (1747-1748م)؛ كلايسا السير تشارلز جراندسون (1753 -1754م). وتعد هذه الأعمال الأدبية طويلة جدًا أكثر مما يجب للقراءة في عصرنا الحاضر، ولكنها ذات أثر عظيم.
أضافت جهوده عناصر مهمة وجديدة للرواية، وتُشكل كل رواية من رواياته حبكة موحدة، وليست فصولاً غير متصلة. ولعل هذه الخواص في الرواية تعطي ثباتًا للفكرة، دون تدخل المؤلف. وقد طرحت أعماله فكرة المطارحة الغرامية التي تؤدي إلى الزواج بوصفها فكرة أساسية للرواية.

كتب الروايات الثلاث على شكل رسائل. ففكرة مكافأة الفضيلة جاءت من كتاب يحتوي على رسائل نموذجية كتبها ريتشاردسون. وقد نشر هذه الرواية شخص مجهول، ولكنها لاقت نجاحًا مثيرًا. وتمتاز جميع رواياته بشد القارئ، بحيث ينتقل في قراءته من رسالة إلى أخرى حتى يعرف ما الذي سيحدث بعد ذلك.
ولعل من السهل نقد أخلاقيات وقيم هذه الروايات. فقد أثارت أعماله العديد من كُتاب عصر ريتشاردسون، وعبروا عن معارضتهم الأدبية لها بطريقة ساخرة. ومع ذلك، فإن ريتشاردسون وضع الرواية بشكل ثابت وخط رئيسي: إذ عبر، وبشكل مفصل، عن أُناس حقيقيين في مواقف عامة في الحياة الحديثة.

تُعالج رواياته بشكلٍ خاص، حاجة المرأة للأمن والزواج وحيـاة اجتمـاعيـة مناسبـة. وهذا يعكـس كيـف أن المـرأة ـ وبخاصة مع ظهور الطبقة المتوسطة الجديدة ـ برزت في المقدمة بذاتها ومشاكلها الفردية المحسوسة. وقد بدأت هذه النزعة بالتطور منذ أيام ريتشاردسون وجدت فيه النساء، وفي أمثاله كذلك، متحدثًا متعاطفًا وحساسًا بمشاكلهن وشؤون حياتهن.

وُلد في ديربيشاير، بدأ عمله التجاري الخاص بالطباعة سنة 1719م، ثم أصبح فيما بعد أحد أشهر الناشرين في لندن.

Samuel Richardson

(19 August 1689 - 4 July 1761) was an 18th-century English writer and printer.
Richardson lost his first wife along with their five sons, and eventually remarried. Although with his second wife he had four daughters who lived to become adults, they had no male heir to continue running the printing business. While his print shop slowly ran down, at the age of 51 he wrote his first novel and immediately became one of the most popular and admired writers of his time.
صمويل فقد زوجته الاولى وخمسة من ابناؤه الذكور ثم تزوج مرة اخرى وفقد اثنين من ابناؤه من الزوجة الثانية وحينما كان في سن 51 كان لديه 4 بنات ولك يكن لديه ولد ذكر بدأ بكتابة روايته الاولى
He knew leading figures in 18th century England, including Samuel Johnson and Sarah Fielding. In the London literary world, he was a rival of Henry Fielding, and the two responded to each other's literary styles in their own novels.
Richardson has been one of the authors of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list established by the pope containing the names of books that Catholics were not allowed to read.
Biography
Richardson, one of nine children, was probably born in 1689 in Mackworth, Derbyshire, to Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson. It is unsure where in Derbyshire he was born because Richardson always concealed the locatio.
يعتقد ان صمايل ولد عام 1689 ولكن لا يعرف اين تحديدا فقد اخفى ريتشارسون مكان ولادته
The older Richardson was, according to the younger:
a very honest man, descended of a family of middling note, in the country of Surrey, but which having for several generations a large number of children, the not large possessions were split and divided, so that he and his brothers were put to trades; and the sisters were married to tradesmen.
His mother, according to Richardson, "was also a good woman, of a family not ungenteel; but whose father and mother died in her infancy, within half-an-hour of each other, in the London pestilence of 1665".
The trade his father pursued was that of a joiner (a type of carpenter, but Richardson explains that it was "then more distinct from that of a carpenter than now it is with us").
والده عمل نجار في البيوت
In describing his father's occupation, Richardson stated that "he was a good draughtsman and understood architecture", and it was suggested by Samuel Richardson's son-in-law that the senior Richardson was a cabinetmaker and an exporter of mahogany while working at Aldersgate-street. The abilities and position of his father brought him to the attention of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. However this, as Richardson claims, was to Richardson senior's "great detriment" because of the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion, which ended in the death of Scott in 1685. After Scott's death, the elder Richardson was forced to abandon his business in London and live a modest life in Derbyshire. [
اجبر والده على هجرة لندن حيث نفي الى مكان ولادة صمايل بعد فشل تمرد من كان يعمل لديه
1. 1. Early life
The Richardsons were not exiled forever from London; they eventually returned, and the young Richardson was educated at Christ's Hospital grammar school. The extent that he was educated at the school is uncertain, and Leigh Hunt wrote years later:
تعلم في مدرسة ابتدائية لكن لا يعرف طول المدة التي تعلم فيها
It is a fact not generally known that Richardson... received what education he had (which was very little, and did not go beyond English) at Christ's Hospital. It may be wondered how he could come no better taught from a school which had sent forth so many good scholars; but in his time, and indeed till very lately, that foundation was divided into several schools, none of which partook of the lessons of the others; and Richardson, agreeably to his father's intention of bringing him up to trade, was most probably confined to the writing school, where all that was taught was writing and arithmetic. [2]
However, this conflicts with Richardson's nephew's account that "'it is certain that [Richardson] was never sent to a more respectable seminary' than 'a private grammar school" located in Derbyshire". [1] :4
I recollect that I was early noted for having invention. I was not fond of play, as other boys; my school-fellows used to call me Serious and Gravity; and five of them particularly delighted to single me out, either for a walk, or at their father's houses, or at mine, to tell them stories, as they phrased it. Some I told them, from my reading, as true; others from my head, as mere invention; of which they would be most fond, and often were affected by them. One of them particularly, I remember, was for putting me to write a history, as he called it, on the model of Tommy Pots; I now forget what it was, only that it was of a servant-man preferred by a fine young lady (for his goodness) to a lord, who was a libertine. All of my stories carried with them, I am bold to say, a useful moral.

