2- واطسن وات صانع الرادار
- من اقارب جيمس وات
- لكن جده واباه كانا يعملان في النجارة
- ولا يعرف عن طفولتة شيء تقريبا حتى في صفحته الرسمية
- فهو مجهول الطفولة

Sir Robert Watson Watt - Brechin's unsung war hero
Sir Robert Watson Watt is one of Brechin's most famous sons, yet the scientist who made the groundbreaking discoveries which led to the invention of the radar is also one of the world's most overlooked heroes.

Robert Watson Watt was born at 5 Union Street in Brechin on April 13, 1892, the son of a carpenter. From an early age, Robert showed a great interest in science and appeared likely to follow in the footsteps of his distant relative, James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.
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Sir Robert Watson-Watt inventor of Radar, a short life

There are numerous figures of whom it is said that Britain and her allies would have lost World War Two but for their contribution – Sir Robert Watson-Watt among them. Which of these was the most significant is hard to tell, but Watston-Watt’s pioneering role in the development of radar, and his direction of its establishment along Britain’s coast line in the late 1930s, was certainly pivotal during the Battle of Britain. Until Radar, there was no way of knowing if enemy aircraft were approaching, until they could be seen or heard.

The combination of Watson-Watt’s technology and the Radar operators from the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force gave the RAF just the kind of advantage they needed to defeat the larger and better equipped Luftwaffe. It is hard today to imagine the atmosphere in which Radar was developed. As the possibility of war in Europe became real, dozens of new technologies were considered in London and Berlin in the hope of gaining decisive advantage.

To ensure that Radar was deployed, Watson-Watt had to be an advocate, a committee man, a project manager and leader of a large team, as well as being scientifically brilliant. Those who worked with him at the Bawdsey research station on the Suffolk coast, from where the project was run, say that he was all of this and more. Professor Robert Hanbury Brown who was a junior member of Watson-Watt's staff described him as 'charismatic'.

*

Little in his background provides any clues that this is the course he would follow. Born in 1893 in Brechin, his father and grandfather were carpenters. He was schooled at the High School in Brechin, from which he gained a bursary to study at St Andrews – which he took up studying electrical engineering at University College in Dundee (then a constituent part of St Andrews). In 1915 he joined the Meteorological Office where we worked on methods of using radio to locate thunderstorms. It was this that would eventually lead him to radar.

The extent to which Watson-Watt actually invented Radar has been questioned. Certainly elements of Radar had been demonstrated well before the Second World War. What is without doubt, however, is that it was Watson-Watt who created a system that tied together the technological elements necessary to create an effective system and established a network that worked in the real world. To detect planes, huge masts were necessary, placed at strategic points along the coastline. In less than a year, 250 masts had been errected from Southampton to Scapa Flow and would eventually cover the entire British coastline.

After the war he was reportedly disappointed that he did not gain more recognition for his contribution to the allies’ victory. He established a practice as a consulting engineer, but in the 1950s moved to Canada, and later to the USA.

Quite what brought about his marriage to Kathryn Jane Trefusis Forbes is unclear. Even Watson-Watt’s keenest defenders concede that he had a tendency to pomposity and if he could use five words – particularly if they were long and technically derived – instead of one, he would. Certainly his autobiography bears this out. And, it is said that he left his first wife, who he married when he was 24, because he felt that she could not ‘keep up with him socially’. Their marriage was dissolved in 1952.

Nevertheless, at the age of 72, in 1966, he proposed the Dame Kathryn, and she accepted – although she herself was 67. From that time, they lived together in London in the winter, and at The Observatory in the summer. The marriage was not considered a universal success – certainly by members of Kathryn Jane’s family. Nevertheless, the couple stayed together until they died – Dame Kathryn in 1971, Watson-Watt in 1973. Both are buried in the church yard at Pitlochry.

There is a really good article about Watson-Watt’s work on radar at

http://www.radarpages.co.uk/people/w...atson-watt.htm - watson-watt

It is written by Watson-Watt’s close friend, collaborator and business partner, Professor Hanbury Brown, himself an eminent astronomer – he is credited with the establishment of Jodrell Bank and is a former President of the International Astronomical Union. His obituary appears elsewhere on the Radar pages.

Tim Dawson tim@timdawsn.demon.co.uk
Telephone: 07984 165251

John Moses Browning was the most famous and competent gunmaker the world has ever known. He was the son of Jonathan Browning, himself a highly competent gunsmith, and Elizabeth Clark.

John Moses was born January 23, 1855 in Ogden, Utah, U.S.A., where his father settled after the Mormon Exodus of 1847. It was in his father's shop that John Moses first learned the art and secrets of gunsmithing.

