George Grossmith – Biography of a Savoyard
by catherine on May 2, 2009
George Grossmith (1847-1912) is, of course, cherished by the nation for having penned the inimitable The Diary of a Nobody with his younger brother Weedon.
ولد عام 1847
It is less well known that he was a talented entertainer, appearing in a number of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and also touring with his own show. Tony Joseph, in George Grossmith: Biography of a Savoyard, illuminates all areas of his life and career, giving a sense of his inestimable contribution to nineteenth-century culture.
Grossmith’s father, known as George I, was a Bow Street court reporter and also enjoyed giving public performances, particularly readings from Dickens’ novels. It was rumoured that his delivery was even better than that of the novelist himself.

كان والده والذي عرف بأسم جورج الاول حصفيا وممثلا

It is unfortunate that the news was broken to his wife in a rather thoughtless (although comic) manner. The club factotum announced on her doorstep: “I’ve come to tell you your husband’s dead, here’s the sausages we found in his pocket, and would you mind paying sixpence for having the handkerchief laundered one of the members put over his face.” History does not tell us the provenance of the sausages.
ويحكى ان طريقة اخبار زوجته عن موته كانت بالغة القسوة
.
Although that was a sad day for British opera-goers, it was a glorious day for literature, as Grossmith turned his attention to the creation of another comic character:
فشل في التمثيل واتجه نحو الكتابة
Mr Charles Pooter. The Diary of a Nobody was originally serialised in Punch, the first installment appearing in May 1888, and it has delighted readers ever since. The biography lists the events from Grossmith’s own life which influenced the mishaps and solecisms of Mr Pooter.

The oft-quoted “I left the room with silent dignity, but caught my foot in the mat” was inspired by the young Grossmith’s encounter with his father, who had accused him of drinking: “I bowed to my father with stilted politeness. But as I approached the door I most unfortunately caught my foot in the rug and absolutely rolled on the floor…”. He also used the Diary to parody his former partner, Florence Marryat. Her book There is No Death is referred to as There is No Birth by Florence Singleyet. We don’t know what she thought to this egregious pun, but she had already taken a pop at him in her earlier work, Tom Tiddler’s Ground.
This literary success was followed by a return to the comedy circuit. Recent developments in theatre had provided a new wealth of materials, and Grossmith created a piece called The Ibsenite Drama:
The death of his beloved wife in 1905 was another blow.
موت زوجته عام 1905 كان فاجعة اخرى
Ever the professional, he distracted himself by embarking upon a farewell tour which was punctuated by ill health.
عانا من المرض
Although still relatively young, his thousands of performances had caught up with him, and he looked and felt much older than his years.
كان يبدو اكبر من سنه
His last show was to be in Brighton, and the Brighton Gazette reported: “Never in our experience has he been in better form. Never has he displayed a prettier wit or launched his satiric arrows with truer aim.” Perhaps such plaudits made him decide this was a good point at which to bow out.
He retired to Folkestone and devoted his remaining energies to writing his memoirs. He died at 2am on 1st March 1912, anxiously awaiting a telegram to tell him whether George Junior had been accepted by the Beefsteak Club.

His father, also named George (1820–1880), was the chief reporter for The Times and other newspapers at the Bow Street Magistrates' Court and was also a lecturer and entertainer.
مات والده عام 1880 ( عندما كان كروسمث 33 عام )
His mother was Louisa Emmeline Grossmith née Weedon (d. 1882). Over the years, Grossmith's father spent less of his time at Bow Street and more of it touring as a performer.
ماتت امه عام 1882 أي بعد عامين من موت الاب وبينما كان كروسمث في الـ 35
In 1855, he went to boarding school at Massingham House on Haverstock Hill in the district of Hampstead.
في عام 1855 بينما كان في الـ 8 انضم الى مدرسة داخلية
There he studied the piano and began to amuse his friends and teachers with shadow pantomimes, and later by playing the piano by ear.

His family moved to Haverstock Hill when young Grossmith was 10, and he became a day student.
انتقلت العائلة الى هافرستوك هل عندما كان في العاشرة
At the age of 12, he transferred to the North London Collegiate School in Camden Town. He was back in St. Pancras by age 13.
انتقل الى مدرسة داخلية اخرى عندما كان في الـ 12 ثم عاد للاولى مرة اخرى عندما اصبح في الـ 13
Grossmith had hoped to become a barrister. Instead, he worked for many years, beginning in the 1860s, training and then substituting for his father as the Bow Street reporter for The Times, among other publications, when his father was on his lecture tours. Among the cases on which he reported was the Clerkenwell bombing by the Fenians in 1867.

In 1873, Grossmith married Emmeline Rosa Noyce (d. 1905), the daughter of a neighbourhood physician, whom he had met years earlier at a children's party. The couple had four children: George, Sylvia (23 September 1875–1932; married Stuart James Bevan in 1900), Lawrence and Cordelia Rosa (31 March 1879–1943).[6] The family lived initially in Marylebone before moving, about 1885, to 28 Dorset Square nearby.
تزوج عام 1885 وانجب اربعة اطفال وماتت زووجته عام 1905
The actor, famously jittery on opening nights, is depicted both on and off stage in the biographical film, Topsy Turvy. It was reported that he was addicted to morphine,[ and in the film he is shown injecting himself on the opening night of The Mikado.
كان مدمنا على المورفين بسبب خوفه عندما يصعد للمسرح وبسبب المرض
Later years
In 1892, Grossmith collaborated with his brother Weedon Grossmith to expand a series of amusing columns they had written in 1888–89 for Punch. The Diary of a Nobody was published as a novel and has never been out of print since. The book is a sharp analysis of social insecurity, and Charles Pooter of The Laurels, Brickfield Terrace, Holloway, was immediately recognized as one of the great comic characters of English literature>
كان كتابه مذكرات لا احد نقد لاذع لعدم الام الاجتماعي والذي لم تنقطع طباعته من يوم صدوره
Grossmith suffered from depression after the death of his wife of cancer in 1905, and his health began to fail, so that he increasingly missed engagements. He was nevertheless persuaded to continue giving his entertainments, which he did on a less frequent basis, until November 1908.[ The following year, Grossmith retired to Folkestone, Kent, a town that he had visited for many years, where he wrote his second volume of reminiscences, Piano and I (1910).
اصيب بالكآبه بعد موت زوجته عام 1905 وانقطع عن التمثيل الا ما ندر

Grossmith died at his home in Folkstone at the age of 64.
مات عن عمر 64 في عام 1908

