الاشياءتتداعى

الرواية التي وضعت اتشيبي في مصاف أدباءأفريقيا الكبار في أول ظهور له علىالساحة الأدبية، وتعد واحدة من أهم وأشهرالروايات الإفريقية والعالمية ، وإحدىالمائة عمل الأكثر تميزاً في الأدبالإنساني.
كان اتشيبي فيالثامنةوالعشرين من عمره ، عندما نشر هذه الرواية التيصدرت عن دار نشر هاينمان الشهيرة . ولاقت رواجاً وانتشارا كبيراين وبيع منها أكثر من ثمانية ملايين نسخةوترجمتلغالبية لغات العالم ، كما حظيت بتقدير أدبي رفيعمن النقاد .

اقتبسأتشيبيعنوان هذه الرواية من أحد المقاطع الشعرية من قصيدة "الحضور الثاني" “The second coming” للشاعر الأيرلندي "وليم ياتس" William Yeats، والذي يقول فيه :

"الأشياء تتداعى المركز لم يعدفي استطاعته التماسك والفوضى الشاملة تعمالعالم"


قراءة في أعمال تشينواأتشيبي / معهد البحوث والدراساتالإفريقية

ملخص الرواية

الموضوع الأساسيالذي تركز عليه الرواية هوأثر الاستعمار الأوربي والثقافةالغربية على طريقة الحياة في أفريقيا عامة ومجتمعالإيبوفي نيجيريا بوجه خاص .
وتدور أحداث هذه الرواية في قرية "أوموفيا" إحدى قرى مجتمع الإيبو بنيجيريا في أواخرالقرن التاسع عشر . وذلك من خلال قصة سقوطأوكونكو Okonkwo الزعيم التقليدي للقرية ، ذلك السقوط الذي يرتبط بظهور الرجلالأبيض على الأرض الأفريقية.
فأوكونكو ، بطل الرواية ، القوي الشجاع الذييستطيع أن يبني سمعته بنفسه ويحظى باحترام كبار رجال القبيلة وخشية أهلالقرية .
تدفعه رغبة شديدةتكاد تكون غايته الوحيدة في الحياة وهي الظفر بالسطوةوالسلطة والجاه في قريته، وأن يكون أحد كبار رجال القبيلة .
وتدور الأحداثحول أوكونكو القوي ، ضخم البنية طويل القامة ذو الحاجبين الكثيفينوالأنف العريض ،ذلك الشكل الذي يضفي عليه مظهر الحدةوالصرامة.
وقد اشتهر أكونكوفي القرىالتسع المجاورة لقريته وما بعدها منذ أن كان فتىفي الثامنة عشرة من عمره حينما رفعاسم قريته عالياً منخلال انتصاره على بطل المصارعة الشهير ، الملقب بالقط لأن ظهرهلم يلمس الأرض أبدا. وقد أقيم لنصره احتفالات دامت سبع ليال لكونه أولمن تغلب علىالقط منذ سبع سنوات ، وافتخر شيوخ القرية بهوبانتصاراته وشبهوه بالسمكة سريعةالانزلاق.
كما أن أوكونكو كان مزارعاً ناجحاًوله ثلاث زوجات ، وأباً لسبعةأطفال وكان يحكم بيتهبالشدة. وكانت زوجاته يخفن منه وخاصة أصغرهن ، وهن يعشن برعبمن مزاجه العصبي ، وكذلك أطفاله. حيث كان حاد الطباع وغير قادر علىالتحكم بغضبه ،مما جعل الجميع يهابه.
ورغم ذلك فإن أوكونكو لم يكن قاسياًعلى الدوام فهويحب ابنته الكبرى بشدة ، وهو معجب بالفتىإيكيمفونا ، الذي أرسل إليه من قرية أخرىكتعويض عن الموتالخطأ لفتاة شابة من قريته. كما بدأ يشعر بالفخر بابنه الأكبر ،والذي غالبا ما رأي فيه والده.
وربما لم يكن أوكونكو في أعماق قلبه رجلاًقاسياً غير أن حياته المحكومة بالخوف ، الخوف من الفشل والضعف ، كانأعمق بكثيروأقرب إليه من الخوف المألوف من الشر أو الإلهوالسحر أو حتى الخوف من الغابة وقوىالطبيعة ، كان خوفهداخليا وعميقا ، الخوف من أن يكون مشابها لأباه ضعيف الشخصيةالمتخاذل.