— Samuel Richardson on his storytelling. [1] :4
Little is known of Richardson's early years beyond the few things that Richardson was willing to share.
القليل فقط يعرف عن ريتشاردسون فهو كان دائما متكتم على تفاصيل طفولته
Although he was not forthcoming with specific events and incidents, he did talk about the origins of his writing ability; Richardson would tell stories to his friends and spent his youth constantly writing letters. One such letter, written when Richardson was almost 11, was directed to a woman in her 50s who was in the habit of constantly criticizing others. "Assuming the style and address of a person in years", Richardson cautioned her about her actions. However, his handwriting was used to determine that it was his work, and the woman complained to his mother. The result was, as he explains, that "my mother chid me for the freedom taken by such a boy with a woman of her years" but also "commended my principles, though she censured the liberty taken".
After his writing ability was known, he began to help others in the community write letters. [In particular, Richardson, at the age of thirteen, helped many of the girls that he associated with to write responses to various love letters they received. As Richardson claims, "I have been directed to chide, and even repulse, when an offence was either taken or given, at the very time that the heart of the chider or repulser was open before me, overflowing with esteem and affect". Although this helped his writing ability, he in 1753 advised the Dutch minister Stinstra not to draw large conclusions from these early actions:
You think, Sir, you can account from my early secretaryship to young women in my father's neighbourhood, for the characters I have drawn of the heroines of my three works. But this opportunity did little more for me, at so tender an age, than point, as I may say, or lead my enquiries, as I grew up, into the knowledge of female heart. [1] :7
He continued to explain that he did not fully understand females until writing Clarissa, and these letters were only a beginning. [1] :7
1. 2. Early career
The elder Richardson originally wanted his son to become a clergyman, but he was not able to afford the education that the younger Richardson would require, so he let his son pick his own profession.
كان والده يرغب ان يصبح ابنه راهبا لكنه لم يكن قادر على تعليمه لذلك دفع ابنه ليختار وظيفه
He selected the profession of printing because he hoped to "gratify a thirst for reading, which, in after years, he disclaimed". At the age of seventeen, in 1706, Richardson was bound in seven-year apprenticeship under John Wilde as a printer.
بدأ العمل وهو في سن السابعة عشرة في مطبعة
Wilde's printing shop was in Golden Lion Court on Aldersgate Street, and Wilde had a reputation as "a master who grudged every hour... that tended not to his profit".
I served a diligent seven years to it; to a master who grudged every hour to me that tended not to his profit, even of those times of leisure and diversion, which the refractoriness of my fellow-servants obliged him to allow them, and were usually allowed by other masters to their apprentices. I stole from the hours of rest and relaxation, my reading times for improvement of my mind; and, being engaged in correspondence with a gentleman, greatly my superior in degree, and of ample fortune, who, had he lived, intended high things for me; these were all the opportunities I had in my apprenticeship to carry it on. But this little incident I may mention; I took care that even my candle was of my own purchasing, that I might not, in the most trifling instance, make my master a sufferer (and who use to call me the pillar of his house) and not to disable myself by watching or sitting-up, to perform my duty to him in the day time.