Jude the Obscure
Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. While his works typically belong to the Naturalism movement, several poems display elements of the previous Romantic and Enlightenment periods of literature, such as his fascination with the supernatural.
روائي انجليزي ولد عام 1840 وكان متعدد المواهب وكان مفتونا بالقوى الخارقة
English poet and regional novelist, whose works depict the county "Wessex", named after the ancient kingdom of Alfred the Great. Hardy's career as writer spanned over fifty years. His earliest books appeared when Anthony Trollope (1815-82) wrote his Palliser series, and he published poetry in the decade of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Hardy's work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.
اعمال هاردي تعكس تشاؤمه الاجتماعي وشعوره بالمآساة في حياة الناس
"Critics can never be made to understand that that the failure may be greater than the success... To have the strength to roll a stone weighting a hundredweight to the top of a mountain is a success, and to have the strength to roll a stone of then hundredweight only halfway up that mount is a failure. But the latter is two or three times as strong a deed." (Hardy in his diary, 1907)
Thomas Hardy's own life wasn't similar to his stories. He was born in the village of Higher Bockhampton, on the edge of Puddletown Heath.
His father was a master mason and building contractor. With a certain pride the author once said, that although his ancestors never rose above the level of a master-mason, they never sunk below it.
كان والده يعمل في مجال البناء
Hardy's mother, whose tastes included Latin poets and French romances, provided for his education.
كانت امه مثقفه وكانت تعمل على تمويل دراسته
After schooling in Dorchester, Hardy was apprenticed to an architect.
كان يعمل بعد دوام المدرسة لدى مهندس معماري
He worked in an office, which specialized in restoration of churches. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, for whom he wrote 40 years later, after her death, a group of poems known as VETERIS VESTIGIAE FLAMMAE (Vestiges of an Old Flame).
تزوج في عام 1874 من ايما جفورد وبعد اربعين عام من الزواج وبعد موتها مجموعة من القصائد
At the age of 22 Hardy moved to London and started to write poems, which idealized the rural life.
في سن الـ 22 انتقل هاردي الى لندن وبدأ في كتابة القصائد
He was an assistant in the architectural firm of Arthur Blomfield, visited art galleries, attended evening classes in French at King's College, enjoyed Shakespeare and opera, and read works of Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and John Stuart Mills, whose positivism influenced him deeply.
In 1867 Hardy left London for the family home in Dorset, and resumed work briefly with Hicks in Dorchester. During this period of his life Hardy entered into a temporary engagement with Tryphena Sparks, a pretty and lively sixteen-year-old relative. Hardy continued his architectural career, but encouraged by Emma Lavinia Gifford, he started to consider literature as his "true vocation."
في عام 1867 عاد هاردي من لندن الى منطقة دورست
Hardy did not first find public for his poetry and the novelist George Meredith advised Hardy to write a novel.
THE POOR MAN AND THE LADY, written in 1867, was rejected by many publishers and Hardy destroyed the manuscript.
الف عام 1867 روايته الاولى السيدة الرجل الفقير ولكنها رفضت من قبل الناشرين واتلف هاردي النسخه
His first book that gained notice was FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD (1874). After its success Hardy was convinced that he could earn his living by his pen. Devoting himself entirely to writing, Hardy produced a series of novels.
TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES (1891) came into conflict with Victorian morality. It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire. In the story the poor villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy AlecD'Uberville. She becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy. Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare, a clergyman's son, who marries her. When Tess tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically deserts her. Tess becomes Alec's mistress. Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she is arrested and hanged.
Hardy's JUDE THE OBSCURE (1895) aroused even more controversy. The story dramatized the conflict between carnal and spiritual life, tracing Jude Fawley's life from his boyhood to his early death.
في روايته جود المغمور يحكي هاردي عن الصراع ببن الحياة الجسدية الروحية وهي عبارة عن سجل لحياة جود من سن الطفولة وحتى مماته المبكر.
Jude marries Arabella, but deserts her. He falls in love with his cousin, hypersensitive Sue Bridehead, who marries the decaying schoolmaster, Phillotson, in a masochist fit. Jude and Sue obtain divorces, but their life together deteriorates under the pressure of poverty and social disapproval. The eldest son of Jude and Arabella, a grotesque boy nicknamed 'Father Time', kills their children and himself. Broken by the loss, Sue goes back to Phillotson, and Jude returns to Arabella. Soon thereafter Jude dies, and his last words are: "Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul?".
In 1896, disturbed by the public uproar over the unconventional subjects of two of his greatest novels, Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, Hardy announced that he would never write fiction again. A bishop solemnly burnt the book, "probably in his despair at not being able to burn me", Hardy noted.
قام احد رجال الدين باحراق اروع روايتان له بسبب رفض افكارها التي كشفت عيوب المجتمع التقليدي
Hardy's marriage had also suffered from the public outrage - critics on both sides of the Atlantic abused the author as degenerate and called the work itself disgusting. In April, 1912, Hardy wrote:
"Then somebody discovered that Jude was a moral work - austere in its treatment of a difficult subject - as if the writer had not all the time said in the Preface that it was meant to be so. Thereupon many uncursed me, and the matter ended, the only effect of it on human conduct that I could discover being its effect on myself - the experience completely curing me of the further interest in novel-writing."
By 1885 the Hardys had settled near Dorchester at Max Gate, a house designed by the author and built by his brother, Henry. With the exceptions of seasonal stays in London and occasional excursions abroad, his Bockhampton home, "a modest house, providing neither more nor less than the accommodation ... needed" (as Michael Millgate describes it in his biography of the author) was his home for the rest of his life.
After giving up the novel, Hardy brought out a first group of Wessex poems, some of which had been composed 30 years before. During the remainder of his life, Hardy continued to publish several collections of poems. "Hardy, in fact, was the ideal poet of a generation. He was the most passionate and the most learned of them all. He had the luck, singular in poets, of being able to achieve a competence other than by poetry and then devote the ending years of his life to his beloved verses." (Ford Madox Ford in The March of Literature, 1938) Hardy's gigantic panorama of the Napoleonic Wars, THE DYNASTS, composed between 1903 and 1908, was mostly in blank verse. Hardy succeeded on the death of his friend George Meredith to the presidency of the Society of Authors in 1909. King George V conferred on him the Order of Merit and he received in 1912 the gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature.
Hardy kept to his childless marriage with Emma Gifford although it was unhappy and he had - or he imagined he had - affairs with other women passing briefly through his life.
حافظ هاردي على زواجه من ايما على الرغم انه لم ينجب اطفال وعلى الرغم انه كان زواج غير سعيد وكان يتخيل علاقات مع اخريات
Emma Hardy died in 1912 and in 1914 Hardy married his secretary, Florence Emily Dugdale, a woman in her 30's, almost 40 years younger than he. Their relationship had started from a fan letter she sent him.
ماتت زوجته عام 1912 وتزوج مرة اخرى من سكرتيرته عام 1914 وكان الفرق في السن تقريبا 40 سنه وقد بدات العلاقة من رسالة من معجبه ارسلت له
From 1920 through 1927 Hardy concentrated on his autobiography, which was disguised as the work of Florence Hardy. It appeared in two volumes (1928 and 1930). Hardy's last book was HUMAN SHOWS, FAR PHANTASIES, SONGS AND TRIFLES (1925). WINTER WORDS IN VARIOUS MOODS AND METRES appeared posthumously in 1928.
Hardy died in Dorchester, Dorset, on January 11, 1928.
مات هاردي عام 1928
Hardy bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. The center of his novels was the rather desolate and history-freighted countryside around Dorchester. In the early 1860s, after the appearance Darwin's Origin of Species (1859), Hardy's faith was still unshaken, but he soon adopted the mechanical-determinist view of universe's cruelty, reflected in the inevitably tragic and self-destructive fates of his characters. In his poems Hardy depicted rural life without sentimentality - his mood was often stoically hopeless. "Though he was a modern, even a revolutionary writer in his time, most of us read him now as a lyrical pastoralist. It may be a sign of the times that some of us take his books to bed, as if even his pessimistic vision was one that enabled us to sleep soundly." (Anatole Broyard in New York Times, May 12, 1982)