فأوكونكو رجل عصامي عمل وجاهد طيلة حياته ليكون نقيضوالده الذياتسم بضعف الشخصية والكسل وعدم القدرة علىالتفكير بالغد ، والذي استدان من كافةسكان القرية من دونأن يرد لأحد دينه ، ولم يكن يشغل تفكيره سوى متعه في الحياة .
واستطاع أوكونكو أن يحقق النجاح علىالصعيد العملي وبناء اسمه رغم صغره فيالسن حتى بات يتمتعبسمعة طيبة. وقد اكتسب تقدير واحترام كبار القبيلة وذلك بفضلإنجازاته( 28) ، ولذا فقد رغب بشده في أن يكون أحد كبار رجالالقبيلة .
وتدور الأحداث فيهذا الإطار إلى أن يقتل أوكونكو أحد أفراد قريته عن طريقالخطأ ، وهو ما يستوجب عقوبة النفي في قانون الإيبو. وأثناء فترة نفيأوكونكو ،التي تستمر لسبع سنوات ، تصل طلائع البعثاتالتبشيرية البريطانية إلى القرية. وبعدعودته من المنفىيرى أوكونكو أن قريته قد تبدلت تماماً ولم تعد كما كانت ،فالمبشرون أقاموا الكنائس وعسكروا داخل القرية ، وتدخل المستعمرون فيكل شيء وفرضواوجودهم .
ويرى أوكونكو أن المستعمرين البريطانيين يمثلون خطراًكبيراً علىجماعته ويعلن عن رغبته في قتالهم ، ولكنه يجدنفسه وحيداً فلا أحد في القرية يدعمهويقف إلى جانبه حتىصديقه أوبيريكا يقول له : "لقد استطاع الرجل الأبيض كسب ود أهلالقرية ولم تعد هناك رغبة في قتالهم".
إلا أن أوكونكو يرفض التسليم بهذاالواقع الجديد ويقوم بقتل المبعوث الذي أرسلته الإدارة الاستعمارية،فيحكم عليهبالإعدام .
ولكن أوكونكو رغم اعترافه بجرمه يرفض الخضوع لقانونالمستعمرويفضل الانتحار ، بعد أن يجد أن الأمور قد تغيرتولم تعد كما كانت ، وأنه ليسباستطاعته أن يتماشى مع هذاالعالم فيسقط ويتداعى بما يمثله من قيم فكلالأشياء منحوله تنهار وتتداعى.
--
رواية "مضى عهد الراحة"No Longer at Ease تعتبر تتمة لرواية "الأشياءتتداعى"
عالجخلالها أتشيبي موضوع الصدام بين القيم التقليدية للمجتمعاتالأفريقية وقيم الاستعمار الوافد
تدور وقائعها على مشارف استقلال نيجيريا ،الشخصية الرئيسية فيها هو أوبي أوكونكوObi Okonkwo حفيد أوكونكو ، بطل روايتهالأولى ، وهو شاب مثقفتعلم تعليماً غربياً ، ونظراً لتفوقه أقرضه حزب الاتحادالقومي بقريته بعض المال لإكمال دراسته بإنجلترا .
وبعد أن ينهي دراستهيتوقللعودة إلى وطنه وهو ممتلئ بالأفكار المثالية ، فهويحلم برؤية بلده كأمة جديدةمتقدمة وخالية منالفساد .
وعلى ظهر الباخرةالتي أقلته عائدا لبلده يتعرفأوبي بكلارا مواطنته الشابةالتي درست التمريض في إنجلترا أيضا ، وتتطور هذهالمعرفةإلى حب غامر.
وفور عودتهيحصل أوبي على وظيفة مغرية في لاجوس ،ويبدي أوبي مثاليةواستقامة في وظيفته ، ولكنه سرعان ما يسقط فريسة للديون .
فقد حل موعد سداد قرض الاتحاد القومي، وتكاثرت ضرائبه ومشترياته ،وتزايدت نفقات حبه . وتصيرعلاقته بكلارا عبئاً نفسياً ومادياً كبيراً ، وخاصة فيظلرفض أباه والاتحاد القومي لهذه العلاقة ، وتهديد أمه له بالانتحار إذاتزوجبكلارا ، فكلارا في عرف قومه من المنبوذين لأنهلتنحدر من سلالة العبيد .
وتتزاحم كل هذه الضغوط عليه ، وترغمه حاجته للمال على التهاون فيمثاليتهوقبول الرشوة ، حتى يفسد وينتهي إلىالسجن
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أتشيبي