John Moses, however, was much more than a gunsmith in the sense that he was much more interested in designing and building new, innovative, firearms than repairing broken ones. His first creation was a single shot rifle he built at the age of 14 for his brother, Matt.

1879 was an eventful year for the Browings. Jonathan Browning died on June 21 and, soon thereafter, John Moses and his brothers started their own shop. There they first used steam powered tools, tools that were originally foot-powered but were converted by John Moses to get power from a steam engine. That year also saw John Moses marry Rachel Teresa Child, and his receipt of his first gun patent (No. 220.271) for the Breech-Loading Single Shot Rifle.

John and his brothers began producing this rifle in their Ogden shop but customer demand soon exceeded their shop's production capacity. They were unable to expand the "Browning Gun Factory," as their shop was called, because they lacked the capital required for expansion and didn't have a well established distribution channel to market their products. One has to note here that although John Moses Browning was very satisfied with the sales of his guns he was also very unhappy that the production chores and the daily work prohibited him from working on his new ideas.

A salesman for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company named Andrew McAusland happened to see one of John's Single Shot rifles in 1883. McAusland immediately bought one and sent it to Winchester's headquarters. The gun drew Winchester's interest and T. G. Bennet, Winchester's vice president and general manager, went to Ogden to buy the rights to Browning's gun. When Bennet arrived in Ogden, it didn't take long for the men to agree on the sale and Winchester paid John Moses $8,000 for the rights to produce the gun. The agreement was beneficial to both parties. Winchester was happy because they turned competitor into a benefactor, plus they added an excellent rifle to their product line. John Moses was equally happy because the money from the sale and the ensuing relationship with Winchester allowed him to concentrate on inventing things instead of manufacturing them.

From 1883 until 1902, John Moses Browning designed several firearms for Winchester. Some of them reached production status while others were never produced. They all, however, were ingenious and innovative designs. In addition to that first Single Shot Rifle, other guns that John Moses designed and which became best sellers were: Winchester Model 1886 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, Model 1887 Lever Action Repeating Shotgun, Model 1897 Pump Action Shotgun, Model 1894 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, Model 1895 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, etc.

4- الأخوان مونغولفييه
- جوزيف مايكل يتيم الام في سن العشرين

5- إلياس هاو مخترع ماكنة الخياطة..

- مجهول الطفولة من حيث علاقته مع الموت ..
- لكنه عاش طفولة صعبة وكان معتل الصحة في معظم الوقت ومات على اثر ذلك وهو صغير لما يتجاوز السابعة والاربعين...
- وحتى ان افكاره عن اختراع ماكنة الخياطة يقال انها جاءته في السرير وهو ينتظر الشفاء من المرض.
- ويلاحظ انه غادر المنزل في سن السادسة عشر للعمل بعد ان احس والده انه غير قادر على القيام باعمال الحقل الذي بدا يعمل فيه لمساعدته والده في سن السادسة.
- ولا شك انه عاش حياة ازمة ايضا.
.

Elias Howe, Jr. (/haʊ/; July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor and sewing machine pioneer.

Howe was born on July 9, 1819 to Dr. Elias Howe, Sr. and Polly (Bemis) Howe in Spencer, Massachusetts. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. Beginning in 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments.[1] It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine.

He married Elizabeth Jennings Ames, daughter of Simon Ames and Jane B. Ames on 3 Mar 1841 in Cambridge.[2] They had three children: Jane Robinson Howe, Simon Ames Howe, and Julia Maria Howe.

Read on and find out about our amazing young farmer who suffered from a weak constitution and was plagued by ill health. Ill health that finally stole him just as he was about to enjoy his rewards.

Elias Howe's story is a brief but turbulent one. It was one that touched the birth of the first proper sewing machine industry. Elias Howe knew all the pioneers in his field and most of the great names in the sewing business from Isaac Singer to Grover & Baker.

The humble sewing machine sparked the greatest manufacturing expansion in history and led to employment of millions.

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By the time Elias Howe Junior was six, yes six years old, he was working most days on his dad's farm. Also other work was brought in. One of Elias Howe juniors jobs was making cards for the cotton mills in the area. This amounted to placing wire teeth into lengths of leather to strip back the bales of cotton before thread making. Also for the napping of cloth, wool and felt. The cotton cards were then sent back to the cotton mills for use in their industry. It was early piece work.

Elias went to school in the quiet months, usually winter. By the age of 11 Elias went to work on a neighbouring farm but, homesick and unwell, he soon returned to the familiarity of home where he worked until he was 16. It became clear to Elias's father that his son was weaker than normal and as much as he wanted he could not do a hard days work on the farm without being exhausted.