تابع


تاموس هاردي

Life
His father Thomas (d.1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima (d.1904) was well-read.
مات ابوه عام 1892 وماتت امه عام 1904
She educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at age eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester.
في سن الثامنة انضم الى اول مبدرسة له في منطقة بوكهامتن ولا بد ان هذه مدرسة داخلية مما شكل انفصال عن الاهل
Here he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. However, a family of Hardy's social position lacked the means for a university education, and his formal education ended at the age of sixteen when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.
لم يسمح له الفقر باكمال دراسته الجامعية وانتهت دراسته في سن السادسة عشره حيث بدأ يعمل لدى معماري
Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College, London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. Hardy never felt at home in London. He was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority.
التحق في لندن باحدى الكليات وكان قد انتقل الى لندن للعمل لدى احدى المعماريين وبقي هناك خمس سنوات وكان هناك يشعر بالغربة
Five years later, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset and decided to dedicate himself to writing.
بعد خمس سنوات في لندن ولاسباب سحصة عاد الى منطقة دورست حيث قرر ان يكرس نفسه للكتابة
Although he later became estranged from his wife, her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him.
كان لموت زوجته ورغم الخلاف بينهما اثر مزلزلا
Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks. Twelve records survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s. Research into these provided insight into how Hardy kept track of them and how he used them in his later work. In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891: compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.

In a recent biography on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife, Emma, beginning with the elegies he wrote in her memory, calling these poems, "one of the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry."
في احدى الدراسات عنه كتبت كلير انه لم يصبح شاعر بحق الا بعد موت زوجته ايما
الى هنا

- اظهرت اعمال الروائية وعيه بالالم الذي يعايه الناس في صراعهم من اجل الحياة
- كان الاول من بين اربعة اخوة وولد في منطقة دورست وقد ولد صغير الحجم وكان يعتقد انه ولد ميتا
- ظل قصير القامة ولم يزد طوله عن 5 اقدام الا قليل

Most striking, initially, is Childers' Edwardian phraseology. He writes-
I have read of men who, when forced by their calling to live for long periods in utter solitude - save for a few black faces - have made it a rule to dress regularly for dinner in order to maintain their self-respect and prevent a relapse into barbarism.
This is Childers' opening sentence. And honestly, though not remotely a diatribe on the nature of savages, the book continues throughout in the style of a haughty, Edwardian Englishman's reflection.
For me personally, a constant part of Childers' satire is his main protagonist's angst at the lack of domestic servants throughout his lengthy ordeal. A typical reflection upon a dinner runs - No servants appeared. We waited upon ourselves. -
Since Erkine Childers himself was a formidable sailor, an accomplished soldier, an able scholar and something of a writer, in real life, he was clearly neither of the central characters in his book, though he possesses aspects of both of them. And I believe that his portrayal of Carruthers, his narrator, as something of a conceited buffoon, was intended as a swipe directly at the men of influence who surrounded Childers while he wrote.
The main character describes himself thusly- a man of condition and fashion, who knows the right people, belongs to the right clubs -
And of the story itself? It's dated. It's written in a style which owes far more to exactitude than to entertainment. Throughout all of its three hundred pages Childers plots, maps and charts the Friesian coastline. He gives us wind speeds and water depths. At times the reader gets the impression that Childers wants him to become an able sailor too. To be fair to Childers though, I'm sure he wrote with regard to who would read his story. And I suspect that today we'd prefer to sacrifice many of the nautical directions in favour of some more interesting plot developments.
Review by Patrick Mackeown, September 2007

Robert Erskine Childers DSC (25 June 1870 – 24 November 1922), universally known as Erskine Childers, was the author of the influential novel Riddle of the Sands and an Irish nationalist, who was executed by the authorities of the nascent Irish Free State during the Irish Civil War.
ايرلندي وطني تم اعدامه خلال الحر الاهلية الايرلندية
He was the son of British Orientalist scholar Robert Caesar Childers; the cousin of Hugh Childers and Robert Barton; and the father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine Hamilton Childers.

Childers was born in Mayfair, London, the second son to Robert Caesar Childers, a translator and oriental scholar from an ecclesiastical family, and Anna Mary Henrietta, née Barton, from an Anglo-Irish landowning family of Glendalough House, Annamoe, County Wicklow[5] with interests in France such as the winery that bears their name.
ولد في لندن عام 1870
When Erskine was six his father died from tuberculosis and, although seemingly healthy, Anna was confined to an isolation hospital, where she was to die six years later.
مات والده بمرض السل عندما كان روبرت في الـ 6 وتم عزل والدتة بعد موت والده في حجر صحي داخل مستشفى للحجر الصحي وماتت بعد ذلك بستة سنوات اي عندما كان روبرت في سن الـ 12
The children, by this time numbering five, were sent to the Bartons at Glendalough. They were treated kindly there and Erskine came to identify himself closely with the country of Ireland, albeit at that stage from the comfortable viewpoint of the "Protestant Ascendancy".
ارسل الاولاد وعددهم خمسة الى ايرلندا للعيش لدى احد الاعمام
At the recommendation of his grandfather, CanonCharles Childers, he was sent to Haileybury College. There he won an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge, studying the classical tripos and then law. He distinguished himself as the editor of Cambridge Review, a university magazine. Notwithstanding his unattractive voice and poor debating skills, he became president of the Trinity College Debating Society (the "Magpie and Stump" society). Although Erskine was an admirer of his cousin Hugh Childers, a member of the Cabinet in favour of Irish home rule, he spoke vehemently against the policy in college debates.
A sciatic injury sustained while hill walking in the summer before he went up, and which was to dog him for the rest of his life, had left him slightly lame and he was unable to pursue his intention of earning a rugby blue, but he became a proficient rower.
تعرض لاصابة في ظهره واصبح اعرج بسببها
Having gained his degree in law, and with the vague intention of one day following cousin Hugh into parliament as an MP, Childers sat the competitive entry examination to become a parliamentary clerk. He was successful and early in 1895 he became a junior committee clerk, with the responsibility of preparing formal and legally sound bills from the proposals of the government of the day.
درس القانون

