ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 20

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والان مع سر الروعة في رواية:

65 ـ جيم المحظوظ،للمؤلف كينغسلي آميس.
خلال صفحات الرواية الـ366 لم أتوقف إلا مرتين ، حيث شدني الأسلوب الذي اتخذه الكاتب ، بطل الرواية هو أستاذ جامعي ، واقع تحت ضغوط معينة وفي مشاكل إجتماعية وعاطفية عدة ، تتشابك المشاكل وتتداخل في منعطفات عدة ، وفي كل مرة فإن هذا الأستاذ يخرج من مشكلة بمشكلة أخرى ، لعل ماشدني أكثر من أسلوب الكاتب هو أني أجد شبها طفيفا بيني وبين الأستاذ بطل الرواية في الإستهبال وفي سوء الحظ أيضا نقره لعرض الصورة في صفحة مستقلة

، القصة بشكل عام تسخر من المجتمع الذي يعيش فيه الكاتب وكمية الزيف والكذب فيه ..
على الجانب السلبي فإن ترجمة النص لم توصل بعض الأفكار بشكل جيد ، وكمية الاخطاء الإملائية كانت كثيرة نسبيا ..
الرواية حازت على جائزة سومرسيت ماوغام ، وأيضا تم تحويلها إلى فيلم في العام 1957 ، وتم إعادة تصوير الفلم من جديد في العام 2003 ..
نبذة الناشر:
لا يسجل لنا جيم عبر صفحات هذه الرواية المظاهر الزائفة والكاذبة للمجتمع الأكاديمي في إحدى الكليات الموجودة في مدينة إنكليزية صغيرة بعيدة عن العاصمة لندن فحسب، بل إنه يبدو لنا جزءاً من اللعبة في هذه الكوميديا، لأنه هو الآخر يضفي على شخصيته في كثير من الأحيان الكثير من مظاهر الزيف والخداع، إذ تضطره ظروفه ومزاجه إلى التظاهر الكاذب أمام محيطه. فهو يدعي أنه باحث شاب وأستاذ جامعي، لكنه في الوقت نفسه يكرس تدريس مادة التاريخ ويحتقر زملاءه. ويتظاهر بأنه يشفق على زميلته مارغريت ويتعاطف وإياها، إلا أنه يجدها سطحية حقاً وتبعث على الملل. غير أن ما يغفر لجيم سلوكه هذا، هو أنه يقر بأن كل ما حوله من مظاهر هو زائف وكاذب.

Lucky Jim is an academic satire written by Kingsley Amis, first published in 1954 by Victor Gollancz. It was Amis's first published novel, and won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction. Set sometime around 1950, Lucky Jim follows the exploits of the eponymous James (Jim) Dixon, a reluctant Medieval history lecturer at an unnamed provincial English university (based in part on the University of Leicester [1]). The novel uses a precise and seemingly plain-spoken narrative voice.
The title is a reference to a popular music hall drinking song, "Oh Lucky Jim, How I Envy Him". It is supposed that Kingsley Amis arrived at 'Lucky Jim' Dixon's surname from a certain address, 12 Dixon Drive, Leicester - the address of the poet Philip Larkin, from 1948 to 1950, while he was a librarian at the university. [2] Lucky Jim is dedicated to Larkin who inspired the main character.[3]
Time magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.[4]
Christopher Hitchens has described it as the best comic novel of the second half of the 20th century, and Toby Young has claimed that it is the best comic novel of the 20th century.[5][6]

Plot

Jim Dixon is a Medieval history lecturer at a provincial university in the North of England. Dixon is a grammar school educated working class boy, and does not have the social skills expected in the provincial British middle class society of the day. Having made a bad first impression in the department, he is concerned about being fired at the end of his first year. In an attempt to retain his job, he tries to maintain a good relationship with his superior, Professor Welch - an often absent-minded and unbearably pompous dilettante. He also attempts, unsuccessfully, to publish his article on the economic ramifications of medieval shipbuilding. Dixon appears to find a willing publisher - a brand new academic journal.
Dixon struggles with an on-again off-again "girlfriend" Margaret Peel (a fellow lecturer), who is recovering from a failed suicide attempt after her previous boyfriend dumped her. Margaret employs a mixture of emotional blackmail and appeal to Dixon's sense of duty and pity to keep him in an ambiguous and sexless relationship. Professor Welch holds an "arty" weekend that seems to be an opportunity for Dixon to advance his standing amongst his colleagues, but this goes dreadfully wrong when Dixon gets drunk and burns his host's bedclothes. At the weekend, Dixon meets Christine Callaghan, a young Londoner who is dating Professor Welch's son Bertrand - an amateur painter whose pomposity particularly infuriates Dixon. After a bad start, Dixon realizes he is attracted to Christine, who is far less pretentious than she initially appears. Dixon's obvious attempts to court Christine upset Bertrand who is using his relationship with her to reach her well-connected Scottish uncle, who is seeking an assistant in London. Dixon rescues Christine from the university's annual dance when Bertrand treats her badly. The pair kiss and make a tea date, but during the date Christine admits she feels too guilty about seeing Dixon behind Bertrand's back and because Dixon is supposed to be seeing Margaret. The two decide not to continue seeing each other.
Meanwhile, Margaret's ex-boyfriend telephones Dixon and asks to see him to discuss Margaret.
The novel reaches its climax during Dixon's public lecture on "Merrie England," which goes horribly wrong as Dixon, attempting to calm his nerves with a little too much alcohol, uncontrollably begins to mock Welch and everything else that he hates; he finally goes into convulsions and passes out. Welch, of course, fires Dixon.
However, Christine's uncle, who reveals a tacit respect for Dixon's individuality and attitude towards pretension, offers Dixon the coveted assistant job in London that pays much better than his lecturing position. Dixon then meets Margaret's ex-boyfriend, who reveals that he was not exactly Margaret's boyfriend at all, and the two realize that the suicide attempt was faked to emotionally blackmail both men. Dixon feels he is free of Margaret. Dixon finally has the last laugh, as Christine finds out Bertrand was also pursuing an affair with the wife of one of Dixon's former colleagues; she decides to pursue her relationship with Dixon. At the end of the book, Dixon and Christine bump into the Welches on the street; Jim cannot help walking right up to them, with Christine on his arm, and exploding in laughter at how ridiculous they truly are.

10-28-2011, 11:17 PM

المشاركة 192

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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كينغسلي آميس

Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE (16 April 1922 – 22 October 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher.
ولد كينغسلي آميس عام 1922

He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, various short stories, radio and television scripts, along with works of social and literary criticism. According to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was "the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century." He was the father of English novelist Martin Amis

In 2008, The Times ranked Kingsley Amis ninth on their list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.

Novelist, poet, critic, and teacher, father of the writer Martin Amis, generally grouped among the "angry young men" in the 1950s with such writers as John Osborne, John Braine, John Wain, Arnold Wesker, and Alan Sillitoe.

كان يعتبر واحد من الكتاب الغاضبين في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي

However, Amis himself denied the affiliation. A radical in his young adulthood, Amis was later know for his conservative critique of contemporary life and manners.
كان متطرفا في شبابه لكنه غير نظرته للحاية الحاضرة لاحقا

He once said, that if you can't annoy somebody, there is little point in writing.
قال مرة انك اذا لم تتمكن من ازعاج احدهم في كتابتك فكأنك لم تكتب

"'You'll find that marriage is a good short cut to the truth. No, not quite that. A way of doubling back to the truth. Another thing you'll find is that the years of illusion aren't those of adolescense, as the grown-ups try to tell us; they're the ones immediately after it, say the middle twenties, the false maturity if you like, when you first get thoroughly embroiled in things and lose your head. Your age, by the way, Jim. That's when you first realize that sex is important to other people besides yourself. A discovery like that can't help knocking you off balance for a time.'" (from Lucky Jim, 1954)
Kingsley Amis was born in London, the only son of a business clerk.
ولد في لندن وكان الولد الوحيد لكاتب

He was educated at the City of London School and St. John's College, Oxford. There he joined the Communist Party, edited the Oxford Labour Club Bulletin, and led the Labour Club choir.

انضم للحزب الشيوعي
"Most party members join without any knowledge, some, it is whispered, without any intelligence," he wrote to his friend. Amis served in the army with the Royal Corps of Signals, earning in 1943 his commission as second lieutenant.
خدم في الجيش

Amis's unfeigned stance is seen in such anthologies as THE NEW OXFORD BOOK OF LIGHT VERSE (1978) and THE POPULAR RECITER (1978). Amis loved detective stories and science fiction, and managed with his writings to recruit new readers to these genres. However, academic interest in science fiction horrified him:. "Science fiction has come from Chaucer to Finnegans Wake in less than fifty years... now you can take it anywhere, and it is not worth taking," he wrote pessimistically. Amis published columns on food for Harper's and Queen, detective books, critical study RUDYARD KIPLING AND HIS WORLD (1975), MEMOIRS (1990), and THE KING'S ENGLISH (1998), mini-essays on the craft of writing well. He was very sure about his likes and dislikes: "I dislike men and women when they are cold-hearted (a reserved manner is okay), unpleasant to those who can't hit back (waiters, etc.), unable to allow others to finish a sentence, stingy, disinclined to listen to reason and fact, bad hosts, bad guests, affected, racialist, intolerant of homosexuality, anti-British, members of the New Left, passively boring." (from The Letters of Kingsley Amis, ed. by Zachary Leader, 2002) ON DRINK (1972), HOW'S YOUR GLASS? (1984) and EVERY DAY DRINKING (1983) were books on alcohol.