- Samuel Richardson on his time with John Wilde.
While working for Wilde, he met a rich gentleman who took an interest in Richardson's writing abilities and the two began to correspond with each other. When the gentleman died a few years later, Richardson lost a potential patron, which delayed his ability to pursue his own writing career. He decided to devote himself completely to his apprenticeship, and he worked his way up to a position as a compositor and a corrector of the shop's printing press. In 1713, Richardson left Wilde to become "Overseer and Corrector of a Printing-Office". This meant that Richardson ran his own shop, but the location of that shop is unknown. It is possible that the shop was located in Staining Lane or may have been jointly run with John Leake in Jewin Street.
In 1719, Richardson was able to take his freedom from being an apprentice and was soon able to afford to set up his own printing shop, which he did after he moved near the Salisbury Court district close to Fleet Street. [ Although he claimed to business associates that he was working out of the well-known Salisbury Court, his printing shop was more accurately located on the corner of Blue Ball Court and Dorset Street in a house that later became Bell's Building.
On 23 November 1721 Richardson married Martha Wilde, the daughter of his former employer. The match was "prompted mainly by prudential considerations", although Richardson would claim later that there was a strong love-affair between him and Martha. [
تزوج من ابنة مدير عمله في عام 1721 وعمره 32 سنه
He soon brought her to live with him in the printing shop that served also as his home.
A key moment in Richardson's career came on 6 August 1722 when he took on his first apprentices: Thomas Gover, George Mitchell, and Joseph Chrichley. [He would later take on William Price (2 May 1727), Samuel Jolley (5 September 1727), Bethell Wellington (2 September 1729), and Halhed Garland (5 May 1730). [
One of Richardson's first major printing contracts came in June of 1723 when he began to print the bi-weekly The True Briton for Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton. This was a Jacobite political paper which attacked the government and was soon censored for printing "common libels". However, Richardson's name was not on the publication, and he was able to escape any of the negative fallout, although it is possible that Richardson participated in the papers as far as actually authoring one himself. [The only lasting effect from the paper would be the incorporation of Wharton's libertine characteristics in the character of Lovelace in Richardson's Clarissa, although Wharton would be only one of many models of libertine behaviour that Richardson would find in his life. [1] :13 In 1724, Richardson befriended Thomas Gent, Henry Woodfall, and Arthur Onslow, the latter of those would become the Speaker of the House of Commons. [1] :14
Over their ten years of marriage, the Richardsons had five sons and one daughter, and three of the boys were named Samuel after their father, but all of the boys died after just a few years. Soon after William, their fourth child, died, Martha died on 25 January 1731.
عندما كان عمره 42 سنه مات له جميع ابناؤه الاولاد كما ماتت زوجته مارثا في عام 1731
Their youngest son, Samuel, was to live past his mother for a year longer, but succumbed to illness in 1732. After his final son died, Richardson attempted to move on with his life; he married Elizabeth Leake and the two moved into another house on Blue Ball Court. However, Elizabeth and his daughter were not the only ones living with him since Richardson allowed five of his apprentices to lodge in his home.
Elizabeth had six children (five daughters and one son) with Richardson; four of their daughters, Mary, Martha, Anne, and Sarah, reached adulthood and survived their father. Their son, another Samuel, was born in 1739 and died in 1740. [
زوجته الثانية اليزبث انجبت 6 اطفال ومات الذكوروعددهم 2 وبقي الاناث ايضا
Richardson made the transition from master printer to novelist on 6 November 1740 with the publication of Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded. [3] :1Pamela was sometimes regarded as "the first English novel". [3] :1 Richardson explained the origins of the work:
بدأ الكتابة عندما كان عمره 51 سنه

- يلاحظ انه مجهول الطفولة
- لا يعرف متى مات الاب او الام
- يعتقد ان الاب مات عندما كان عمره 17 سنه لانه انتقل للعمل في المطبعة
- مات له 4 صبيان ثم زوجته الاولى ثم مات له عدد 2 ولد من زوجته الثانية.
- بدأ الكتابه في سن 51 وبعد ان ذاق مرارة موت ابنؤه الستة وزوجته الاولى.

اهم احداث حياته:
موت اولاده 6 وزوجته وهي شابه.