With many sporting ventures now closed to him because of his persisting sciatic injury, Childers was encouraged by Walter Runciman, a friend from schooldays, to take up sailing.
بسبب الاصابة في ظهره نصحه احد الاصدقاء ان يمارس الابحار وفعل
After picking up the fundamentals of seamanship as a deckhand on Runciman's yacht, in 1893 he bought his own vessel, the "scrubby little yacht" Sheila, which he learned to sail alone on the Thames estuary. Bigger and better boats followed: by 1895 he was taking the half-deck Marguerite across the Channel and in 1897 there was a long cruise to the Frisian Islands, Norderney and the Baltic with his brother Henry in the thirty-foot cutter Vixen: a voyage he repeated in the following spring. These were the adventures he was to fictionalise in 1903 as The Riddle of the Sands, his most famous book.
رحلات النهرية كانت اساس عمله الابداعي الروائي لغز الرمال
In 1903 Childers, now accompanied by his new wife Molly, was again cruising in the Frisian Islands, in Sunbeam, a boat he shared with William le Fanu and other friends from his university days. However his father-in-law, Dr Hamilton Osgood, had arranged for a fine 28-ton yacht, Asgard, to be built for the couple as a wedding gift and Sunbeam was only a temporary measure while Asgard was being fitted out.
"Asgard" was Childers's last, and most famous, yacht: in June 1914 he used it to smuggle a cargo of 900 elderly but serviceable Mauser Model 1871 rifles and 29,000 rounds of black powdercartridge ammunition to the Irish Volunteers movement at the fishing village of Howth, Co Dublin (later known as the "Howth gun-running"). It was acquired by the Irish government as a sail training vessel in 1961, stored on dry land in the yard of Kilmainham Gaol in 1979, and finally becoming a static exhibit at The National Museum of Ireland in 1997.

As with most men of his social background and education, Childers was a steadfast believer in the British Empire. Indeed for an old boy of Haileybury, a school founded to train young men for colonial service in India, this outlook was almost inevitable, although he had given the matter some critical consideration. In 1898, then, as negotiations over the voting rights of British settlers in the Boer territories of Transvaal and Orange Free State failed and the Boer War broke out, he needed little encouragement when in December Basil Williams, a colleague at Westminster and already a member of the volunteerHonourable Artillery Company, suggested that they should enlist together.[ It was, therefore, as an artilleryman that Childers joined the City Imperial Volunteers, something of an ad-hoc force comprising soldiers from different territorial regiments, but funded by City institutions and provided with the most modern equipment. He was classed as a "driver", caring for a pair of horses and riding them in the gun train. The unit set off for South Africa on 2 February 1900 and here Childers's sailing experience was useful: most of the new volunteers, and their officers, were seasick and it largely fell to him to care for the troop's thirty horses.
After the three-week voyage it was something of a disappointment that the HAC detachment was, initially, not used. It was not until 26 June, while escorting a supply train of slow ox-wagons, that Childers first experienced enemy fire, in three days of skirmishing in defence of the column. However it was a smartly executed defence of a beleaguered infantry regiment on 3 July that established their worth and more significant engagements followed. On 24 August Childers was evacuated from the front line, not as the result of a wound but from a type of trench foot, to hospital in Pretoria. The seven-day journey happened to be in the company of wounded infantrymen from Cork, Ireland, and Childers noted approvingly how cheerfully loyal to Britain the men were, how resistant to any incitement in support of Irish home rule and how they had been let down only by the incompetence of their officers. This is a striking contrast to the attitude he was to note towards the end of the First World War when conscription in Ireland was under consideration: "...young men hopelessly estranged from Britain and...anxious to die in Ireland for Irish liberty." After a chance meeting with his brother Henry, also suffering from a foot injury, he rejoined his unit, only for it to be despatched to England on 7 October 1900.
اصيب في الحرب وتم نقله من الجبه الى بريتوريا للعلاج

In autumn 1903 Childers travelled to the United States as part of a reciprocal visit between the Honourable Artillery Company of London and the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts of Boston.
سافر الى الولايات المتحدة
At the end of the official visit he elected to remain and explore New England on a hired motor cycle. One day by chance the machine broke down outside the Beacon Hill home of Dr Hamilton Osgood, a prominent physician in the city. Childers diffidently knocked to borrow a spanner but, as a visitor with the celebrated HAC, he was invited in for dinner and introduced to Dr Osgood's younger daughter, Mary Alden ("Molly") Osgood.[40] The liberal English author and the well read republican heiress found each other congenial company.[41] The hospitable Dr Osgood organised the rest of Childers's stay, with much time shared with Molly, and the pair were married at Boston's Trinity Church on 5 January 1904.
Childers returned to London with his new wife and resumed his position in the House of Commons. His reputation as an influential author gave the couple access to the political establishment, which Molly relished, but at the same time she set to work to rid Childers of his already faltering imperialism.[42] In her turn Molly developed a strong admiration for Britain, its institutions and, as she then saw it, its willingness to go to war in the interests of smaller nations against the great.[43] Over the next seven years they lived comfortably in their rented flat in Chelsea, supported by Childers's salary—he had received promotion to the position of parliamentary Clerk of Petitions in 1903—his continuing writings and, not least, generous benefactions from Dr Osgood.[44] Molly, despite a severe weakness in the legs following a childhood injury,[45] took enthusiastically to sailing, first in the Seagull and later on many voyages in her father's gift, the Asgard. Throughout their marriage Childers wrote frequently to his wife and his letters show that the couple lived in great contentment during this time.[5][46] Three sons were born: Erskine in December 1905, Henry, who died before his first birthday, in February 1907, and Robert Alden in December 1910.[47]

Childers was secretary-general of the Irish delegation that negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty with the British government. He stayed at the delegation headquarters in Hans Place throughout the period of the negotiations, 11 October – 6 December 1921. Childers became vehemently opposed to the final draft of the agreement, particularly the clauses that required Irish leaders to take an Oath of Allegiance to the British king. The Treaty was approved by a Dáil vote of 64–57 in January 1922. In the course of the debates some felt that Childers had been insulted by Arthur Griffith, and the matter was in turn debated in June.[102] The treaty continued to divide Sinn Féin and the IRA, and Ireland descended into civil war on 28 June 1922.
In November, Childers was arrested by Free State forces at his home in Glendalough, County Wicklow, while travelling to meet De Valera. He was tried by a military court on the charge of possessing a Spanish-made "Destroyer" .32 calibre semi-automatic pistol on his person in violation of the Emergency Powers Resolution. The pistol had been a gift from Michael Collins while the two men had been on the same side, indeed, were friends, before Collins became head of the pro-treaty Provisional Government.[105] Childers was convicted by the military court and sentenced to death. While his appeal against the sentence was still pending, Childers was executed by firing squad at the Beggar's Bush Barracks in Dublin. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
Before his execution, in a spirit of reconciliation, Childers obtained a promise from his then 16-year-old son, the future President Erskine Hamilton Childers, to seek out and shake the hand of every man who had signed his father's death warrant. Childers himself shook hands with each member of the firing squad that was about to execute him. His last words, spoken to them, were (characteristically) in the nature of a joke: "Take a step or two forward, lads. It will be easier that way."[110]
Winston Churchill, who had actively pressured Michael Collins and the Free State government to make the treaty work by crushing the rebellion, expressed the widely held view of Childers at the time: "No man has done more harm or done more genuine malice or endeavoured to bring a greater curse upon the common people of Ireland than this strange being, actuated by a deadly and malignant hatred for the land of his birth."[111] Some Irish (principally those against the treaty) claimed
Childers's execution was politically motivated revenge, an expedient method of halting the continuing flow of anti-British political texts for which Childers was widely credited.