Elias's dad always worried about his frail son and would take special care to help him any way he could. It was this help, later in life, which proved to be the lottery winner for his family. One day the poor sickly lad would become one of the richest men in the land.

It was while recuperating in bed that his first sewing machine thoughts were to take physical form. He would get up and scribble down his ideas. As soon as he was fit enough, and had the time, he would make the parts that he had thought of for his new invention. Sometimes it would work sometimes not.

He often joked to his dear wife I wish I could just lie here in bed for the rest of time. A wish that would sadly come true many years before it should.

6- الغواصة جون هولاند أمريكي 1891م ..
- يتيم الاب...في سن المراهقة ( ما بين الثانية عشرة والسابعة عشرة)
- كان معتل الصحة
- ولد في كوخ ما يزال قائم حتى الان.
- الابن الثاني من الزوجة الثانية.
- انتقلت العائلة الى مدينة Limerick وهو في سن الثانية عشرة.
- مات ابوه بعد انتقاله الى المدينة الجديدة اي بعد سن الثانية عشرة وعلى الاغلب في سن السابعة عشر حينما بدا العمل لاعالة العائلة.
- مات احد اخوته وهو في سن الرابعة.
- كان يعاني من ضعف البصر.
- مرض وهو في سن السابعة عشرة عام 1758 انقطع عن العمل لفترة حتى عام 1761 بسبب المرض.
- اشعلت الحرب الاهلية.د اثناء عمله في التدريس.
- وضع فكرة الغواصة خلال قيامه بالتدريس في أيرلندا بين عامي 1858 و1872 وكانت الحرب وكرهه لها احد الاسباب لوضع فكرة الغواصة.
- هاجر الى الولايات المتحدة عام 1773 ملتحقا باخوته ووالدته.
===

, inventor of the modern submarine, was born on 24 February 1841 in Liscannor, County Clare, the son of John Holland, a coastguard, and Mary Scanlon. Educated at Ennistymon and Limerick C.B.S. and taught in a number of their schools in Ireland, but in 1872 he emigrated with his family to America.

John Holland was born in February 1841 – most likely on the 24th – in the small village of Liscannor in County Clare on the west coast of Ireland. His father was a “riding officer” – essentially a roving coastal patrolman – for the British Coastguard Service, and John entered the world in a humble cottage – still standing there today – as the second of four sons from a second marriage. Little is known of Holland’s earliest education in Liscannor, but it is clear that he attended secondary school under the Christian Brothers, first in nearby Ennistymon, then in Limerick, where his family moved when he was 12. In school, Holland distinguished himself particularly in the physical sciences and contemplated a career at sea, but his poor eyesight and the necessity of helping to support the family after his father’s death – early in the Limerick years – diverted him to a teaching career with the Order of the Irish Christian Brothers
.
After taking initial vows with the order in 1858, Holland studied at the North Monastery School in Cork while serving as an apprentice teacher. Within two years, however, his frail health forced him into a period of recuperation that lasted until 1861, when he was assigned to the first of a series of teaching positions that culminated at Dundalk, north of Dublin, where he taught – mostly music – until 1873. During his early teaching career, Holland became interested in the problems of both flight and submarine navigation, and in the latter area, he prepared a preliminary concept for a one-man submersible, which allegedly he was able to test as a clockwork-driven model. These studies and his familiarity with the efforts of such earlier submarine designers as Van Drebbel, Bushnell, Fulton, and the Hunley builders soon convinced him that underwater vehicles were entirely feasible.
At this same time, the struggle for Irish freedom from Britain had escalated to actual rebellion in Limerick and elsewhere, and two of Holland’s brothers joined the independence movement. Amid the resulting unrest, his younger brother Michael soon fled to the United States, and in 1872 both his older brother Alfred and his mother followed. (A third brother, Robert, had died of cholera in 1845.) Consequently, with no remaining family ties in Ireland and his health failing again, John Holland withdrew from the Christian Brothers a year later and booked passage – in steerage – for America. He was 32.

