Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
Twain was born during a visit by Halley's Comet, and predicted that he would "go out with it" as well. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age," and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."
لقب بأبو الادب الامركيي
Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood:
كان الابن السادس من بين سبعة ابناء مات منهم اربعة في الطفولة.
his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858);
مات اخوه هنري عام 1858 في انفجار سفينة حينما كان يعمل مع صمويل وعمر صمويل عندها كان 23 سنة
and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three,
ماتت اخته مارجريت وعمره 3 سنوات
and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later.
مات اخوه بنجامين عام 1842 عندما كان صمويل 7 سنوات
Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months.
اخ اخر مات عام 1829 عندما كان عمره 6 اشهر
Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet."
When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
عندما كان توين في الرابعة انتقلت العائلة الى مدينة تقع على نهر المسسبي
Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.
عاش في ولاية كانت تعاني من مشاكل العبودية للسود
Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge.
والده كان محامي وقاضي
In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.
مات ابوه عام 1847 عندما كان توين 11 سنة
The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school.[12] At 22, Twain returned to Missouri.
سافر عندما بلغ الثامنة عشر الى نيويورك للعمل هناك
Financial troubles
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine.
Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.
وقع في مشاكل مالية حيث خسر الكثير من امواله واموال زوجته في استثمارات متعثرة
Twain embarked on an around-the-world lecture tour in 1894 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.
في العام 1894 سافر الى امكان كثيرة لالقاء المحاضرات لعله يتمكن من تسديد ديونه
Later life and death
Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly.
In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.

Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."
In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:[38]
I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.'
His prediction was accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
ولد مارك توين عندما مر المذنب هالي باقرب نقطة من الارض وتوقع ان يموت عندما يعود وكتب يقول ان عدم موت عند مرور المذنب من جديد بجانب الارض سيكون مخيب للأمال وقد صدق في توقعه حيث مات بعد يوم واحد من مرور المذنب.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:[
"Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature."

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the original title of a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The original pronunciation of Jekyll was "Jeekul" which was the pronunciation used in Stevenson's native Scotland. The work is commonly known today as The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde or simply Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.[1] It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll,[2] and the misanthropic Edward Hyde.
The work is commonly associated with the rare mental condition often spuriously called "split personality", wherein within the same person there are at least two distinct personalities. In this case, the two personalities in Dr Jekyll are apparently good and evil, with completely opposite levels of morality. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next.[3]
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson's best-selling works. Stage adaptations began in Boston and London within a year of its publication and it has gone on to inspire scores of major film and stage performances

روبرت لويس بلفور ستيفنسون
(13 نوفمبر1850 - 3 ديسمبر1894)روائيء وشاعر وكاتب مقالات وكاتب أسكتلندي وتخصص في أدب الرحلات. وقد لاقى ستيفنسون إعجابًا كبيرًا من الكثير من الكتاب، مثل خورخي لويس بورخيسوإيرنست هيمنجوايورديارد كيبلينجوفلاديمير نابكوفوجى كاي تشسترتون، الذي قال عنه إنه كان ينتقي الكلمة المناسبة كمن يستل الأعواد من علبة الثقاب .