- برطاني لكنه عاش في ايرلندا وتحول لاحقا الى عدو لبريطانيا وقد تم اعدامه خلال الحرب الاهلية الايرلندية بسبب عداءه لبريطانيا.
- ولد في لندن عام 1870
- مات والده بمرض السل عندما كان روبرت في الـ 6 وتم عزل والدتة بعد موت والده في حجر صحي داخل مستشفى للحجر الصحي وماتت بعد ذلك بستة سنوات اي عندما كان روبرت في سن الـ 12
- ارسل الاولاد وعددهم خمسة الى ايرلندا للعيش لدى احد الاعمام
- تعرض لاصابة في ظهره واصبح اعرج بسببها
- درس القانون
- بسبب الاصابة في ظهره نصحه احد الاصدقاء ان يمارس الابحار وفعل
- رحلات النهرية كانت اساس عمله الابداعي الروائي لغز الرمال
- اصيب في الحرب وتم نقله من الجبه الى بريتوريا للعلاج
- سافر الى الولايات المتحدة

The Call of the Wild is a novel by American writer Jack London. The plot concerns a previously domesticated dog named Buck, whose primordial instincts return after a series of events leads to his serving as a sled dog in the Yukon during the 19th-century Klondike Gold Rush, in which sled dogs were bought at generous prices.
رواية تدور حول كلب اسمه بك
Published in 1903, The Call of the Wild is London's most-read book, and it is generally considered his best, the masterpiece of his so-called "early period". Because the protagonist is a dog, it is sometimes classified as a juvenile novel, but it is dark in tone and contains numerous scenes of cruelty and violence. The Yeehat, a group of Alaska Natives portrayed in Call of the Wild, were a figment of London's imagination.

“Old longings nomadic leap,
Chafing at custom’s chain;
Again from its brumal sleep
Wakens the ferine strain.”
The novel opens with the first quatrain of John Myers O'Hara's poem, Atavism. The stanza outlines one of the main motifs of the novel, that Buck, raised in the "sun-kissed" Santa Clara Valley, has reverted to innate instincts of wolf-like savagery due to his captors' brutality and their having thrust him into the harsh Northland environment where The Law of Club and Fang reigns supreme.

Buck, a powerful Saint Bernard-Scotch shepherd dog, lives a comfortable life in the Santa Clara Valley with his owner, Judge Miller. One day, Manuel, the Judge's gardener's assistant, steals Buck and sells him in order to pay a gambling debt. Buck is then shipped to the "man in the red sweater" to be broken. Then Buck is shipped to Alaska and sold to a pair of French Canadians named François and Perrault (for $300), who were impressed with his physique. They train him as a sled dog, and he quickly learns how to survive the cold winter nights and the pack society by observing his teammates. He and the vicious, quarrelsome lead dog, Spitz, develop a rivalry. Buck eventually bests Spitz in a major fight, and after Spitz is defeated, the other dogs close in, killing him. Buck then becomes the leader of the team.
القصة تتحدث عن صراع بين كلبين
Eventually, Buck is sold to a man named Charles, his wife, Mercedes, and her brother, Hal, who know nothing about sledding nor surviving in the Alaskan wilderness. They struggle to control the sled and ignore warnings not to travel during the spring melt. They first overfeed the dogs, then when their food supply starts running out, they do not feed them at all. As they journey on, they run into John Thornton, an experienced outdoorsman who notices that all of the sled dogs are in terrible shape from the ill treatment of their handlers. Thornton warns the trio against crossing the river, but they refuse to listen and order Buck to move on. Exhausted, starving, and sensing the danger ahead, Buck refuses and continues to lay unmoving in the snow. After being beaten by Hal, Thornton recognizes him as a remarkable dog and is disgusted by the driver's beating of the dog. Thornton cuts him free from his traces and tells the trio he's keeping him, much to Hal's displeasure. After some argument, the trio leaves and tries to cross the river, but as Thornton warned, the ice gives way and the three fall into the river along with the neglected dogs and sled.
As Thornton nurses Buck back to health, Buck comes to love him and grows devoted to him. Buck saves Thornton when the man falls into a river.
ينقذه احد الرجال من سوء المعاملة في الاسكا وهو بدور ينقذ الرجل بعد ان سقط في النهر
Thornton then takes him on trips to pan for gold. During one such trip, a man makes a wager with Thornton over Buck's strength and devotion. Buck wins the bet by breaking a half-ton sled out of the frozen ground, then pulling it 100 yards by himself, winning over a thousand dollars in gold dust. Thornton and his friends return to their camp and continue their search for gold, while Buck begins exploring the wilderness around them and begins socializing with a wolf from a local pack. One night, he returns from a short hunt to find his beloved master and the others in the camp have been killed by a group of Yeehat Indians. Buck eventually kills the Indians to avenge Thornton.
يقتل من قتل صاحبه
After realizing his old life is a thing of the past, Buck follows the wolf into the forest and answers the call of the wild. Every year Buck comes to mourn for Thornton the place where he died.
يعود لينضم الى الذئاب في الغاب وكان في كل عام يأتي حيث قتل من انقده من سوء المعاملة ليبكيه