John Philip Holland (Irish: Seán Pilib Ó hUallacháin / Ó Maolchalann) (29 February
1840 – 12 August 1914[1]) was an Irish engineer who developed the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy, and the first Royal Navy submarine, the Holland 1.
He is widely regarded as the father of the modern submarine for his designs.[2]

Early life]
He was one of four brothers who may have been born in Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland to an Irish speaking mother, Máire Ní Scannláin, and John Holland, and learned English properly only when he attended the local English-speaking National School system and, from 1858, in the Christian Brothers in Ennistymon.[4]
Holland joined the Irish Christian Brothers in Limerick and taught in Limerick & many other centres in the country including North Monastery CBS in Cork City and as the first Mathematics teacher in Colaiste Ris, Dundalk. Due to ill health, he left the Christian Brothers in 1873.[5]
Career

Holland emigrated to the United States in 1873. Initially working for an engineering firm, he returned to teaching again for a further six years in St. John’s Catholic School in Paterson, New Jersey.
Development of submarine designs

In 1875, his first submarine designs were submitted for consideration by the U.S. Navy, but turned down as unworkable. The Fenians, however, continued to fund Holland's research and development expenses at a level that allowed him to resign from his teaching post. In 1881, Fenian Ram was launched, but soon after, Holland and the Fenians parted company angrily, primarily due to issues of payment within the Fenian organization, and between the Fenians and Holland.[6] The submarine is now preserved at Paterson Museum, New Jersey.

Holland stands in the hatch of a submarine.

Holland continued to improve his designs and worked on several experimental boats, prior to his successful efforts with a privately built type, launched on 17 May 1897. This was the first submarine having power to run submerged for any considerable distance, and the first to combine electric motors for submerged travel and gasoline engines for use on the surface. She was purchased by the U.S. Navy, on 11 April 1900, after rigorous tests and was commissioned on 12 October 1900 as USS Holland. Six more of her type were ordered and built at the Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
The company that emerged from under these developments was called The Electric Boat Company, founded on 7 February 1899. Isaac Leopold Rice became the company's first President with Elihu B. Frost acting as vice president and chief financial officer. This company eventually evolved into the major defense contractor General Dynamics.
The USS Holland design was also adopted by others, including the Royal Navy in developing the Holland-class submarine. The Imperial Japanese Navy employed a modified version of the basic design for their first five submarines, although these submarines were at least 10 feet longer at about 63 feet. These submarines were also developed at the Fore River Ship and Engine Company in Quincy, MA.[citation needed]
John Philip Holland also designed the Holland II and Holland III prototypes.
The Royal Navy 'Holland 1' is on display at the Submarine Museum, Gosport, England

After spending 57 of his 74 years working with submersibles, John Philip Holland died on 12 August 1914 in Newark, New Jersey. Holland is interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Totowa, New Jersey.

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“Christopher Latham Sholes, inventor, was born in Columbia county, Penn., February 14, 1819. His ancestors were New Englanders and served with distinction in the Revolutionary army. His grandfather on the maternal side was a lineal descendant of John Alden.

“At the age of fourteen young Sholes was apprenticed to the editor of the Intelligencer, Danville, Pa., to learn the printing trade, but at the age of 18 determined to join his brother, then living in Green Bay, Wis. A year later, when but 19 years of age he took charge of the House Journal of the Territorial Legislature and carried it to Philadelphia, a long journey at that time, to be printed. At the age of 20 he went to Madison, and took charge of the Wisconsin Inquirer, owned by his brother Charles, and in 1840 at the age of 21, edited the Southport, afterwards Kenosha Telegraph, and four years later became the postmaster, [p.65] receiving his appointment from President Polk. Later, during his residence in Milwaukee he was postmaster of that city, and still later was appointed to the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and Collector of Customs. He was for a long time editor of the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel and the News.

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Encyclopedia of World Biography on Christopher Latham Sholes

Christopher Latham Sholes(1819-1890) has been called the "Father of the Typewriter." Although he did not invent it, he did develop the first practical commercial machine. Sholes also developed the Qwerty keyboard that is still in use today.

Sholes was born on February 14, 1819, near Mooresburg Pennsylvania. On his mother's side, his ancestry could be traced back to John and Priscilla Alden, the famous Pilgrims. His paternal grandfather had commanded a gunboat during the Revolutionary War. Sholes' father, Orrin, served in the War of 1812 and was rewarded for his service with a gift of land in Pennsylvania. In 1823, when Sholes was four, Orrin moved his family to Danville, Pennsylvania, were he ultimately apprenticed all four of his sons to become printers.

At the age of eighteen, Sholes went to Green Bay, Wisconsin to work for his brothers Henry and Charles, publishers of the Wisconsin Democrat. Two years later,...

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Christopher Sholes

AKA Christopher Latham Sholes

Born: 14-Feb-1819

Birthplace: Mooresburg, PA

Died: 17-Feb-1890

Gender: Male

Religion: Anglican/Episcopalian

Race or Ethnicity: White

Nationality: United States

Executive summary: Typewriter inventor, QWERTY keyboard

The first modern typewriter was designed by Christopher Sholes in 1868. He was a printer by trade, and familiar with the tedious, time-consuming process of typesetting. With help from two friends, Carlos Glidden and Samuel Soulé, he built his machine, which mimicked the appearance of typeset pages by impressing one inked character at a time onto paper. Sholes soon purchased his partners' shares in the invention, and then spent five more years trying to refine the rather cumbersome device.