كتب عدة كتب عن الخمرة

Poor health convinced him to give up smoking but not not scotch or gin. Amis had gained reputation as a "supreme clubman, boozer and blimp", but partly his enthusiams was hobbyistic. His second wife Jane Howard also insisted that he should, in effect, join Alcoholics Anonymous. Amis's own "New Alcoholic Policy" meant that he took 4-5 drinks a day.
--'I don't really like reading anything. I don't think reading is an experience.'
--'But what about people reading you? Isn't that an experience?' Jenny felt horrible as she used the word.
--'I don't really care about reading me, I'm a writer,' said Vera Selig...'
(from Difficulties with Girls, 1988)
زوجته الثانية اصرت عليه الانضمام الى برنامج للعلاج من الخمرة
In the 1980s Amis wrote the Booker Prize winning novel THE OLD DEVILS (1986), about a group of retired friends and their wives. Their lives revolve around social drinking, but they also must adjust to the reappearance of Alun Weaver, a professionally Welsh literary pundit.
في عام 1980 كتب رواية بعنوان الشياطين الكبار في السن فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة وتدور احداثها حول عدد من الاصدقاء المتقاعدين وزوجاتهم وتتمحور حول شرب الخمر

Semi-autobiographical YOU CAN'T DO BOTH (1994) was set between the wars, and told the story of Robin Davies, who progresses from south London suburbia, through Oxford, and on to a lectureship in a provincial university.
Amis was knighted in 1990 - according to Martin Amis he got it partly for being "audibly and visibly right-wing, or conservative/monarchist." He had three children from his first marriage to Hilary Bardwell; the separated in the mid 1960s. After divorce, her second husband was D.R. Shackleton Bailey and 3rd Lord Kilmarnock. Amis was married from 1965 to 1983 to the novelist Elisabeth Jane Howard. The author's disappointments, which unwinded in bitternes in some of his later work, were seen in the poem 'Wasted' (1973).
عكس خيبات امله في الزواج والحياة في قصيدته ضاع سدا والتي صدرت عام 1973

Amis described in it a memory of a cold winter evening, when he is trying to kindle rain-soaked logs. Others have gone to their chilly beds before the wood began to flame. "Why should that memory cling / Now the children are all grown up, / And the house - a different house - / Is warm at any season?" Amis died in 1995 at the age of 73 with over 20 novels to his credit, plus dozens of volumes of poetry, stories, collections of essays, and criticism.
مات امس في العام 1995عن عمر 73 عاما

His last unfinished novel was BLACK AND WHITE, about an attraction between a white homosexual man and a black heterosexual girl.
آخر رواية له ابيض واسود وهي غير من\كتمله وتدور احداثها حول علاقة بين رجل ابيض شاذ جنسيا وإمراءة سوداء

The popular notion of Amis as mean spirited reactionary has been criticized by Paul Fussell in his monograph The Anti-Egotist. Fussell sees the author as one of the great literary moralists of this century. A "cultural democrat," Amis values honesty, civility, and lack of pretense. The only novelist Amis admitted reading (other than his son Martin), was George McDonald Frazer, author of the Flashman series. Among the author's life long friends was the poet Philip Larkin, whom Amis befriended because they were "savagely uninterested in the same things."
كان رجعيا في فكره ولو يقرا روايات احد تقريبا وصديقه الوحيد شاعر وجد انهما يشتركان في عدم الاهتمام في نفس الاشياء بصورة صارخه

In his memoir Experience (2000) Amis draws a compassionate, probing, and sharp portrait of his father.
في مذكراته تجربتي عام 2000 يصور اميس والده بصورة عاطفية وحادة

Amis admits that as a writer he always knew he would have to commemorate him.
اميس يقول انه كان يعرف بان عليه واجب احياء ذكراه

But there is also another reason, more universal: "The intercessionary figure, the father, the man who stands between the son and death, is no longer here; and it won't ever be the same. He is missing. But I know it is common; all that lives must die, passing through nature to eternity. My father lost his father, and my children will lose theirs, and their children (this is immensely onerous to contemplate) will lose theirs."
لكن سبب الكتابة عنه له سبب آخر وهو انه غاب بالموت وكان قل مات ابوه واميس يستشعر موته ليبقى ابناؤه من دونه فهو اذا يكتب عن ذلك الخوف الوجودي من الموت

On the pages of the book also appears another character, Lucy Partington, Amis' cousin, who was murdered by the serial killer Frederick West.
في نفس المذكرات كتب اميس عن ابن عمه والذ قلته القاتل صاحب الجرائم المتعددة فردريك وست

After only a year, in July 1942, he was called up for national service.
استدعي في العام 1942 للخدمة العسكرية وقبل ان ينجز شهادته الجامعية

After serving in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War, Amis returned to Oxford in October 1945 to complete his degree.
عاد في العام 1945 لاكمال دراسته

In 1946, he became a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.
في العام 1946 اصبح عضوا في الحزب الشيوعي

In 1946 he met Hilary Bardwell; they married in 1948 after she became pregnant with their first child, Philip.
التقى بزوجته الاولى هيلري عام 1946 وتزوجا في العام 1948 بعد ان حملت سفاحا حيث قرر ان يجعلها تسقط الجنين لكنه غير رأيه وتزوجها

Days after Sally's birth, Amis' first novel Lucky Jim was published to great acclaim; critics saw it as having caught the flavour of Britain in the 1950s, ushering in a new style of fiction.
بعد ايام من ولادة ابنته حازت روايته جم المحظوظ على الاعتراف والثناء

كينغسلي آميس

- ولد كينغسلي آميس عام 1922

- كان يعتبر واحد من الكتاب الغاضبين في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي
- كان متطرفا في شبابه لكنه غير نظرته للحاية الحاضرة لاحقا
- قال مرة انك اذا لم تتمكن من ازعاج احدهم في كتابتك فكأنك لم تكتب
- ولد في لندن وكان الولد الوحيد لكاتب
- انضم للحزب الشيوعي لكنه تحول الى اليمين
- خدم في الجيش
- كتب عدة كتب عن الخمرة
- زوجته الثانية اصرت عليه الانضمام الى برنامج للعلاج من الخمرة
- في عام 1980 كتب رواية بعنوان الشياطين الكبار في السن فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة وتدور احداثها حول عدد من الاصدقاء المتقاعدين وزوجاتهم وتتمحور حول شرب الخمر
- عكس خيبات امله في الزواج والحياة في قصيدته ضاع سدا والتي صدرت عام 1973
- مات اميس في العام 1995عن عمر 73 عاما
- آخر رواية له ابيض واسود وهي غير من\كتمله وتدور احداثها حول علاقة بين رجل ابيض شاذ جنسيا وإمراءة سوداء
- كان رجعيا في فكره ولم يقرا روايات احد تقريبا وصديقه الوحيد شاعر وجد انهما يشتركان في عدم الاهتمام في نفس الاشياء بصورة صارخه
- في نفس المذكرات كتب اميس عن ابن عمه والذي قلته القاتل صاحب الجرائم المتعددة فردريك وست
- استدعي في العام 1942 للخدمة العسكرية وقبل ان ينجز شهادته الجامعية
- عاد في العام 1945 لاكمال دراسته
-في العام 1946 اصبح عضوا في الحزب الشيوعي
- التقى بزوجته الاولى هيلري عام 1946 وتزوجا في العام 1948 بعد ان حملت سفاحا حيث قرر ان يجعلها تسقط الجنين لكنه غير رأيه وتزوجها
- بعد ايام من ولادة ابنته حازت روايته جم المحظوظ على الاعتراف والثناء

وحيد والديه ولا يكاد يعثر على شيء عنهما ...كان جنديا واشترك في المعارك قيل عنه بأنه كان غاضب دائما في شبابه وكان يعاقر الخمر ويكتب عنها وكان له طباع تؤشر الى مرض الكآبة حيث كان انعزاليا....له صديق واحد صادقه لانه يكره معه نفس الاشياء وهو مما يدلل على انه كان مأزوم.