جاك لندن بالانجليزية (Jack London)
ولد جاك لندن عام 1876 في أمريكا، ومات هناك عام 1916. كان والده كاهنا يمتهن التنجيم وقراءة الغيب والممحيّ، ولهذا يُعَرَّف جاك لندن في الأدبيات الاشتراكيةوالماركسية بأنه يتحدر من الشريحة البرجوازية الصغيرة، يعمل في خدمة الكادحين. وتجرع جاك لندن مرارة الحياة، وامتهن أعمالا مختلفة، من صحافة، وعامل في المعامل، وقطع الطريق، والشرطة البحرية، وقبطان سفينة، وطالبا، ومراسلا صحفيا، وعامل منجم وسواها.
انضم جاك لندن عام 1879 وله من العمر 3 سنوات إلى جماعة " الاشتراكيين- العموميين" الذين شكلوا حلقات دراسية لدراسة بيان الحزب الشيوعي، وكتابات ماركسوكانطونيتشهوسبنسر. كما أنتدبته أحزاب ومنظمات اشتراكية لتمثيلها في أعمال المجالس البلدية، وشارك في اجتماعات الاشتراكيين في أمريكا بخطاباته الثورية.
وقد مات بسبب الإجهاد الشديد والمرض والإدمان على الكحول والانهيار الروحي، وقد بلغ 40 عاما، ويقال إنه قد انتحر.
يركز جاك لندن في كتاباته على أن الصراع الطيقي بين العمال والرأسماليين أمر لا بد منه، وهو يروج طوال عمره للأفكار الاشتراكية، والثورة العمالية القادمة. وكان ينتقد باستمرار النظام الرأسمالي، ويفضح القوانين اللاإنسانية الجائرة ،و يفضح الخصال السبعية للرأسمالية وجشعها اللامحدود. وكان يدعو إلى تجديد روح الاشتراكية دوما، وإلى حماية البيئة وجمال الطبيعة الواهبة لسعادة الحياة وبهجتها. لقد تنوعت الثيمات في كتاباته التي اشتركت كلها في مقاربة مسألتي علاقة الإنسان بالطبيعة، وعلاقة الفرد بالمجتمع. وقد كتب قصص مغامرات أبطالها حيوانات، مثل رواية «أبيض الناب».
يحسب جاك لندن رواية "أهالي قعر المجتمع" من أفضل كتاباته، وهي قصة مكتوبة وفق المدرسة الطبيعية عام 1903، وتدور أحداثها في أحياء فقراء أحياء الصفيح في لندن.
أما رواية " القدم الحديدية" والتي جعلت من الكاتب من أكثر الكتّاب شعبية عند العمال والكادحين والمثقفين ذوي الإتجاهات الاشتراكية، فهي تصوير لمستقبل البشرية، ورواية هادفة، تمثل أحداثها ثورة المضطهدين، ونضال العمال الدامي في أمريكا، وتنبئ باقتراب ظهور الفاشستية في أوروبا. هذه الرواية الفذة تعتبر اليوم إنجيل الاشتراكية والاشتراكيين، لقد وضعها جاك لندن عام 1906 فصور فيها حتمية انتصار الاشتراكية وحتمية انهيار الرأسمالية، والصراع الرهيب الذي لا بد أن يدور بين معسكري التقدمية والرجعية، والأساليب الجهنمية التي تلجأ إليها الرأسمالية في صراعها من أجل البقاء.
والأطرف في هذه " الرواية- المعجزة" أن جاك لندن وضعها على لسان زوجة البطل، وتخيل أنه عثر عليها من طرق المصادفة بوصفها مخطوطة كتبت في عهود الظلام، ومن أجل ذلك راح يضع لها الحواشي والشروح، مفترضا أنه يكتب تلك الحواشي والشروح بعد سبعة قرون انقضت على بزوغ فجر الاشتراكية ليصف بعض ظواهر الحياة الغربية في العهد القديم.
و اليو م من أجل انشاء مجتمع اشتراكي جديد أحوج ما نكون إلى الإطلاع على هذه الرواية الفريدة لنزداد إيمانا بالمبادئ الاشتراكية ولنزداد يقظة واحتراسا من مؤامرات "القدم الحديدية"، وجرائمها بحق الإنسانية. و" القدم الحديدية" اسم أطلقه جاك لندن على الراسمالية الاحتكارية التي تتطلع إلى سحق الطبقات الكادحة بالنار والحديد.
يرى تروتسكي أن " القدم الحديدية" أفضل وثيقة توضح عملية تشكّل الفاشية، ويعتبرها اطارا تحليليا للمظالم التي تتعرض لها البشرية على يد الراسمالية، وأن بطل الرواية يمثل مصير البشرية كلها وهي تعاني في عصر عبادة الربح وفظاعة الاستغلال. و ثمة نقاد لا يستبعدون أن يكون الروائي جورج أورويل قد كتب روايته " 1984" تحت تأثير "القدم الحديدية".
أمّا رواية "مارتين ايدن" فهي كتاب تعليمي يتضمن أفكار جاك لندن ومواقفه الفكرية والسياسية وتحولاتها.
وفي رواية " ذئب البحر" المصورة سينمائيا نتطلع على القبطان لارس الذي يذكّنا خلال صراعاته القاسية مع الطبيعة والمجتمع بإنسان نيتشة المتفوق. وإن من دواعي محبوبية جاك لندن وشهرته التي أطبقت الأفاق هو أنه بين أعوام 1913, 1958 تم تصوير حوالي 42 عملا من أعماله الروائية والقصصية أفلاما، شاهدها الناس في أرجاء العالم.
بالإضافة إلى لينين، أبدى قادة ومفكرون شيوعيون آخرون اعجابهم بجاك لندن، مثل تروتسكي وبوخارين وراداك، وأكدوا جميعهم على بعد نظر الكاتب، وتوسع آفاقه الفكرية والسياسية في رواية «العقب الحديدية».
لم يقتصر إبداع جاك لندن على كونه كاتبا اشتراكيا يدافع عن العدالة والحق ن ويناضل في سبيل مستقبل استراكي للبشرية، بل كان مبدعاً كبيرا في قصص المغامرات والطبيعة والحيوانات أيضا. وقد تركت كتاباته وأفكاره الثورية ومواهبه الإبداعية العظيمة تأثيرا عظيما على الأدب والثورة الأممية العمالية رغم التناقضات التي انتابته وأفكاره.
اعتبرته البرجوازية الحاكمة في زمانه ولسنوات عديدة مخربا ومعاديا للديمقراطية الأمريكية، ومنعت كتبه من التداول، وطردت من المكتبات العامة. وقال عنه روزفلت الرئيس الأمريكي إن جاك لندن ليس فقط يجهل معلومات عن الذئاب، بل أنه غافل حتى عن كلاب أمريكا، ورغم كل ذلك طبعت عام 1975 في أمريكا 17 شكلا من رواية " نداء البرية"، وكانت أكبر بيستسيلر، وأعدت للأطفال والناشئين في أشكال عديدة. وكم حاولت النخبة البرجوازية المثقفة في أمريكا تصوير جاك لندن كاتب للنشئ فقط، ينشر تعاليم داروينية، وفكرة حرب الجميع ضد الجميع غي تنازع البقاء، وأن القراء الشبان يتحولون إلى ذئاب تحت تأثير مطالعة كتبه، فلم تفلح فعادت رواياته السياسية إلى واجهة هذه الأيام أيضا.
يستغل النقاد البرجوازيون العناصر الداروينية والنيتشوية، لتشويه جاك لندن وتغليب تلك العناصر على أفكاره الاشتراكية. فقد كانت حقا، آثارجاك لندن مثلها مثل حياته ملؤها التناقصات، فهي تحتوى على الداروينية، والإنسانية المسيحية، والعدمية الطبيعية، والجبرية الاجتماعية والبطولية الفردية الاشتراكية. ولكنه كان مثال الطليعي المناضل في سبيل الاشتراكية، وتحقيق العدالة والمساواة في نظر الاشتراكيين. وكان يرى فيه النقاد الأدبين أستاذ كتابة القصة القصيرة. ويقول فرانس يونج إن تراجيديا جاك لندن مثل جميع كتّاب أمريكا تكمن في أنه لا يستطيع أن يحسم الاتجاه الفكري والسياسي الذي ينبغي أن يخطه لمسر حياته، فهو حائر بين الكتابة للسوق والناشر أم يكتب لتحرير البشرية. وفي رأي ايتون سينكلر، أن جاك لندن كان نصير الكادحين، وأن دموعه التي ذرفها على فقراء شرق لندن تشبه الدموع التي سكبها المسيح حين بكى على سكان القدس. ورغم كل الآراء التي تناقضت عن جاك لندن، ورغم بعض كتاباته هابطة المستوى الفني، فإن الجميع بمختلف مشاربهم الفكرية والسياسية متفقون على أنه كاتب عظيم ومبدع كبير، وظاهرة أدبية عظيمة ظهرت في أمريكا في القرن الماضي.