The keys of Sholes' typewriter had been arranged in alphabetical order, but the mechanical bars which struck the paper consistently jammed, so he rearranged his keyboard, putting the letter-bars that had jammed most frequently farther apart. This arrangement of letters, commonly called "qwerty" for the first six keys in the upper left corner of the keyboard, has been the standard for typewriters ever since, and is used in modern word processors, personal computers, and other devices.

Still, Sholes grew frustrated tinkering with his machine and doubted that it could be manufactured and sold at a reasonable yet profitable price. He accepted a $12,000 offer from E. Remington and Sons Company (the gunmaker now known as Remington Arms Co.) and relinquished all rights to the machine. Remington's engineers made quick work of the remaining mechanical problems, and the company began selling typewriters in late 1873. The first Remington model, marketed as the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer", was not a great success, but Mark Twain bought one, and later described it as a "curiosity-breeding little joker".

Sholes is usually credited as the inventor of the typewriter, but certainly, his machine was not the first device that could mechanically put letters and words onto paper. Dozens of contraptions had accomplished this in different ways before Sholes began working on the problem.

In 1714, British mill worker Henry Mill received a patent for what he described as "an artificial machine or method for the impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print." The details of Mill's machinery have been lost to history.

In about 1808, an Italian inventor, Pellegrino Turri, built a device that allowed his blind friend to "type" notes. A few of the letters written on that machine have survived, but nothing is known about the machine itself or how it worked.

In 1829, William Burt of Detroit patented his "typographer", a machine with the alphabet laid out on a dial. The user would rotate a selection bar until it was over the desired character, then click a button to print that letter, somewhat similar to present-day novelty machines at carnivals.

In 1865, Denmark's Rasmus Malling-Hansen invented the skrivekugle, an elegant and brilliantly-engineered device in which paper was attached to a cylinder and rolled under a 'writing ball' that whirled under fifty-two densely-arranged buttons, which users pushed to select characters. Hansen's machine was quite popular in Scandinavia and it was certainly superior to Sholes' typewriter, but it faded from popularity as the machines made by Remington and its competitors became standard office equipment in America and across the world.

Father: Orrin Sholes

Brother: Charles Clark Sholes (newspaper publisher)

Brother: Henry Sholes

* * High School: Danville School, Danville, PA

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مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci was born in San Frediano, low-class area of the city of Florence, on April 13, 1808, while the city is under Napoleon rule. His family is poor and, even if he is admitted to the Art School [Accademia di Belle Arti], he cannot end his studies as he needs to start working very young. He changes many jobs, from custom employee propman for the “Pergola” theater in Florence. Here he builds an acoustic telephone: that is a telephone in which sound is conducted inside tubes. In the “Pergola” he meets Ester Mochi, a costumer, which he will marry.

1808–
1889) was an Italian inventor and also a friend and associate of the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi.[1][2] Meucci is best known for developing a voice communication apparatus which several sources credit as the first telephone.[3][4]
Meucci set up a form of voice communication link in his Staten Island, N.Y., home that connected its second floor bedroom to his laboratory.[5] He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current.

Early life

Meucci was born at Via dei Serragli 44 in the San Frediano borough of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, (now in the Italian Republic), on 13 April 1808, as the first of nine children to Amatis Meucci and Domenica Pepi.[6] Amatis was at times a government clerk and a member of the local police, and Domenica was principally a homemaker. Four of Meucci's siblings did not survive childhood.[2]
In November 1821, at the age of 15, he was admitted to Florence Academy of Fine Arts as its youngest student, where he studied chemical and mechanical engineering.[7] He ceased full-time studies two years later due to insufficient funds, but continued studying part-time after obtaining employment as an assistant gatekeeper and customs official for the Florentine government.[8] Meucci later became employed at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence as a stage technician, assisting Artemio Canovetti.[9]
In 1834 Meucci constructed a type of acoustic telephone to communicate between the stage and control room at the Teatro della Pergola. This telephone was constructed on the principles of pipe-telephones used on ships and still functions.[10]
He married costume designer Esterre Mochi, who was employed in the same theatre, on 7 August 1834.[11]

Meucci was alleged to be part of a conspiracy involving the Italian unification movement in 1833–1834, and was imprisoned for three months with Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi.[9][dead link