خليق بجائزة بوكر البريطانية أن تعرَج على أتشيبي التي رشح للحصول عليها من قبلعن روايته الأخيرة" Anthills of the Savannah” "كثبان النمل في السافانا" التي صدرتعام (1988) بعد انقطاع عن كتابة الرواية زاد عن عشرين عاماً
حصل أتشيبي خلالمسيرته الادبية الحافلة على العديد من الجوائز الأدبية المحلية والعالمية منهاالميدالية الوطنية النيجيرية للأدب بمناسبة استقلال نيجيريا في ستينيات القرنالماضي ، وجائزة الكومنولث الشعرية عن ديوانه Beware, Soul-Brother "حذار يا أخاالروح"

وفاز أتشيبي عام 2002 بجائزة رفيعة للسلام منحتها له رابطةناشري وبائعي الكتب الألمان تقديرا لدوره كروائي وكاتب أخلاقي أفريقي رائد. وقالتالرابطة في بيان لها إنها : "تكرم تشينوا أتشيبي باعتباره أحد أقوى الأصوات وأبرعهافي أفريقيا في أدب القرن العشرين ، ولأنه معلم ومدافع عن الأخلاق لا يكل ولا يمل ،ولأنه في المقام الأول روائي عظيم"
كان اسمه الحقيقي ألبرت تشينوالوموجو أتشيبيAlbert Chinualumogu Achebe فغيره إلىتشينوا أتشيبي ليعكس بذلك ارتباطه بأصوله الأفريقية وبهويته المنتسبة للإيبو اكبرالقبائل النيجيرية، وهو في ذلك يتحلى بذات العناد الافريقي النبيل الذي إستلهمهكنتي كونتي بطل رواية الجذور للكاتب أليكس هيلي ورفض اسمه الامريكي.

Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe (born 16 November 1930) popularly known as Chinua Achebe is a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. He is best known for his first novel and magnum opus,[3]Things Fall Apart (1958), which is the most widely read book in modern African literature.
ولد عام 1930 في نيجيريا- افريقيا
Raised by Christian parents in the Igbo town of Ogidi in southeastern Nigeria, Achebe excelled at school and won a scholarship for undergraduate studies. He became fascinated with world religions and traditional African cultures, and began writing stories as a university student. After graduation, he worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service and soon moved to the metropolis of Lagos. He gained worldwide attention for Things Fall Apart in the late 1950s; his later novels include No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964), A Man of the People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). Achebe writes his novels in English and has defended the use of English, a "language of colonisers", in African literature. In 1975, his lecture An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" became the focus of controversy, for its criticism of Joseph Conrad as "a bloody racist". In 2011, The Guardian of London named An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" one of the 100 greatest non-fiction books ever written.