10-29-2011, 11:21 PM

المشاركة 193

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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والان مع سر الروعة في رواية:
66- لورد الذباب، للمؤلف ويليام جولدينغ.
أمير الذباب

(بالإنجليزية: Lord of the Flies‏) هي رواية رمزية للكاتب الحائز على جائزة نوبل ويليام غولدنغ. وتناقش الرواية كيفية فشل الثقافة التي أنشأها الإنسان، وذلك باستخدام مثال على ذلك مجموعة من تلاميذ المدارس البريطانيين علقوا على جزيرة مهجورة ويحاولون أن يحكموا أنفسهم، ولكن تحدث نتائج كارثية. مواقفه بشأن المواضيع المثيرة للجدل من الطبيعة البشرية والرفاعية الفردية في مقابل تحقيق الصالح المشترك جعلته يحصل على المركز 68 في قائمة رابطة المكتبات الأمريكية لأكثر مائة كتاب تحدي أثناء 1990-1999. في عام 2005 اختارت مجلة تايم الرواية كواحدة من أفضل مائة رواية باللغة الإنجليزية من 1923 إلى الوقت الحاضر.
نشرت في عام 1954، وكانت هي رواية غولدنغ الأولى، وعلى الرغم من أنها لم تحقق نجاحا كبيرا في ذلك الوقت لبيع أقل من ثلاثة آلاف نسخة في الولايات المتحدة خلال عام 1955 قبل توقف طباعتها ولكن سرعان ما أصبحت من أكثر الكتب مبيعا، وبحلول أوائل الستينات كان من المطلوب قراءتها في العديد من المدارس والكليات. وتم اقتباس فيلم عن الرواية في عام 1963 بواسطة بيتر بروك، ومرة أخرى في عام 1990 بواسطة هاري هوك.
عنوان الفيلم إشارة إلى الاسم العبري لرئيس الشياطين (בעל זבוב، Ba'al - zvuv، "إله الذباب"، "مضيف الذباب "، أو حرفيا : "أمير الذباب")، وهو اسم يستخدم أحيانا كمرادف للشيطان.وعنوان الكتاب، بدوره، يصبح هو نفسه كناية عن الصراع على السلطة في حالة من الفوضى.

الخلفية التاريخية

كتبت الرواية خلال السنوات الأولى من الحرب الباردة والعصر الذري ؛ تنشأ الأحداث في سياق حرب نووية لم يكشف عن اسمها. الموضوع الرئيسي للرواية عن فتيان من مدرسة في بريطانيا العظمى. بعضهم من الطلبة العاديين، بينما الأخرىن يعملوا بوصفهم هيئة متماسكة في ظل زعيم؛ حتى لا، على سبيل المثال، الجوقة. ويصور الكتاب انزلاقهم إلى الوحشية، الأمر الذي يتناقض مع الكتب الأخرى التي قد يشيد سطوة محتومه من أعلى شكل من أشكال الطبيعة البشرية، مثل رواية سنتين من العطلة، التي نشرها جول فيرن في عام 1888. عندما تركوا لأنفسهم في بلد الفردوس، بعيدا عن الحضارة الحديثة، تراجع الأطفال الذين تلقوا تعليما جيدا إلى حالة بدائية.
على مستوى استعاري، الموضوع المركزي هو الدوافع المتضاربة تجاه حضارة تعيش بالقواعد، بسلام ووئام، وباتجاه نحو السلطة. مواضيع مختلفة تشمل التوتر بين اتخاذ القرار بصورة جماعية وفردية، وبين ردود الفعل العقلانية والعاطفية، وبين الفضيلة والرذيلة. كيف يمكن لهذه اللعب بها، وكيف يشعر الناس مختلفة من هذه التأثيرات، والأشكال المعنى الضمني الرئيسي لأمير الذباب.