John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney, January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone.[6] He is best remembered as the author of Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life".[citation needed] He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf.
Prolific American novelist and short story writer, whose works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and the struggle for survival. London's identification with the wilderness has made him popular among the Green movement. His left-wing philosophy is seen in the visionary novel THE IRON HEEL (1908). JOHN BARLEYCORN (1913), which describes London's drinking bouts, connects him with such later authors as Charles Bukowski and Jack Kerouac. On the other hand, the author's views about the superiority of white people and Social Darwinism, have placed him among ultra-right conservatives.
"Fiction pays best of all and when it is of fair quality is more easily sold. A good joke will sell quicker than a good poem, and, measured in sweat and blood, will bring better remuneration. Avoid the unhappy ending, the harsh, the brutal, the tragic, the horrible - if you care to see in print things you write. (In this connection don't do as I do, but do as I say.) Humour is the hardest to write, easiest to sell, and best rewarded... Don't write too much. Concentrate your sweat on one story, rather than dissipate it over a dozen. Don't loaf and invite inspiration; light out after it with a club, and if you don't get it you will nonetheless get something that looks remarkably like it." - (From 'Getting into Print', first published in 1903 in The Editor magazine)
Jack London was born in San Francisco.
ولد جاك لندن في سان فرانسيسكو وهو روائي امريكي كان له ميول اشتراكية وتمحورت اعماله حول الصراع الطبقي
He was deserted by his father, "Professor" William Henry Chaney, an itinerant astrologer, and raised in Oakland by his mother Flora Wellman, a music teacher and spiritualist.
هجره والده وهو دكتور اسمه وليم تشاني ورتبه امه فلورا في اوكلاند وهي مدرسة موسيقا
London's stepfather John London, whose surname he took, was a failed storekeeper.
حصل جاك لندن على اسمه من زوج امه والذي كان بائعا فاشلا
London's youth was marked by poverty.
عانا من الفقر الشديد في شبابه
At the age of ten he became an avid reader, and borrowed books from the Oakland Public Library, where Ina Coolbirth recommended him the works of Flaubert, Tolstoy and other major novelist.
بدأ يقرأ بشعف وهو في سن العاشرة
After leaving school at the age of 14, London worked as a seaman, rode in freight trains as a hobo and adopted socialistic views as a member of the protest armies of the unemployed.
في سن الـ 14 عمل في عدة مهن
In 1894 he was arrested in Niagara Falls and jailed for vagrancy.
في عام 1894 سجن في شلالات نياجرا بتهمة التشرد
These years made him determined to raise himself out of poverty but they also gave later material for such works as THE SEA-WOLF (1904), which was partly based on his horrific experiences as a sailor in the Pacific Ocean.
هذه التجارب التي مر بها جعلته يعمل من اجل الخروج من الفقر لكنها ساهمت في اعداده لكتابة رواياته خاصة THE SEA-WOLF (1904),
THE ROAD (1907), a collection of short stories, inspired later writers like John Steinbeck and Jack Kerouac.
Without having much formal education, London spent much time in public libraries reading fiction, philosophy, poetry, political science, and at the age of 19 gained admittance to the University of California in Berkeley.
لم يحصل على تعليم جامعي لكنه كان يقضي الكثير من الوقت في المكتبات الجامعية
During this period he had already started to write. His first great love was Mabel Applegate, a middle-class girl, who became the model for Ryth Morse in MARTIN EDED (1909). Later London wrote to Anna Strunsky, the second love in his life: "Her virtues led her nowhere. Works? She had none. Her culture was a surface smear, her deepest depth a singing shallow." London left the school before the year was over and went to seek a fortune in the Klondike gold rush of 1897. His attempt was unsuccessful. London spent the winter near Dawson City, suffering from scurvy. In the spring he returned to San Francisco his notebook full of plans for stories.
For the remainder of 1898 London again tried to earn his living by writing. His early stories appeared in the Overland Monthly and Atlantic Monthly. In 1900 he married Elisabeth (Bess) Maddern; their home became a battle field between Bess and London's mother Flora. Three years later he left her and their two daughters, eventually to marry Charmian Kittredge, an editor and outdoorswoman. The marriage lasted until London's death. Charmian became the model of London's women characters, such as Paula in THE LITTLE LADY OF THE BIG HOUSE (1916).
In 1901 London ran unsuccessfully on the Socialist party ticket for mayor of Oakland. He started to produce steadily novels, nonfiction, and short stories, becoming in his lifetime one of the most popular authors. London had early built his system of producing a daily quota of thousand words. He did not give up even during his travels and drinking periods. London's first novel, THE SON OF THE WOLF, appeared in 1900. By 1904 Jack London was the author of 10 books. Son of the Wolf gained a wide audience as his other Alaska stories, THE CALL OF THE WILD (1903), in which a giant pet dog Buck finds his survival instincts in Yukon, WHITE FANG (1906), and BURNING DAYLIGHT (1910). The Call of the Wild was labelled in Yugoslavia in the 1920s as "too radical" and banned; Italy banned all cheap editions of the book.
"There is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond which life cannot rise. And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comes when one is most alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness that one is alive. This ecstasy, this forgetfulness of living, comes to the artist, caught up and out of himself in a sheet of flame; it comes to the soldier, war-mad on a stricken field and refusing quarter; and it came to Buck leading the pack, sounding the old wolf-cry, straining after the food that was alive and that fled swiftly before him through the moonlight." (from The Call of the Wild)
A few months before his death, London resigned from the Socialist Party. Debts, alcoholism, illness, and fear of losing his creativity darkened the author's last years. He died on November 22, 1916, officially of gastro-intestinal uremia. However, there has been speculations that London committed suicide with morphine, but the two vials which were found did not contained the dosis acquired for a suicide – especially for someone who was trained to take morphine against suffering.
قبل اشهر من موته استقال جاك من الحزب الاشتراكي وكان غارقا في الديون ويعاني من الخمر والمخدرات والمرض والخوف من فقده لقدرته الابداعية وجعلت تلك المخاوف ايامه الاخيرة شديدة المرارة والسواد ومات عام 1916 ويعتقد انه مات منتحرا بسبب استخدامه المرفط للمورفين