Prominent Igbo (Ibo) writer, famous for his novels describing the effects of Western customs and values on traditional African society. Achebe's satire and his keen ear for spoken language have made him one of the most highly esteemed African writers in English. In 1990 Achebe was paralyzed from the waist down in a serious car accident.
"I would be quite satisfied if my novels (especially the ones I set in the past) did no more than teach my readers that their past - with all its imperfections - was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God's behalf delivered them" (from Morning Yet on Creation Day, 1975)
Chinua Achebe was born in Ogidi, Nigeria, the son of Isaiah Okafor Achebe, a teacher in a missionary school, and Janet Ileogbunam. His parents, though they installed in him many of the values of their traditional Igbo culture, were devout evangelical Protestants and christened him Albert after Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria.
كان والده مدرس في مدرسة كنسية تبشيرية رباه والديه على الدين المسيحي ومنحوه اسما انجليزيا البرت )
In 1944 Achebe attended Government College in Umuahia. Like other major Nigerian writers including Wole Soyinka, Elechi Amadi, John Okigbo, John Pepper Clark, and Cole Omotso, he was also educated at the University College of Ibadan, where he studied English, history and theology.

درس في الجامعة تخصص انجليزي

Chinua was born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe in the Igbo village of Ogidi on November 16, 1930. Isaiah Okafo Achebe and Janet Anaenechi Iloegbunam Achebe stood at a crossroads of traditional culture and Christian influence; this made a significant impact on the children, especially Chinualumogu.
الصراع بين الدين المسيحي الذي اعنقه الابوان والعادات الافريقية كان له اثر كبير على الاولاد خاصة اتشيبي
After the youngest daughter was born, the family moved to Isaiah Achebe's ancestral town of Ogidi, in what is now the state of Anambra.[2]
Storytelling was a mainstay of the Igbo tradition and an integral part of the community. Chinua's mother and sister Zinobia Uzoma told him many stories as a child, which he repeatedly requested. His education was furthered by the collages his father hung on the walls of their home, as well as almanacs and numerous books – including a prose adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream (c. 1590) and an Igbo version of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Chinua also eagerly anticipated traditional village events, like the frequent masquerade ceremonies, which he recreated later in his novels and stories.[9]

In 1936, Achebe entered St Philips' Central School. Despite his protests, he spent a week in the religious class for young children, but was quickly moved to a higher class when the school's chaplain took note of his intelligence. One teacher described him as the student with the best handwriting in class, and the best reading skills. He also attended Sunday school every week and the special evangelical services held monthly, often carrying his father's bag. A controversy erupted at one such session, when apostates from the new church challenged the catechist about the tenets of Christianity. Achebe later included a scene from this incident in Things Fall Apart.
ذهابه الى الكنيسة كان تجربة اثرت فيه وتعرض لها في كتاباته
At the age of twelve, Achebe moved away from his family to the village of Nekede, four kilometres from Owerri. He enrolled as a student at the Central School, where his older brother John taught.
عندما صار في الثانية عشره انتقل الى قرية كان يدرس فيها اخاة الاكبر ليدرس في مدرستها
In Nekede, Achebe gained an appreciation for Mbari, a traditional art form which seeks to invoke the gods' protection through symbolic sacrifices in the form of sculpture and collage. When the time came to change to secondary school, in 1944, Achebe sat entrance examinations for and was accepted at both the prestigious Dennis Memorial Grammar School in Onitsha and the even more prestigious Government College in Umuahia.
Modelled on the British public school, and funded by the colonial administration, Government College had been established in 1929 to educate Nigeria's future elite. It had rigorous academic standards and was vigorously elitist, accepting boys purely on the basis of ability. The language of the school was English, not only to develop proficiency but also to provide a common tongue for pupils from different Nigerian language groups. Achebe described this later as being ordered to "put away their different mother tongues and communicate in the language of their colonisers". The rule was strictly enforced and Achebe recalls that his first punishment was for asking another boy to pass the soap in Igbo.
يذكر ان اول عقاب تلقاه في المدرسه التي كانت تدرس اولاد الذوات باللغة الانجليزية لانه تحدث باللغه النيجيرية (اجبو )
In the book Okonkwo struggles with the legacy of his father – a shiftless debtor fond of playing the flute – as well as the complications and contradictions that arise when white missionaries arrive in his village of Umuofia.[50] Exploring the terrain of cultural conflict, particularly the encounter between Igbo tradition and Christian doctrine, Achebe returns to the themes of his earlier stories, which grew from his own background.
Things Fall Apart has become one of the most important books in African literature.[51] Selling over 8 million copies around the world, it has been translated into 50 languages, making Achebe the most translated African writer of all time.[52][53]