ملخص الحبكة الدرامية

القصة نفسها لمجموعة على جزيرة معزولة، وذلك خلال الحرب. تحطمت طائرة بريطانية وبطريقة ما خرج أكثر الفتيان من الطائرة قبل هطول الأمطار الغزيرة وسحب الجزر الحطام إلى البحر، ولكن لم ينجو أحد من الكبار. صبيان، يشكل رالف، وصبي سمين يرتدي نظارة طبية ملقب ببيجي، التركيز الأولي، لأنها بدئوا في استكشاف بيئتهم الجديدة. وسرعان ما وجودا صدفة بيضاء واقترح بيجي على رالف استخدام محارة بمثابة بوق لدعوة أي ناجين آخرين الذين قد يكون في مكان قريب. وبالتالي بدأ رالف في الجزيرة أول تجمع فيها كل من الناجين من أن تتحول إلى الأطفال الذكور، أي على ما يبدو فوق سن الثالثة عشرة : "biguns" (أ الأولاد الأكبر سنا قليلة)، و"littluns" (الصبيان الصغار عدة)
ظهر صبيين مسيطرين : رالف، وصبي آخر أكبر اسمه جاك ميريديو، وعظمي منمش أحمر الشعر وهو رئيس مجموعة الجوقة التي كانت من بين الناجين. بعد انتخابات وجيزة، أنتجب رالف، ولم يخسر سوى أصوات جاك جواربويز زميل الموالية. الزعيم المنتخب الجديد يشجع الجميع على العمل تجاه تحقيق الأهداف المشتركة اثنين، أولاهما لنلهو وثانية واحدة لانقاذهم من خلال المحافظة على الإشارات مستمر لإطلاق النار، والتي سوف تكون مضاءة باستخدام الخنزير والنظارات. لبعض الوقت، والعمل معا في اتجاه الفتيان إقامة ملاجئ، وجمع الغذاء والماء، وإبقاء النار مشتعلة. وchoirboys ثم تعيين أهدافها الخاصة بها، وهي أن يصبح الصيادون من الحيوانات المحلية.
يصبح جاك تهديدا فوريا لرالف القيادة، ومن الواضح أن يغار من رالف لصعود كبير. يفجرها غيرته، جاك المساعي لتمكين نفسه بدلا من ذلك عن طريق تحويل المجموعة إلى جوقة له "الصيادين"، هي المسؤولة عن لحوم الصيد ورعاية من النار. معا، ورالف، جاك، وسوداء الشعر صبي يدعى سيمون تصبح الثلاثي الأعلى بين الأطفال، والذهاب في رحلة قصيرة للتأكد من أنها هي في الواقع على جزيرة. أصبع، أكثر من المعقول، من باقة، وسرعان ما منبوذة من قبل biguns "زميل"، وتصبح مصدرا للفرح غير مستعدة للأطفال آخرين. رالف، بالإضافة إلى الإشراف على المشروع لبناء ملاجئ، ترى حاجة غريزية لحماية littluns "".
ما يشبه النظام الأصلية التي تفرضها رالف يتدهور بسرعة، مع القليل من العمل الذي تقوم به أكثر من غيرها. فشلوا في وضع خططها لبناء الملاجئ في العمل بسبب التسيب. عند نقطة واحدة، وجاك استدعاء كل ما لديه الصيادين لاصطياد الخنازير البرية، وحتى الذين كان من المفترض أن يكون الحفاظ على إطلاق النار. في حين أنها تنهب الخنازير، وسفينة تمر بالقرب من الجزيرة، ولكن مع أي واحد للحفاظ على إشارة من الدخان، والأطفال الذين لم يتم اكتشافها، ناهيك عن انقاذهم. على الرغم من مطاردة للخنزير وتبين أن المجموعة الأولى مطاردة ناجحة، رالف هو غضب كثيرا عندما علمت أن يفوتهم الانقاذ المحتملة. في الوقت نفسه تقريبا، فإن العديد من littluns "" نعتقد أن تبدأ في الجزيرة التي يسكنها وحشا، وسرعان ما أشار إليه كل بانها "الوحش". إشارة الدخان بعد الحادث وبسبب الوحش الأسطوري الذي بدأ لملء البنين الكوابيس، ورالف ينعقد عليها لدحض الشائعات عن مثل هذا المخلوق مرة وإلى الأبد. الجلسة، إلا أن يتحول إلى شيء من مكافحة الشغب وجاك المكاسب السيطرة على المناقشة بجرأة واعدة لتقتل الوحش، مرة أخرى تحديا رالف كقائد للسلطة. في وقت لاحق، ورالف يتوخى التخلي عن منصبه، على الرغم من الخنزير يثبط له من القيام بذلك في حين أن اثنين منهم وسيمون يتوقون نأمل لبعض التوجيه من عالم الكبار.
من التوائم المتماثلة وسام اريك—غالبا ما يشار إليها مجتمعة باسم "Samneric" -- هي المسؤولة عن إطلاق النار إشارة في تلك الليلة، ولكن تغفو. عندما يستيقظ، وأنها تأتي عبر الجثة والمظلة مفتوحة طيارا مقاتلا الذين قد هبطت في جزيرة ؛ الحساب هو أن يكون "الوحش" انهم التقرير انه خلال انعقاد الجمعية العمومية المقبلة. في رحلة استكشافية لتحديد مثل هذا الوحش، ورالف وجاك تأتي بناء على جزء من الجزيرة الغائرة التي كريستن كاسل روك. رالف وجاك معا اكتشاف جثة الطيار على قمة الجبل وبخوف الخطأ أيضا أن يكون وحشا النوم. جاك ضربات محارة لدعوة التجميع آخر، عبر خلاله الوحش يؤكد وجود للآخرين. نتائج الاجتماع في الانشقاق، وتقسيم الأطفال إلى مجموعتين. رالف لمجموعة لا تزال تحتجز الاعتقاد بأن الحفاظ على إطلاق النار هو إشارة التركيز اللازم. جاك يصبح قائد قبيلته، مع التركيز على الصيد في حين استغلال الحديد المعتقد يرتدون الوحش. وجاك والصيادين قد اغتيل على خنزير الأولى، فإنها سلبه المنشقين عن جماعة رالف إلى الانضمام إليها مع وعد من اللحوم، والمرح، والأهم من ذلك، والحماية من الوحش.
جاك قبيلة تدريجيا يصبح أكثر حيواني، مع التأكيد على ممارسة تطبيق طلاء الوجه من الصلصال الملون التي اكتشفتها وسام اريك وأشلاء من الأشجار. صوت السرد في القصة تكشف للقارئ أن هذه الوجوه، وتمثل الصيادين 'اخفاء أكثر من الأنفس المتحضرة من أجل تحرير أرضهم المتوحشين" الداخلية ". طلاء الوجه يصبح الحافز الذي يتكرر في جميع أنحاء القصة، مع أكثر كثافة نحو نهاية.
سيمون، وهي جزء من قبيلة رالف، الذي كان قد "المتصدع" وخرج يبحث عن الوحش من قبل نفسه، ويرى رئيس الصيادين 'جثة خنزير على عصا، وغادر كقربان إلى الوحش. سيمون ثم يخضع لتجربة غريبة، ويفترض من الهلوسة، والذي يرى في رأس خنزير، تعج مسح الذباب، والرب "أرض النفاق"، وتعتقد أنه من الحديث معه، تطلق على نفسها اسم الحقيقي "الوحش". انها تكشف الحقيقة عن نفسها، أن الفتيان أنفسهم "خلقت" وحشا، وهذا الوحش الحقيقي هو داخل كل منهم. سيمون أيضا يقع المظلي القتلى الذين تم الخلط بينها وبين الوحش، وهو العضو الوحيد من الحركة على الاعتراف بأنها جيفة بدلا من وحش نائم. سيمون يصل في نهاية المطاف في ذروة الطقوس القبلية في جاك القبيلة، التي تتبعها الذباب نهما، والمساعي لشرح حقيقة الوحش والقتيل على قمة الجبل. ومع ذلك، جاك القبيلة، والذي ما زال يترنح في إراقة الدماء من وآخرها قتل، شن هجمات عشوائية وقتل سيمون، والذين كانوا على خطأ وحشا. قتلوه في الظل في الرقص الآن القبلية وينذر بالشؤم يهتفون "اقتلوا الوحش! قطع رقبته! دمائهم! ". كما رالف شاركوا في ارتكاب جريمة قتل مع الخنزير، وإن كان بشكل غير مباشر على السواء، وقال انه يشعر الآن بالندم الشديد.
الهمج ثم غارة على مخيم رالف والهجوم غير الصيادين من أجل سرقة الخنزير ونظارات لصنع النار الطبخ (أن يكونوا قد تعبوا من الإغارة على معسكر للحرق العصي). بحلول هذا الوقت، ورالف لقبيلة تتكون من مجرد نفسه، والخنزير، وسام واريك، وبين littluns المتبقية. لحظة مضحك خلال هذه الغارة هي أن رالف واريك، ودون أن يدركوا، ومحاربة بعضنا البعض في الظلام. انهم جميعا الذهاب إلى حصن صخرة جاك قبيلة في كاسل روك في محاولة للعودة الخنزير والنظارات حتى أنه يمكن أن نرى مرة أخرى. في المواجهة التي تلت ذلك، الصبي روجر الظلام يتسبب في كمين في الصخور التي الخنزير هو ضرب من قبل صخرة ورميها من على حافة الهاوية 40 الاقدام إلى وفاته. والمحار وحطمت في وقت واحد. اريك وسام يتم اعتقالهم وتعذيبهم من قبل روجر لتصبح جزءا من جاك القبيلة. رالف هو أجبروا على الفرار من أجل سلامته الشخصية، والآن وحده تماما.
في صباح اليوم التالي، في التسلسل النهائي للكتاب، وجاك روجيه يؤدي قبيلتهم على ملاحقة رالف مع نية قتله. رالف سرا اعترف وسام اريك (ظنا منهم لا تزال موالية له)، حيث سيتم إخفاء. التوائم، ومع ذلك، مضطرون لخيانة رالف موقف. ولكنه ينجو بحياته في إغلاق العديد من المكالمات والهمج تمزق في الجزيرة لالقاء القبض عليه. جاك، والآن اكتملت تقريبا في دوره شيطاني كما وحشية في نهاية المطاف، ويحدد الجزيرة أوراق الشجر النيران، التي كانت حتى ذلك الحين، والمصدر الوحيد للغذاء والمأوى للفتيان. رالف بمهارة التقاط يتهرب في مناسبات متعددة ولكن سرعان ما يتم ذلك عن طريق ضربها الارهاب والإنهاك من تشغيل انه يتخلى عن كل أمل، وتتوقع أن تكتشف والقتيل. ومع ذلك، فإن الحرائق التي جاك بدأت تجذب انتباه سفينة حربية في مكان قريب.
وقال ضابط في البحرية الأراضي في جزيرة بالقرب من حيث رالف هو الكذب، وظهوره المفاجئ يجلب الأطفال القتال إلى توقف مفاجئ. بناء على التعلم من البنين الأنشطة، في تصريحات الضابط انه يتوقع ان يكون أفضل من الفتيان البريطانية، اعتقادا منهم فقط أن يلعب لعبة، غير مدركين للقتل اثنين (سيمون والخنزير) التي وقعت وقوع الوشيك ل الثلث. في المشهد الأخير، على الرغم من الآن واثقا من أنه سيتم انقاذهم بعد كل شيء، رالف صرخات، حدادا على صديقه الخنزير، فقدانه الخاصة البراءة، وإدراكه المكتشف من الظلمات للطبيعة البشرية.

Lord of the Flies is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding about a group of British boys stuck on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, with disastrous results. Its stances on the already-controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association’s list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1990–1999.[1] In 2005 the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[2] It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching #41 on the editor's list, and #25 on the reader's list.
Published in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding’s first novel. Although it was not a great success at the time—selling fewer than 3,000 copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print—it soon went on to become a best-seller, and by the early 1960s was required reading in many schools and colleges; the novel is currently renowned for being a popular choice of study for GCSE English Literature courses in the United Kingdom. It was adapted to film in 1963 by Peter Brook, and again in 1990 by Harry Hook.

Background

The book indicates that it takes place in the midst of an unspecified nuclear war. Some of the marooned characters are ordinary students, while others arrive as a musical choir under an established leader. Most (with the exception of the choirboys) appear never to have encountered one another before. The book portrays their descent into savagery; left to themselves in a paradisical country, far from modern civilisation, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.
At an allegorical level, the central theme is the conflicting impulses toward civilization—live by rules, peacefully and in harmony—and towards the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out, and how different people feel the influences of these, form a major subtext of Lord of the Flies.[3]