According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After she gave birth, Flora turned the baby over to ex-slave Virginia Prentiss, who remained a major maternal figure throughout London's life.
لا يعرف اذا كان الدكتور وليم قد تزوجها ويعتقد انه طلب منها اسقاط الطفل فاطلقت النار على نفسها لكنها لم تمت واعطت ابنها لمربية من اصل افريقي وظلت تلك المربية جزاء هما من حياة جاك لندن
Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed grade school.
تزوجت والدته عام 1876 من جون لندن والذي كان معاقا بسبب مشاركة في الحر ب واحضرت ابنها للعيش معها
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father.
عندما كان جاك في الحادية والعشرين وطالب في جامعة بركلي قرأ عن محاولة انتحار امه وعرف اسم والده الحقيقي
He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion.
كاتب والده لكن الرد جاء قاسيا حيث لم يتعرف بأبوته واخبره انه كان لوالدته عدة علاقات وانه لا يمكن ان يكون ابنه لانه لا ينجب
He concluded that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter. In the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike.

- ولد جاك لندن في سان فرانسيسكو وهو روائي امريكي كان له ميول اشتراكية وتمحورت اعماله حول الصراع الطبقي
- هجره والده وهو دكتور اسمه وليم تشاني ورتبه امه فلورا في اوكلاند وهي مدرسة موسيقا
- حصل جاك لندن على اسمه من زوج امه والذي كان بائعا فاشلا
- عانا من الفقر الشديد في شبابه
- بدأ يقرأ بشعف وهو في سن العاشرة
- في سن الـ 14 عمل في عدة مهن
- في عام 1894 سجن في شلالات نياجرا بتهمة التشرد
- هذه التجارب التي مر بها جعلته يعمل من اجل الخروج من الفقر لكنها ساهمت في اعداده لكتابة رواياته خاصة THE SEA-WOLF (1904),
- لم يحصل على تعليم جامعي لكنه كان يقضي الكثير من الوقت في المكتبات الجامعية
- قبل اشهر من موته استقال جاك من الحزب الاشتراكي وكان غارقا في الديون ويعاني من الخمر والمخدرات والمرض والخوف من فقده لقدرته الابداعية وجعلت تلك المخاوف ايامه الاخيرة شديدة المرارة والسواد ومات عام 1916 ويعتقد انه مات منتحرا بسبب استخدامه المرفط للمورفين.
- لا يعرف اذا كان الدكتور وليم قد تزوجها ويعتقد انه طلب منها اسقاط الطفل فاطلقت النار على نفسها لكنها لم تمت واعطت ابنها لمربية من اصل افريقي وظلت تلك المربية جزاء هما من حياة جاك لندن
- تزوجت والدته عام 1876 من جون لندن والذي كان معاقا بسبب مشاركة في الحر ب واحضرت ابنها للعيش معها
- عندما كان جاك في الحادية والعشرين وطالب في جامعة بركلي قرأ عن محاولة انتحار امه وعرف اسم والده الحقيقي
- كاتب والده لكن الرد جاء قاسيا حيث لم يتعرف بأبوته واخبره انه كان لوالدته عدة علاقات وانه لا يمكن ان يكون ابنه لانه لا ينجب
- أحس جاك بالصدمه من رد والده على رسالة وعلى اثر ذلك انقطع عن الدراسة في جامعة بركلي

والان مع رواية :

39 ـ نوسترومو، للمؤلف جوزيف كونراد.

Nostromo is a 1904 novel by Polish-born British novelist Joseph Conrad, set in the fictitious South American republic of "Costaguana." It was originally published serially in two volumes of T.P.'s Weekly.
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Nostromo 47th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. F. Scott Fitzgerald said, "I'd rather have written Nostromo than any other novel." [1]
Contents


Background

Conrad set his novel in the mining town of Sulaco, an imaginary port in the occidental region of the imaginary country of Costaguana. The book has more fully developed characters than any other of his novels, but two characters dominate the narrative: Señor Gould and the eponymousanti-hero, the "incorruptible" Nostromo.
Plot summary

Señor Gould is a native Costaguanero of English descent who owns the silver-miningconcession in Sulaco. He is tired of the political instability in Costaguanero and its concomitant corruption, and puts his weight behind the Ribierist project, which he believes will finally bring stability to the country after years of misrule and tyranny by self-serving dictators. Instead, the silver mine and the wealth it has generated become a bone for the local warlords to fight over, plunging Costaguana into a new round of chaos. Among others, the revolutionary Montero invades Sulaco; Señor Gould, adamant that his silver should not become spoil for his enemies, entrusts it to Nostromo, the trusted "capataz de los cargadores" (head longshoreman).
Nostromo is an Italian expatriate who has risen to that position through his daring exploits. ("Nostromo" is Italian for "mate" or "boatswain", but the name could also be considered a corruption of the Italian phrase "nostro uomo," meaning "our man.") Nostromo's real name is Giovanni Battista Fidanza — Fidanza meaning "trust" in archaic Italian.
Nostromo is a commanding figure in Sulaco, respected by the wealthy Europeans and seemingly limitless in his abilities to command power among the local population. He is, however, never admitted to become a part of that society, but rather viewed by the rich as their tool. Some would say that he was also what would today be called a shameless self-publicist. He is believed by Señor Gould to be incorruptible, and for this reason is entrusted with removing a treasure of silver from Sulaco to keep it from the revolutionaries.
In the end, the silver is "lost" in a manner such that only Nostromo knows where it is hidden and not, in fact, lost at all. Nostromo's power and fame continues, as he daringly rides to summon the army which saves Sulaco's powerful leaders from the revolutionaries.
In Conrad's universe, however, almost no one is incorruptible. The exploit does not bring Nostromo the fame he had hoped for, and he feels slighted and used. Feeling that he has risked his life for nothing, he is consumed by resentment, which leads to his corruption and ultimate destruction, for he had kept secret the true fate of the silver after all others believed it lost at sea, rather than hidden on an offshore island. In recovering the silver for himself, he is shot and killed, mistaken for a trespasser, by the father of his fiancée, the keeper of the lighthouse on the island of Great Isabel.
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

· In 1991 David Lean, the famous British director, was to film the story of Nostromo, with Steven Spielberg producing it for Warner Bros., but Lean died a few weeks before the principal photography was to begin. Marlon Brando, Paul Scofield, Peter O'Toole, Isabella Rossellini, Christopher Lambert, and Dennis Quaid had all been set to star in this adaptation.
· In 1997, adapted by John Hale and directed by Alastair Reid for the BBC, Radiotelevisione Italiana, Televisión Española, and WGBH Boston. It starred Claudio Amendola as Nostromo, and Colin Firth as Señor Gould. – Nostromo at the Internet Movie Database
· Andrew M. Greeley's 1985 novel "Virgin and Martyr" has much of the story set in the fictional country of Costaguana. Many of the place names are borrowed from Conrad's novel.