مخلص حياته:
- وضع اتشيبي روايته الاولى "لأشياء تتداعى" وهو في الثامنة والعشرين والتي تتمحور حول فكرة ان المركز لم يعد في استطاعته التماسك والفوضى الشاملة تعمالعالم وفي ذلك ما يعكس الظروف التي مرت بالكاتب حتى ذلك السن.
- نجد ان الموضوع الأساسي الذي تركز عليه الرواية هوأثر الاستعمار الأوربي والثقافة الغربية على طريقة الحياة في أفريقيا عامة ومجتمعالإيبو في نيجيريا بوجه خاص .
- يبدو ان موضوع الصدام بين القيم التقليدية للمجتمعاتالأفريقية وقيم الاستعمار الوافد
كان له اثر عظيم على اتشيبي .
- واضح ان اتشيبي كان يعاني من صراع نفسي ودليل ذلك انه غير اسمه الحقيقي ألبرت تشينوالوموجو أتشيبيAlbert Chinualumogu Achebe فغيره إلىتشينوا أتشيبي ليعكس بذلك ارتباطه بأصوله الأفريقية وبهويته المنتسبة للإيبو اكبرالقبائل النيجيرية.
- ولد عام 1930 في نيجيريا- افريقيا
- كان والده مدرس في مدرسة كنسية تبشيرية رباه والديه على الدين المسيحي ومنحوه اسما انجليزيا البرت )
- درس في الجامعة تخصص انجليزي
- الصراع بين الدين المسيحي الذي اعنقه الابوان والعادات الافريقية كان له اثر كبير على الاولاد خاصة اتشيبي
- ذهابه الى الكنيسة كان تجربة اثرت فيه وتعرض لها في كتاباته
- عندما صار في الثانية عشره انتقل الى قرية كان يدرس فيها اخاة الاكبر ليدرس في مدرستها
-يذكر ان اول عقاب تلقاه في المدرسه التي كانت تدرس اولاد الذوات باللغة الانجليزية لانه تحدث باللغه النيجيرية (اجبو ) .
يبدو ان ابرز ما اثر في اتشيبي رغم فقر المعلومات عن طفولته ذلك الصراع بين الهوية التي فرضت عليه من خلال تواجد الاستعمار واثره وهويته الاصلية كونه افريقي. كما انه غادر المنزل وهو طفل (12 ) للدراسة وقد يكون لذلك اثر عظيم ويتم افتراضي لكننا لغايات هذه الدراسة سنعتبره

- مجهول الطفولة.

وألان مع سر الروعة في الرواية:

72 ـ أولويات الآنسة جينبرودي، للمؤلف ميوريل سبارك

In 1930s Edinburgh, six ten-year-old girls are assigned Miss Jean Brodie, self-described as in her prime, as their teacher: Sandy, Rose, Mary, Jenny, Monica, and Eunice (only the first two of them are major figures). Miss Brodie, intent on their receiving an education in the original sense of the Latin verb educere, "to lead out", gives her students lessons about her personal love life and travels, promoting art history, Classical studies, and fascism. Under her mentorship, these six girls whom Brodie singles out as the elite group among her students—known as the "Brodie set"—begin to stand out from the rest of the school. However, in one of the novel's typical flash-forwards, we learn that one of them will later betray Brodie, causing her to lose her teaching job, but that she never learned which one.
In the Junior School, they meet the singing teacher, the short Mr Gordon Lowther; and the art master, the handsome, one-armed war veteran Mr Teddy Lloyd, a married Roman Catholic man with six children. These two teachers form a love triangle with Miss Brodie, each loving her, while she only loves Mr Lloyd. Brodie never, however, overtly acts on her love for Mr Lloyd except once to exchange a kiss with him, which is witnessed by Monica.
During a two week absence from school, Brodie enters into an affair with Mr Lowther on the grounds that a bachelor makes a more respectable paramour: she had renounced Mr Lloyd as he was married. At one point during these two years in the Junior School, Jenny is "accosted by a man joyfully exposing himself beside the Water of Leith".[3] The police investigation of the exposure leads Sandy to imagine herself as part of a fictional police force seeking incriminating evidence in respect of Brodie and Mr Lowther.[4]
Once the girls are promoted to the Senior School (in the seventh year of school, around age twelve) though now dispersed, they hold on to their identity as the Brodie set. Brodie keeps in touch with them after school hours by inviting them over as she used to do when they were her pupils. All the while, the headmistress Miss Mackay tries to break them up and compile information gleaned from them into sufficient cause to fire Brodie. Miss Mackay, in the novel (but not in the 1969 film) younger than Brodie, had more than once suggested to Miss Brodie that the latter seek employment at a 'progressive' school; Brodie declined to move to what she describes as a 'crank' school. When two other teachers at the school, the Kerr sisters, take part-time employment as Mr Lowther's housekeepers, Brodie tries to take over their duties. She sets about fattening him up with extravagant cooking. The girls, now thirteen, visit Miss Brodie in pairs over at Mr Lowther's house, where all Brodie does is ask about Mr Lloyd in Mr Lowther's presence. It is at this point that Mr Lloyd asks Rose, and occasionally the other girls, to pose for him as portrait subjects. Each face he paints ultimately resembles Miss Brodie, as her girls report to her in detail, and she thrills at the telling. One day when Sandy is over visiting Mr Lloyd, he kisses her.
Before the Brodie set turns sixteen, Brodie tests her girls to discover which of them she can really trust, ultimately settling upon Sandy as her confidante. Miss Brodie, obsessed with the notion that Rose (as the most beautiful of the Brodie set) should have an affair with Mr Lloyd in her place, begins to neglect Mr Lowther, who ends up marrying Miss Lockhart, the science teacher. Another student, Joyce Emily, steps briefly into the picture, trying unsuccessfully to join the Brodie set. Miss Brodie takes her under her wing separately, however, encouraging her to run away to fight in the Spanish Civil War on the Nationalist side, which she does, only to be killed in an accident when the train she is travelling in is attacked.[5]
The original Brodie set, now seventeen and in their final year of school, begin to go their separate ways. Mary and Jenny quit before graduating, Mary to become a typist and Jenny to pursue a career in acting. Eunice becomes a nurse and Monica a scientist. Rose lands a handsome husband. Sandy, with a keen interest in psychology, is fascinated by Mr Lloyd's stubborn love, his painter's mind, and his religion. Sandy and Rose model for Mr Lloyd's paintings with Sandy's knowing that Brodie expects Rose to become sexually involved with Lloyd. Rose, however, is oblivious to the plan crafted for her and so Sandy, for five weeks during the summer, now eighteen and alone with him in his house while his wife and children are on holiday, has an affair with Mr Lloyd herself. Over time, Sandy's interest in the man wanes while her interest in the mind that loves Jean Brodie grows. In the end, Sandy leaves him, adopts his Roman Catholic religion, and becomes a nun. Beforehand, however, she meets with the Miss Mackay and blatantly confesses to wanting to put an end to Brodie. She suggests that the headmistress accuse Brodie of encouraging fascism, and this tactic succeeds. Not until her dying moment a year after the end of World War II is Brodie able to imagine that it was her confidante, Sandy, who betrayed her. After Brodie's death, however, Sandy, now called Sister Helena of the Transfiguration and author of The Transfiguration of the Commonplace, maintains that "it's only possible to betray where loyalty is due".[6] One day when an enquiring young man visits Sandy at the convent because of her strange book on psychology to ask what were the main influences of her school years, "Were they literary or political or personal? Was it Calvinism?" Sandy says: "There was a Miss Jean Brodie in her prime."[7]