Plot summary

In the midst of a wartime evacuation, a British plane crashes onto an isolated island. The only survivors are male children below the age of 13.[4] Two boys, the fair-haired Ralph and an overweight, bespectacled boy reluctantly nicknamed "Piggy" find a conch, which Ralph uses as a horn to bring all the survivors to one area. Two dominant boys emerge during the meeting: Ralph and Jack Merridew, a redhead who is the leader of a choir group that was among the survivors. Ralph is voted chief, losing only the votes of Jack's fellow choirboys. Ralph asserts two goals: have fun, and work towards a rescue by maintaining a constant fire signal. They create the fire with Piggy's glasses, nearly catching the whole island on fire. For a time, the boys work together.
Jack organises his choir group into the group's hunters, who are responsible for hunting for meat. Ralph, Jack, and a black-haired boy named Simon soon become the supreme trio among the children. Piggy is quickly made an outcast by his fellow "biguns" (older boys) and becomes an unwilling source of laughs for the other children. Simon, in addition to supervising the project of constructing shelters, feels an instinctive need to protect the younger boys.
The original semblance of order imposed by Ralph quickly deteriorates as the majority of the boys turn idle. Around the same time, many of the younger boys begin to believe that the island is inhabited by a monster, referred to as "the beast". Jack gains control of the discussion by boldly promising to kill the beast. At one point, Jack summons all of his hunters to hunt down a wild pig, including those who were supposed to be maintaining the fire. A ship approaches, but passes by because the signal fire has gone out. Although the hunting of the pig turns out to be the hunters' first successful catch, Ralph is infuriated that they have missed a potential rescue. Later, Ralph envisages relinquishing his position, though Piggy discourages him from doing so. Ralph, Simon, and Piggy yearn hopefully for some guidance from the adult world.
After twins Sam and Eric, who are in charge of keeping the smoke signal going, report possibly seeing the beast atop a mountain, Ralph and Jack investigate; they encounter the corpse and the open parachute of a fighter pilot who has landed on the island but mistake it as "the beast", asleep. Jack assembles the children with the conch and confirms the beast's existence to them. The meeting results in a schism, splitting the children into two groups. Ralph's group focuses on preserving the signal fire. Jack becomes the chief of his own tribe, which focuses on hunting, while exploiting the iron-clad belief in the beast. As Jack and the hunters have already slain their first pig, they offer promises of meat, fun, and protection from the beast. Jack's tribe gradually becomes more animalistic, applying face paint while they hunt. The face paint becomes a motif which recurs throughout the story, with more and more intensity toward the end.
Simon, who had "cracked" and gone off by himself to think, finds the head of the hunters' dead pig on a stick, left as an offering to the beast. Simon envisions the pig head, now swarming with scavenging flies, as the "Lord of the Flies" and believes that it is talking to him. Simon hears the pig identifying itself as the real "Beast" and disclosing the truth about itself—that the boys themselves "created" the beast, and that the real beast was inside them all. Simon also locates the dead parachutist who had been mistaken for the beast, and is the sole member of the group to recognise that it is a cadaver instead of a sleeping monster. Simon attempts to alert Jack's tribe that the "beast" is nothing more than a cadaver. While trying to tell Jack's tribe of this fact, Simon is caught in a ring during a primal dance. He is mistaken for the "beast" in the darkness, and Jack's tribe kills him, with Ralph, Piggy, Sam, and Eric in the ring also. Ralph, Piggy, Sam, and Eric later try to convince themselves that they did not take part in the murder.
Jack's tribe then raids Ralph's camp to steal Piggy's glasses – the glass lenses being the only source of starting a fire. Ralph's tribe journeys to Jack's tribe at Castle Rock to try to retrieve the glasses. In the ensuing confrontation, Roger drops a boulder, aiming at Piggy. Piggy is struck by the boulder, and the conch is smashed into pieces. Piggy flies through the air and falls forty feet onto the rocks below by the sea, and is killed. Sam and Eric are captured and tortured into joining Jack's tribe. Ralph is forced to flee.
The following morning, Jack leads his tribe on a manhunt for Ralph, and in the ensuing search set the forest alight. However, the fire and smoke attract the attention of a nearby warship. Then a naval officer lands on the island near where Ralph is lying, and his sudden appearance brings the children's fighting to an abrupt halt. Upon learning of the boys' activities, the officer remarks that he would have expected better from British boys, initially believing them only to be playing a game. In the final scene, although now certain he will be rescued after all, Ralph starts crying.

10-30-2011, 09:25 AM

المشاركة 195

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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وليام غولدنغ

Sir William Gerald Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.
In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
ولد غولدنغ عام 1911 وهو روائي انجليزي فاز بجائزة نوبل وأشهر رواياته ( أمير الذباب)

Early life
William Golding was born in his grandmother's house, 47 Mountwise, Newquay, Cornwall and he spent many childhood holidays there.
ولد غولدنغ في بيت جدته وقضى كثير من إجازات الصيف هناك

He grew up at his family home in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father (Alec Golding) was a science master at Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement). Alec Golding was a socialist with a strong commitment to scientific rationalism, and the young Golding and his elder brother Joseph attended the school where his father taught.
درس في المدرسة التي كان يدرس فيها والده

His mother, Mildred, kept house at 29, The Green, Marlborough, and supported the moderate campaigners for female suffrage.
كانت أمه ناشطة في مجال حماية حقوق المرأة

In 1930 Golding went to Oxford University as an undergraduate at Brasenose College, where he read Natural Sciences for two years before transferring to English Literature.[
Golding took his B.A. (Hons) Second Class in the summer of 1934, and later that year his first book, Poems, was published in London by Macmillan & Co, through the help of his Oxford friend, the anthroposophist Adam Bittleston.

Marriage and family

Golding married Ann Brookfield on 30 September 1939 and they had two children, Judy and David.

تزوج عام 1939 وأنجب طفلان

War service
William Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940. During World War II, Golding fought in the Royal Navy and was briefly involved in the pursuit and sinking of Germany's mightiest battleship, the Bismarck.
اشترك في الحرب العالمية الثانية وكان من ضمن الفرقة التي أغرقت السفينة الألمانية بسمارك

He also participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, commanding a landing ship that fired salvoes of rockets onto the beaches, and then in a naval action at Walcheren in which 23 out of 24 assault craft were sunk.[5] At the war's end, he returned to teaching and writing.
كما شارك في احتلال النورماندي
Death

In 1985, Golding and his wife moved to Tullimaar House at Perranarworthal, near Truro, Cornwall, where he died of heart failure, eight years later, on 19 June 1993. He was buried in the village churchyard at Bowerchalke, South Wiltshire (near the Hampshire and Dorset county boundaries). He left the draft of a novel, The Double Tongue, set in ancient Delphi, which was published posthumously.[ He is survived by his daughter, the author Judy Golding, and his son David, who still lives at Tullimaar House.

مات عام 1985

1959 his father died suddenly of a heart attack in hospital on 12 December.
his mother died 1960 .

· Seahorse was written in 1948. It is a biographical account of sailing on the south coast of England whilst in training for D-Day.[11]
· Circle Under the Sea is an adventure novel about a writer who sails to discover archaeological treasures off the coast of the Scilly Isles.
· كتب روايات عن البحر والإبحار ·
· Short Measure is a novel set in a British boarding school.
كتب رواية عن الحياة في مدرسة داخلية
· English novelist, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. The choice was unexpected, because the internationally famous novelist Graham Greene (1904-1991) was considered the strongest candidate from the English writers. In many novels Golding has revealed the dark places of human heart, when isolated individuals or small groups are pushed into extreme situations.
· في رواياته صور الجانب المظلم من قلب الإنسان والجماعات عندما يدفع الإنسان إلى الزاوية
·
· His work is characterized by exploration of "the darkness of man's heart", deep spiritual and ethical questions.
· "Twenty-five years ago I accepted the label 'pessimist' thoughtlessly without realising that it was going to be tied to my tail, as it were, in something the way that, to take an example from another art, Rachmaninoff's famous Prelude in C sharp minor was tied to him. No audience would allow him off the concert platform until he played it. Similarly critics have dug into my books until they could come up with something that looked hopeless. I can't think why. I don't feel hopeless myself." (from Nobel Lecture, 1983)
اعتبره الجمهور منشائم رغم انه لا يعتقد بأنه كذلك

==
-ولد غولدنغ عام 1911 وهو روائي انجليزي فاز بجائزة نوبل وأشهر رواياته ( امير الذباب)
-ولد غولدنغ في بيت جدته وقضى كثير من إجازات الصيف هناك
-درس في المدرسة التي كان يدرس فيها والده
-كانت أمه ناشطة في مجال حماية حقوق المرأة
-تزوج عام 1939 وأنجب طفلان
-اشترك في الحرب العالمية الثانية وكان من ضمن الفرقة التي أغرقت السفينة الألمانية بسمارك
-كما شارك في احتلال النورماندي
-مات والده عام 1959 بمرض السرطان.
-مات والدته عام 1960
-مات عام 1985
-كتب روايات عن البحر والإبحار
-كتب رواية عن الحياة في مدرسة داخلية
- في رواياته صور الجانب المظلم من قلب الإنسان والجماعات عندما يدفع الإنسان إلى الزاوية
-اعتبره الجمهور متشائم رغم انه لا يعتقد بأنه كذلك
ليس يتيم لكن هناك ما يشير إلى اضطراب في حياته حيث ولد في بيت جدته وقضى الكثير من إجازات الصيف هناك، كما انه درس في مدرسة داخلية وكتب عن تجربة الحياة فيها، كما انه شارك في الحرب العالمية الثانية ولا بد أنها شاهد الكثير من جثث القتلى في النورمندي وهو ما يزال صغير، وكتب عن البحر والإبحار وتتصف كتاباته بأنها اهتمت بالجانب المظلم من قلب الإنسان عندما يدفع إلى الزاوية والعزلة...واعتبره الجمهور متشائم وهو ما يشير إلى مرض الكآبة..رغم أن ذلك غير موضح.
هو حتما مأزوم .

10-30-2011, 03:25 PM

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وألان مع سر الروعة في الرواية:

67 ـالأميركي الهادئ،للمؤلف جراهام جرين.