Dame Muriel Spark, DBE (1 February 1918 – 13 April 2006)[1] was an award-winning Scottishnovelist. In 2008 The Times newspaper named Spark in its list of "the 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[2]
روائية استكلنديه من مواليد عام 1918

She was born Muriel Sarah Camberg in Edinburgh, the daughter of Sarah Elizabeth Maud (née Uezzell) and Bernard Camberg, an engineer. Her father was Jewish and her mother had been raised a Presbyterian, as was Spark.
ولدت لاب يهودي وام مسيحية
She was educated at James Gillespie's High School for Girls (1923 – 1935).
درست في مدرسة للنبات من عام 1923 حتى 1935
The family lived in the Bruntsfield area of Edinburgh. In 1934–35 she took a course in "Commercial correspondence and précis writing" at Heriot-Watt College. She taught English for a brief time and then worked as a secretary in a department store.
On 3 September 1937 she married Sidney Oswald Spark, and soon followed him to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
تزوجت عام 1937 من سدني ازولد سبارك وتبعته بعد مدة قصيرة الى زمبابويه
Their son Robin was born in July 1938. Within months she discovered that her husband was manic depressive and prone to violent outbursts.
اكتشف وخلال اشهر ان زوجها يتعرض لنوبات غضب وتقلبات مزاج حادة مرضية
In 1940 Muriel left Sidney and Robin.
في عام 1940 انفصلت عن زوجها وابنها
She returned to the United Kingdom in early 1944, taking residence at the Helena Club in London;] years later the club would be her inspiration for the fictional May of Teck Club in The Girls of Slender Means.
في العام 1944 عادت الى لندن
She worked in Intelligence for the remainder of World War II.
عملت مع جهاز المخابرات حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية
She provided money at regular intervals to support her son as he toiled unsuccessfully over the years. Spark maintained it was her intention for her family to set up home in England, but Robin returned to Britain with his father later to be brought up by his maternal grandparents in Scotland.

Spark began writing seriously after the war, under her married name, beginning with poetry and literary criticism.
بدأت الكتابة بشكل جدي بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961[ was more successful. Spark displayed originality of subject and tone, making extensive use of flashforwards and imagined conversations. It is clear that James Gillespie's High School was the model for the Marcia Blaine School in the novel.
After living in New York City for some years, she moved to Rome, where she met artist and sculptor Penelope Jardine in 1968.
عاشت في نيويورك ومن ثم روما
In the early 1970s they settled in Tuscany, in the village of Civitella della Chiana, of which in 2005 Spark was made an honorary citizen.
She was the subject of frequent rumours of lesbian relationships from her time in New York onwards, although Spark and her friends denied their validity.
اتهمت بشذوذها الجنسي لكنها نفت ذلك
She left her entire estate to Jardine, taking measures to ensure that her son receive nothing.
Spark refused permission to publish a biography of her written by Martin Stannard.
رفضت السماح بنشر مذكراتها والتي كتبها مارتن ستانارد
Penelope Jardine now holds publication approval rights, and the book was published in July 2009. On 27 July 2009 Stannard was interviewed on Front Row, the BBC Radio 4 arts programme. According to A. S. Byatt, "She [Jardine] was very upset by the book and had to spend a lot of time going through it, line by line, to try to make it a little bit fairer".
Spark received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1965 for The Mandelbaum Gate, the US Ingersoll Foundation T. S. Eliot Award in 1992 and the David Cohen Prize in 1997. She became Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1993, in recognition of her services to literature. She has been twice shortlisted for the Booker Prize, in 1969 for The Public Image and in 1981 for Loitering with Intent.[18] In 2010 Spark was shortlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize of 1970 for The Driver's Seat.