The Quiet American is an anti-war novel by British author Graham Greene, first published in United Kingdom in 1955 and in the United States in 1956.
رواية ضد الحرب صدرت أولا في انجلترا عام 1955 ثم في الولايات المتحدة عام 1956
It was adapted into films in 1958 and 2002. The book draws on Greene's experiences as a war correspondent for The Times and Le Figaro in French Indochina 1951-1954. He was apparently inspired to write The Quiet American in October 1951 while driving back to Saigon from the Ben Tre province. He was accompanied by an American aid worker who lectured him about finding a “third force in Vietnam”. Greene spent three years writing the novel, which foreshadowed US involvement in Vietnam long before it became publicly known. The book was the initial reason for Graham Greene being under constant surveillance by US intelligence agencies from the 1950s until his death in 1991, according to documents obtained in 2002 by The Guardian newspaper under the US Freedom of Information Act.

Plot

Thomas Fowler is a British journalist in his fifties who has been covering the French war in Vietnam for over two years. He meets a young American idealist named Alden Pyle, who lives his life and forms his opinions based on the books written by York Harding, with no real experience in matters of south-east Asia at all. Harding's theory is that Communism or colonialism are not the answer in foreign lands like Vietnam, but rather a "Third Force," usually a combination of traditions, works best. Pyle is young and idealistic. When Pyle and Fowler first meet, Pyle says he would be delighted if Fowler could help him understand more about the country. Fowler is much older, more realistic and more cynical.
Fowler has a live-in lover, Phuong, who is only twenty-years old and was a dancer at The Arc-en-Ciel (Rainbow) on Jaccareo Road, Cholon, until she met Fowler. Her sister's intent is to arrange a marriage for Phuong that will be of benefit to her and her family. The sister disapproves of their relationship as Fowler is already married and an atheist. So, at a dinner with Fowler and Phuong, Pyle meets Phuong's sister who immediately starts questioning Pyle about his viability for marriage with Phuong. Towards the end of the dinner Pyle dances with Phuong to which Fowler notes how poorly he dances.
Fowler goes to the city to cover a battle there. Pyle travels there to tell him that he has been in love with Phuong since the first night he saw her, and that he wants to marry her. They make a toast to nothing and Pyle leaves the next day. Fowler gets a letter from Pyle thanking him for being so nice. The letter annoys Fowler because of Pyle's arrogant confidence that Phuong will choose to leave Fowler to marry him. Meanwhile, Fowler's editor wants him to transfer back to England.
Pyle comes to Fowler's place and they ask Phuong to choose between them. She chooses Fowler, her lover of two years. She does not know that he is up for a transfer. Fowler writes to his wife to ask for a divorce in front of Phuong.
Fowler and Pyle meet again in a war zone. They end up in a tower, and their discussion topics range from their sexual experiences to religion. As they escape, Pyle saves Fowler's life. Fowler goes back to Saigon where he lies to Phuong that his wife will divorce him. Pyle exposes the lie and Phuong moves in with Pyle. After receiving a letter from Fowler, his editor decides that he can stay in Indo-China for at least another year. Fowler goes into the midst of the battlefield to cover the unfolding events.
When Fowler returns to Saigon, he goes to Pyle's office to confront him but Pyle is out. Pyle comes over later for drinks and they talk about his upcoming marriage to Phuong. Later that week, a car bomb is detonated and many innocent civilians are killed from the blast. Fowler puts the pieces together and realizes that Pyle is behind the bombing. Realising that Pyle is causing innocent people to die, Fowler takes part in an assassination plot against him. Although the police believe that Fowler is involved, they cannot prove anything. Phuong goes back to Fowler as if nothing had ever happened. In the last chapter Fowler receives a telegram from his wife in which she states that she has changed her mind and that she will start divorce proceedings. The novel ends with Fowler reflecting on his first meeting with Phuong, and the death of Pyle.

Major characters

Thomas Fowler is a British journalist in his fifties who has been covering the French war in Vietnam for over two years. He has become a very jaded and cynical man. He meets Alden Pyle and finds him naïve. Throughout the book Fowler is often caught in lies and sometimes there may be speculation that he is lying to himself. Fowler is also used as a metaphor to describe the character. The word foul is relatively similar to his last name and connections can be made about the character's actions in the book.
Alden Pyle is the "quiet American" of the title. Pyle is thoughtful, soft-spoken, intellectual, serious, and idealistic. He comes from a privileged East Coast background. His father is a renowned professor of underwater erosion who has appeared on the cover of Time magazine; his mother is well respected in their community. Pyle is a brilliant graduate of Harvard University. He has studied theories of government and society, and is particularly devoted to a scholar named York Harding. Harding's theory is that neither Communism nor colonialism is the answer in foreign lands like Vietnam, but rather a "Third Force", usually a combination of traditions, works best. Pyle has read Harding's numerous books many times and has absorbed Harding's thinking as his own. Pyle is also a member of this "Third Force". The Pyle character is partly modelled on US military counter-insurgency expert Edward Lansdale, who was stationed in Vietnam 1953-1957.[3]
Phuong, Fowler’s lover at the beginning of the novel, is a beautiful young Vietnamese woman who stays with him for security and protection, and leaves him for the same reason. She is viewed by Fowler as a lover to be taken for granted and by Pyle as a delicate flower to be protected, but Greene never makes clear which, if either, of these views is actually the truth. Pyle's desire for Phuong was largely interpreted by critics to parallel his desire for a non-communist south Vietnam. Her character is never fully developed or revealed. She is never able to show her emotions, as her older sister makes decisions for her. She is named after, but not based on, a Vietnamese friend of Greene’s.
Vigot, a French inspector at the Sûreté, investigates Pyle's death. He is a man torn between doing his duty (pursuing Pyle's death and questioning Fowler) and doing what is best for the country (letting the matter go). He and Fowler are oddly akin in some ways, both faintly cynical and weary of the world; hence their discussion of Blaise Pascal. But they are divided by the differences in their faith: Vigot is a Roman Catholic and Fowler an atheist.

10-30-2011, 03:27 PM

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Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an English author, playwright and literary critic. His works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Greene was notable for his ability to combine serious literary acclaim with widespread popularity.
ولد جرهام جرين عام 1904 من أصل انجليزي وتبحث كتبه في مجال أخلاقيات العمل السياسي في الحياة الحضارة
Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a Roman Catholic novelist rather than as a novelist who happened to be Catholic, Catholic religious themes are at the root of much of his writing, especially the four major Catholic novels: Brighton Rock, The Power and the Glory, The Heart of the Matter and The End of the Affair.[3] Several works such as The Confidential Agent, The Third Man, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana and The Human Factor also show an avid interest in the workings of international politics and espionage.
Greene suffered from bipolar disorder,[] which had a profound effect on his writing and personal life. In a letter to his wife Vivien, he told her that he had "a character profoundly antagonistic to ordinary domestic life", and that "unfortunately, the disease is also one's material".
عانى جرين من مرض نفسي والذي اثر بشكل كبير على كتاباته وحياته الشخصية وكان قد اخبر زوجته بأنه يمتلك شخصية معادية للمجتمع

Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School on Chesham Road in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, when his father was housemaster.
ولد في منزل تابع لمدرسة داخلية عندما كان والده مدير المنزل
He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer.
كان الرابع من بين ستة اخوة

His mother, Marion Raymond Greene, was an aloof woman who kept an emotional distance from her children.

والدته كانت بليدة عاطفيا وابقت على مسافة بينها وبين ابنائها

Greene shared his early childhood years with his paternal uncle and aunt and their six children, the “wealthy Greenes” as he referred to them, who resided in the Hall at Berkhamsted from 1910 until about 1926.

قضى جرين سنوات طفولته في منزل قريب له غني وكان في المنزل 6 اطفال وكان يطلق عليهم جرين ( الاغنياء )

His uncle’s house was important to him for a second reason, for it was here that Greene first discovered the pleasure of reading, most notably Dixon Brett, ...

http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1864
في ذلك المنزل قرأ الكثير من الكتب
His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were second cousins; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist Ben Greene, whose politics led to his internment during World War II.
In 1910 Charles Greene succeeded Dr Fry as headmaster of Berkhamsted.
Graham also attended the school as a boarder. Bullied and profoundly depressed he made several suicide attempts; including, as he wrote in his autobiography, by Russian roulette and by taking aspirin before going swimming in the school pool.
درس في مدرسة داخلية تلك التي كان يعمل فيها والده وقد عانا فيها من معاملة زملاؤه حيث أصيب بالكآبة وحاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة بما في ذلك لعبة المسدس الروسية كما كتب في مذكراته ومن خلال تناول الأسبرين قبل الذهاب للسباحة في بركة المدرسة
In 1920, aged 16, in what was a radical step for the time, he was sent for psychoanalysis for six months in London, afterwards returning to school as a day student. School friends included Claud Cockburn the satirist, and Peter Quennell the historian.
أرسل في سن السادسة عشرة إلى طبيب نفسي وهو أمر لم يكن مألوف في ذلك الوقت
In 1922 he was for a short time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.
في عام 1922 أصبح عضو في الحزب الشيوعي البريطاني لمدة قصيرة
In 1925, while an undergraduate at Balliol College, Oxford, his first work, a poorly received volume of poetry entitled Babbling April, was published. Greene suffered from periodic bouts of depression whilst at Oxford, and largely kept to himself. Of Greene's time at Oxford, his contemporary Evelyn Waugh noted that: "Graham Greene looked down on us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious. He certainly shared in none of our revelry.
خلال دراسته في الكلية في اكسفورد أصيب بحالة اكتئاب متكررة
After graduating with a second-class degree in history, he worked for a period of time as a private tutor and then turned to journalism – first on the Nottingham Journal, and then as a sub-editor on The Times.
عمل في مجال الصحافة
While in Nottingham he started corresponding with Vivien Dayrell-Browning, a Catholic convert, who had written to him to correct him on a point of Catholic doctrine. Greene was an agnostic at the time, but when he began to think about marrying Vivien, it occurred to him that, as he puts it in A Sort of Life, he "ought at least to learn the nature and limits of the beliefs she held". In his discussions with the priest to whom he went for instruction, he argued "on the ground of dogmatic atheism", as his primary difficulty was what he termed the "if" surrounding God's existence.
درس الكاثوليكية من منطلق الملحد لانه تزوج من أمراة كاثوليكية وتحول لها في العام 1926
However, he found that "after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable". Greene converted to Catholicism in 1926 (described in A Sort of Life) when he was baptised in February of that year. He married Vivien in 1927; and they had two children, Lucy Caroline (b. 1933) and Francis (b. 1936). In 1948 Greene separated amicably from Vivien. Although he had other relationships, he never divorced or remarried.
Throughout his life Greene travelled far from England, to what he called the world's wild and remote places. The travels led to him being recruited into MI6 by his sister, Elisabeth, who worked for the organisation; and he was posted to Sierra Leone during the Second World War.Kim Philby, who would later be revealed as a Soviet double agent, was Greene's supervisor and friend at MI6. As a novelist he wove the characters he met and the places where he lived into the fabric of his novels.
سافر كثيرا بعيدا عن انجلترا إلى حد أن أخته التي كانت تعمل مع جهاز المخابرات ام 16 البريطاني جعلته يعمل للجهاز وتم تكليفه بمهمة في سيراليون
Greene first left Europe at 30 years of age in 1935 on a trip to Liberia that produced the travel book Journey Without Maps. His 1938 trip to Mexico, to see the effects of the government's campaign of forced anti-Catholic secularisation, was paid for by Longman's, thanks to his friendship with Tom Burns. That voyage produced two books, the factual The Lawless Roads (published as Another Mexico in the U.S.) and the novel The Power and the Glory. In 1953 the Holy Office informed Greene that The Power and the Glory was damaging to the reputation of the priesthood; but later, in a private audience with Greene, Pope Paul VI told him that, although parts of his novels would offend some Catholics, he should not pay attention to the criticism.[20] Greene travelled to Haiti which was under the rule of dictator François Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc", where the story of The Comedians (1966) took place. The owner of the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince, where Greene frequently stayed, named a room in his honour.

After his apparently benign involvement in a financial scandal, Greene chose to leave Britain in 1966, moving to Antibes, to be close to Yvonne Cloetta, whom he had known since 1959, a relationship that endured until his death.
انتقل في العام 1966 للعيش في عنتابه Antibes وحافظ هناك على علاقة مع يفاني كلوتا حتى مماته
In 1973, Greene had an uncredited cameo appearance as an insurance company representative in François Truffaut's film Day for Night. In 1981 he was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, awarded to writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society. One of his final works, the pamphlet J'Accuse – The Dark Side of Nice (1982), concerns a legal matter embroiling him and his extended family in Nice. He declared that organized crime flourished in Nice, because the city's upper levels of civic government had protected judicial and police corruption. The accusation provoked a libel lawsuit that he lost. In 1994, after his death, he was vindicated, when the former mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin, was imprisoned for corruption and associated crimes.
مات عام 1991 وعاش آخر سنوات حياته في جنيف
He lived the last years of his life in Vevey, on Lake Geneva, in Switzerland, the same town Charlie Chaplin was living in at this time. He visited Chaplin often, and the two were good friends. His book Doctor Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party (1980) bases its themes on combined philosophic and geographic influences. He had ceased going to mass and confession in the 1950s, but in his final years began to receive the sacraments again from Father Leopoldo Durán, a Spanish priest, who became a friend. He died at age 86 of leukemia [3] in 1991 and was buried in Corseaux cemetery.
He writes in his autobiography that he spent his university years drunk and debt-ridden. However, it was here that Greene gained experience as an editor at The Oxford Outlook;
كتب في مذكراته بأنه قضى أيام دراسته الجامعية مخمورا ومديونا

A stranger with no shortage of calling cards: devout Catholic, lifelong adulterer, pulpy hack, canonical novelist; self-destructive, meticulously disciplined, deliriously romantic, bitterly cynical; moral relativist, strict theologian, salon communist, closet monarchist; civilized to a stuffy fault and louche to drugged-out distraction, anti-imperialist crusader and postcolonial parasite, self-excoriating and self-aggrandizing, to name just a few.
The Nation, describing the many facets of Graham Greene[

—Graham Greene

-ولد جرهام جرين عام 1904 من أصل انجليزي وتبحث كتبه في مجال أخلاقيات العمل السياسي في الحياة الحضارة

-عانى جرين من مرض نفسي والذي اثر بشكل كبير على كتاباته وحياته الشخصية وكان قد اخبر زوجته بأنه يمتلك شخصية معادية للمجتمع

-ولد في منزل تابع لمدرسة داخلية عندما كان والده مدير المنزل

-كان الرابع من بين ستة اخوة

-والدته كانت بليدة عاطفيا وابقت على مسافة بينها وبين ابنائها
-قضى جرين سنوات طفولته في منزل قريب له غني وكان في المنزل 6 أطفال وكان يطلق عليهم جرين ( الأغنياء )

- في ذلك المنزل قرأ الكثير من الكتب

-درس في مدرسة داخلية تلك التي كان يعمل فيها والده وقد عانا فيها من معاملة زملاؤه حيث أصيب بالكآبة وحاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة بما في ذلك لعبة المسدس الروسية كما كتب في مذكراته ومن خلال تناول الأسبرين قبل الذهاب للسباحة في بركة المدرسة

-أرسل في سن السادسة عشرة إلى طبيب نفسي وهو أمر لم يكن مألوف في ذلك الوقت

-في عام 1922 أصبح عضو في الحزب الشيوعي البريطاني لمدة قصيرة

-خلال دراسته في الكلية في اكسفورد أصيب بحالة اكتئاب متكررة

-عمل في مجال الصحافة

-درس الكاثوليكية من منطلق الملحد لانه تزوج من أمرآة كاثوليكية وتحول لها في العام 1926

-سافر كثيرا بعيدا عن انجلترا إلى حد أن أخته التي كانت تعمل مع جهاز المخابرات ام 16 البريطاني جعلته يعمل للجهاز وتم تكليفه بمهمة في سيراليون

-انتقل في العام 1966 للعيش في عنتابه Antibes وحافظ هناك على علاقة مع يفاني كلوتا حتى مماته

-مات عام 1991 وعاش آخر سنوات حياته في جنيف

-كتب في مذكراته بأنه قضى أيام دراسته الجامعية مخمورا ومديونا

لدية مجموعة من الأزمات التي عصفت به في طفولته لكن أهم عنصر ربما كان له تأثير عليه هو عيشه بعيدا عن العائلة حيث سكن مع أقارب له وبلادة أمه عاطفيا. لا يعرف متى توفي والديه ولكن ظروفه المأساوية ثم دراسته في مدرسة داخلية أدت على ما يبدو إلى مرض نفسي حيث حاول الانتحار أكثر من مرة.

لكل ذلك سنعتبره يتيم افتراضي

10-30-2011, 10:25 PM

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جاك كيرواك

Jean-Louis "Jack" Lebris de Kerouac ( March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969) was an American novelist and poet. He is considered a literary iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, a pioneer of the Beat Generation.
جاك كيرواك روائي امريكي ولد عام 1922

Kerouac is recognized for his spontaneous method of writing, covering topics such as Catholic spirituality, jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty, and travel.

اشتهر بالكتابة في موضوعات متعددة مثل الكاثوليكية والجاز والمجون والفقر والبوذية والسفر

His writings have inspired other writers, including Ken Kesey, Bob Dylan, Richard Brautigan, Thomas Pynchon, Lester Bangs, Tom Robbins, Will Clarke, and Haruki Murakami. Critics of his work have labeled it "slapdash", "grossly sentimental", and "immoral". Kerouac became an underground celebrity and, with other beats, a progenitor of the Hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward it.
اصبح مثال للهبيين

In 1969, at age 47, Kerouac died from internal bleeding due to long-standing abuse of alcohol.