- تزوجت عام 1937 من سدني ازولد سبارك وتبعته بعد مدة قصيرة الى زمبابويه وهي في سن 19
- اكتشف وخلال اشهر ان زوجها يتعرض لنوبات غضب وتقلبات مزاج حادة مرضية
- في عام 1940 انفصلت عن زوجها وابنها
- في العام 1944 عادت الى لندن
- عملت مع جهاز المخابرات حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية
- بدأت الكتابة بشكل جدي بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
- عاشت في نيويورك ومن ثم روما
- اتهمت بشذوذها الجنسي لكنها نفت ذلك
- رفضت السماح بنشر مذكراتها والتي كتبها مارتن ستانارد.

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was instantly successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.
The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, "In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."[1]
As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in English-speaking countries with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Scholars also note the black characters in the novel are not fully explored, and some black readers receive it ambivalently, although it has an often profound effect on many white readers.
Reception to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is considerably sparse compared to the number of copies sold and its use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of the book by several authors and public figures, calls To Kill a Mockingbird "an astonishing phenomenon".[2] In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one "every adult should read before they die".[3] It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. To date, it is Lee's only published novel, and although she continues to respond to the book's impact, she has refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.

Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time.[4] In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.[5]
Ultimately, Lee spent two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. A description of the book's creation by the National Endowment for the Arts relates an episode when Lee became so frustrated that she tossed the manuscript out the window into the snow. Her agent made her retrieve it.[6] The book was published on July 11, 1960. It was initially titled Atticus, but Lee renamed it to reflect a story that went beyond a character portrait.[7] The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies.[8] In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, "I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected."[9] Instead of a "quick and merciful death", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately.[10] Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print.

See also: List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama. It focuses on six-year-old Scout Finch, who lives with her older brother Jem and their widowed father Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer.
Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive "Boo" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo and, for many years, few have seen him. The children feed each other's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. Following two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone is leaving them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times, the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, never appears in person.
Atticus is appointed by the court to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus' actions, calling him a " Nig!*% -lover". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. For his part, Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.
Because Atticus does not want them to be present at Tom Robinson's trial, Scout, Jem, and Dill watch in secret from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers—Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk—are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella was making sexual advances towards Tom and her father caught her and beat her badly. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice is badly shaken, as is Atticus', when a hopeless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.
Humiliated by the trial, Bob Ewell vows revenge. He spits in Atticus' face on the street, tries to break into the presiding judge's house, and menaces Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout as they walk home on a dark night from the school Halloween pageant. Jem's arm is broken in the struggle, but amid the confusion, someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley.
Maycomb's sheriff arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has been killed in the struggle. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of holding Jem or Boo responsible. Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door, he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective and regrets that they never repaid him for the gifts he had given them.

Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author "should write about what he knows and write truthfully" Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged, and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years.
Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, and Lee was 25 when her mother died, her mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent.
بطلة القصة يتيمه وهي طفلة بينما توفيت ام الرائية لي وعمرها 25 سنه لكنها كانت تعاني من حالة عصبية مما جعلها غائبه عقليا وعاطفيا
Lee had a brother named Edwin, who — like the fictional Jem — was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family.

مدينة كاملة تقرأ كتابا واحدا
بلدية شيكاغو في مبادرة غير مسبوقة لتشجيع القراءةالأدبية وتختار الرواية اليتيمة لهاربر لي

لـ.. هاربر لي


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