عام 1969 مات عن عمر 47 عام بسبب الادمان على الكحول

Jack Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French-Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque, natives of the province of Quebec, Canada.
ولد لابوين من كندا الفرنسية من ولاية كوبيك

Despite the future elaborations, around the house during his childhood, Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John.
كان يطلق عليه في الطفولة اسم جون الصغير

Kerouac spoke the French-Canadian dialect called Joual until he learned English at age six, not speaking it confidently until his late teens. He was a serious child who was devoted to his mother who played an important role in his life.
كان طفلا جادا وكان مخلصا لامه التي لعبت دورا مهما في حياته

She was a devout Catholic, instilling this into both her sons; this can be seen throughout his works. Kerouac would later go on to say that his mother was the only woman he ever loved.
في وقت لاحق قال انه امه كانت المرأة الوحيدة التي احبها

When he was four, he was profoundly affected by the death of his nine-year-old brother, Gérard, from rheumatic fever, an event later described in his novel Visions of Gerard.
صدم بشكل عنيف وهو في سن الرابعة حينما مات اخاه جيرارد وكتب عنه لاحقا رؤيا جيراراد

His mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it wallowing in drinking, gambling and smoking.
التجأت الام للدين بعد موت جيرارد اما الاب فقد لجأ الى الخمرة والقمار والدخان

On May 17, 1928, while six years old, Kerouac had his first Sacrament of Confession.[ For penance he was told to say a rosary, during the meditation of which he could hear God tell him that he had a good soul, that he would suffer in his life and die in pain and horror, but would in the end have salvation.
عندما كان عمره 6 سنوات في العام 1928 جلس للاعتراف في الكنيسة واعتقد ان الله خاطبه واخبره بأنه سعاني كثير في حياته وانه سوف يموت في الم وخوف لكنه في النهاية سيحصل على الخلاص

This experience, along with his dying brother's vision of the Virgin Mary, and the nuns' fawning over the dying boy, convinced that he was a saint, incorporated with later found Buddhism and ongoing commitment to Christ, solidified into his worldview which informs his work.

بسسب الرويا التي كان يراها وبسبب موت اخاه اعتقد انه كان قديسا

His father, after the death of his child and apostasy, had treated a priest with similar contempt, angrily throwing him out of the house after an invitation by Gabrielle.
في موقفين كان والده فظا لراهب حيث طرده من المنزل بعد دعوة زوجته له بعد موت اخاه

kerouac cracked a tibia playing football during his freshman season, and he argued constantly with Coach Lou Little who kept him benched. While at Columbia, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the student newspaper, the Columbia Daily Spectator and joined the fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. He also studied at The New School.

اصيب وهو يمارس رياضة الفتبول الامريكي

When his football career at Columbia soured, Kerouac dropped out of the university.
ترك الجامعة بعد نجاحه في الرياضة

Kerouac joined the United States Merchant Marine in 1942, and in 1943 joined the United States Navy, but he only served eight days of active duty before arriving on the sick list.
خدم لمدة ثامية ايام في الجيش الامريكي لكنه واعتبر غير مؤهل للجيش

According to his medical report Jack Kerouac said he “asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me Dementia Praecox and sent me here.” The medical examiner reported Jack Kerouac’s military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: “I just can’t stand it; I like to be by myself”.
وعلق على ذلك لا استطيع البقاء في الجيش احب ان اكون لوحدي

Two days later he was honorably discharged on psychiatric grounds (he was of "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of "schizoid personality").

طرد من الجيش على اعتبار انه كان مريضا نفسيا
In 1944, Kerouac was arrested as a material witness in the murder of David Kammerer, who had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since Carr was a teenager in St. Louis.
اعتقل في العام 1944 كشاهد اثبات في حادثة قتل

William Burroughs was himself a native of St. Louis, and it was through Carr that Kerouac came to know both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. According to Carr, Kammerer's obsession with Carr turned aggressive, causing Carr to stab him to death in self-defense. After turning to Kerouac for help, together they disposed of evidence.
شارك صديقة في اخفاء جثة

Afterwards, as advised by Burroughs, they turned themselves in to the police. Kerouac's father, unwilling and unable, refused to pay his bail. Kerouac then agreed to marry Edie Parker if she'd pay the bail.
والده كان غير مستعد وغير قادر على دفع الكفالة عنه وتزوج من امرأة بعد ان تعهدت بدفع الكفالة لكنهما انفصلا بعد عام

On 20 October 1969, around 11 in the morning, Jack was sitting in his favorite chair, drinking whiskey and malt liquor, trying to scribble notes for a book about his father's print shop in Lowell, Mass.
مات عام 1969 بينما كان يجلس على كرسيه المفضل

He suddenly felt sick to his stomach, which was nothing unusual, and headed for the bathroom. He began to throw up massive amounts of blood, and yelled to his wife, "Stella, I'm bleeding." Eventually he was convinced to go to the hospital and was taken out by ambulance to St. Anthony's Hospital in St. Petersburg. Blood continued to pour from his mouth and he underwent numerous transfusions. Eventually that evening Jack underwent surgery in an attempt to tie off all the burst blood vessels, but his liver, destroyed by years of drinking, would not let his blood clot. Kerouac finally died at 5:15 am the following morning, 21 October 1969, having never regained consciousness from the operation.

His death, at the age of 47, resulted from an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, the result of a lifetime of heavy drinking. [Kerouac is buried in his hometown of Lowell and was honored posthumously with a Doctor of Letters degree from his hometown's University of Massachusetts Lowell on June 2, 2007.
مات من اثر الكحول على الكبد

At the time of his death, he was living with his third wife, Stella Sampas Kerouac, and his mother, Gabrielle. Kerouac's mother inherited most of his estate. When she died in 1973, Stella inherited the rights to his works under a faked will purportedly signed by his mother. Family members challenged the will and, on July 24, 2009, a judge in Pinellas County, Florida ruled that the will of Gabrielle Kerouac was fake, citing that Gabrielle Kerouac would not be physically capable of providing her own signature on the date of the signing. However, such ruling has no effect on the copyright ownership of Jack's literary works, since in 2004 a Florida Probate Court ruled that "any claim against any assets or property which were inherited or received by any of the SAMPAS respondents through the Estate of Stella Sampas Kerouac, Deceased, is barred by reason of the provisions of the Florida Statute §733.710(1989)."

Jack Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the third child of working-class French-Canadian èmigrés. His father, Leo, owned a print shop - he died of stomach cancer in 1946.
مات والده بمضر سرطان المعدة عام 1946

-اشتهر بالكتابة في موضوعات متعددة مثل الكاثوليكية والجاز والمجون والفقر والبوذية والسفر
-اصبح مثال للهبيين
-عام 1969 مات عن عمر 47 عام بسبب الادمان على الكحول
- ولد لابوين من كندا الفرنسية من ولاية كوبيك
-كان يطلق عليه في الطفولة اسم جون الصغير
-كان طفلا جادا وكان مخلصا لامه التي لعبت دورا مهما في حياته
-في وقت لاحق قال انه امه كانت المرأة الوحيدة التي احبها
-صدم بشكل عنيف وهو في سن الرابعة حينما مات اخاه جيرارد وكتب عنه لاحقا رؤيا جيراراد
-التجأت الام للدين بعد موت جيرارد اما الاب فقد لجأ الى الخمرة والقمار والدخان
-عندما كان عمره 6 سنوات في العام 1928 جلس للاعتراف في الكنيسة واعتقد ان الله خاطبه واخبره بأنه سعاني كثير في حياته وانه سوف يموت في الم وخوف لكنه في النهاية سيحصل على الخلاص
-بسسب الرويا التي كان يراها وبسبب موت اخاه اعتقد انه كان قديسا
-في موقفين كان والده فظا لراهب حيث طرده من المنزل بعد دعوة زوجته له بعد موت اخاه
-اصيب وهو يمارس رياضة الفتبول الامريكي
-ترك الجامعة بعد نجاحه في الرياضة
-خدم لمدة ثامية ايام في الجيش الامريكي لكنه واعتبر غير مؤهل للجيش
-وعلق على ذلك لا استطيع البقاء في الجيش احب ان اكون لوحدي
-طرد من الجيش على اعتبار انه كان مريضا نفسيا
-اعتقل في العام 1944 كشاهد اثبات في حادثة قتل
-شارك صديقة في اخفاء جثة
-والده كان غير مستعد وغير قادر على دفع الكفالة عنه وتزوج من امرأة بعد ان تعهدت بدفع الكفالة لكنهما انفصلا بعد عام
-مات عام 1969 بينما كان يجلس على كرسيه المفضل
-مات من اثر الكحول على الكبد
-مات والده بمضر سرطان المعدة عام 1946

لا شك انه موت اخاه وعمره 4 سنوات يبدو اهم ازمة مرة به ولكن غياب الوالد على اثر ذلك الحادث يبدو واضحا ثم موت في عام 1946 اي عندما كان في الرابعة والعشرين عناصر زادت من ازمته. ما يشير الى ازمته النفسية طرده من الجيش لحبة ان يكون لوحده وتلك الرؤيا التي كانت تلاحقة على اثر موت اخاه.

مأزوم ويتيم افتراضي