ولد روبرت لويس ستيفنسون في أدنبرة عام 1850 م، لأب يعمل مهندسا في أنهار اسكتلندة وموانئها، وكان ابنه الوحيد، فعاش مدللا، وإن كان ذلك في ظل تربية دينية حازمة، وكان من المتوقع – على الرغم من ضعف صحته – أن يتابع مهنة أبيه، غير أنه حدد هدفه عندما كان يدرس القانون في جامعة أد نبرة، فقد اكتشف في نفسه موهبة الكتابة ووجد تشجيعا جيدا من زملائه، وفوق ذلك التقى بكتاب كثيرين قدروا فيه طلاوة حديثه وخفة روحه فيما يكتب. وعلى الرغم من أن رو برت لويس ستيفنسون عاش طوال حياته معتل الصحة، مريضا بالسل، فإنه مع ذلك عاش حياة حافلة، خصبة غزيرة الإنتاج، إذ ترك وراءه تراثا ضخما من الروايات المحبوبة والمقالات والكتب عن أدب الرحلات والقصائد الشعرية، ولذا يعد من أعظم وأشهر أدباء الإنجليز في القرن التاسع عشر.
وبسبب اعتلال صحة ستيفنسون، فإنه كان مضطرا دائما للقيام برحلات إلى بعض المناطق والبلاد الأخرى الأكثر دفئا، لكي يخفف من أثر نوبات مرضه، فذهب في أول رحلة إلى فرنسا في سبتمبر عام 1873 م، وكان عمره آنذاك ثلاثة وعشرين عاما فكانت بداية لكتابة أدب الرحلات، إذ ألف في ذلك "رحلة داخلية" عام 1878 و"سفريات مع حمار" عام 1879 و"دراسات طريفة عن الكتب والرجال" عام 1882، ورحلاته تعد أنموذجا لأسلوبه الجذاب، وقد استوحى قصة " القيثارة " من أصداء رحلته إلى فرنسا. تخرج ستيفنسون عام 1875 في جامعة أدنبرة محاميا، ولكن صيته ككاتب موهوب ومحبوب غلب على مهنته.
وبعد رحلة شاقة عبر البحر وصل "ستيفنسون" مدينة سان فرانسيسكو وهو في حالة صحية سيئة، ومنها أخذ القطار إلى كاليفورنيا ليلتقي بفانى أوسبورن، فظل بجوارها حتى حصلت على الطلاق من زوجها، حيث كانت في ذلك الوقت تسعى للطلاق إثر خلافات عائلية، فتزوجها ستيفنسون في مايو 1880.
وقد كان هذا الزواج بداية لأعظم فترة إنتاجية في حياته، فقد نشر بعد زواجه معظم إنتاجه الذي حقق له شهرة واسعة في إنجلترا وأمريكا على السواء، فكتب إلى جانب قصائده الشعرية وكتب الرحلات مجموعة من الروايات والقصص التي تعد من كلاسيكيات أدب الأطفال واليافعين، لذلك عده النقاد مبتكر الكتابة لهما، دون أن يبتعد عن عالم الكبار، فكتب :جزيرة الكنز والمخطوف عام 1886، وكاتريون عام 1893، والسهم الأسود عام 1888، والدكتور جيكل ومستر هايد وجيم هو كنز وحديقة أشعار الطفل عام 1885.
وقد حقق ستيفنسون بهذه الأعمال شهرة عريضة في إنجلترا وأمريكا ووفى يونيو 1888 أبحر في يخت استأجره هو وعائلته من سان فرانسيسكو إلى جزر جنوب المحيط الهادي, وقد استغرقت هذه الرحلة أربعة شهور زار خلالها ثلاثا وثلاثين جزيرة، وقد وصف بعض هذه الجزر كجزر الماكيز وهاواي وساموا في كتاب "حاشية للتاريخ " عام 1892، وكتاب " البحار الجنوبية"، ثم أصبحت جزيرة (ساموا) وطنه الدائم، منذ عام 1890 فمات فيها في ديسمبر عام 1894، ودفن جثمانه في قمة جبل " فيا " في هذه الجزيرة أيضا.

Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer. His best-known books include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Scottish essayist, poet, and author of fiction and travel books, known especially for his novels of adventure. Stevenson's characters often prefer unknown hazards to everyday life of the Victorian society. His most famous examination of the split personality is THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE (1886). Many of Stevenson's stories are set in colorful locations, they have also horror and supernatural elements. Arguing against realism, Stevenson underlined the "nameless longings of the reader", the desire for experience.
"But we are so fond of life that we have no leisure to entertain the terror of death. It is a honeymoon with us all through, and none of the longest. Small blame to us if we give our whole hearts to this glowing bride of ours, to the appetities, to honour, to the hungry curiosity of the mind, to the pleasure of the eyes in nature, and the pride of our own nimble bodies." (from 'Aes Triplex')
Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson was born in Edinburgh. He was the only son of Thomas Stevenson, a prosperous joint-engineer to the Board of Northern Lighthouses, and Margaret Balfour, daughter of a Scottish clergyman. Thomas Stevenson invented, among others, the marine dynamometer, which measures the force of waves. Thomas's grandfather was Britain's greatest builder of lighthouses.
Stevenson was largely raised by his nanny, Alison Cunningham, whom he devoted A CHILD'S GARDEN OF VERSES (1885). Cunningham had strong Calvinist convictions and praying became part of Stevenson's early life, and later reflected in such pieces like the poem 'A Thought': "It is very nice to think / The world is full of meat and drink, / With little children saying grace / In every Christian kind of place."
تربى ستفنسون بشكل عام من قبل مربية اسمها اليسون كننجهام والتي اهداها مجموعة شعرية اسماها حديقة الاطفال.
Since his childhood, Stevenson suffered from tuberculosis.
اصيب منذ عغره بمرض السل
During his early years, he spent much of his time in bed, composing stories before he had learned to read.
قضى الكثير من الوقت وهو صغير في السرير يؤلف قصص قبل ان يتعلم الكتابة
At the age of sixteen, he produced a short historical tale. As an adult, there were times when Stevenson could not wear a jacket for fear of bringing on a haemorrhage of the lung.
مرت عليه ايام كان لا يستطيع فيها ان يرتدي جاكيت حتى لا يؤدي ذلك الى التهاب في الرئة
In 1867, he entered Edinburgh University to study engineering. Due to his ill health, he had to abandon his plans to follow in his father's footsteps. Stevenson changed to law and in 1875 he was called to the Scottish bar. By then he had already started to write travel sketches, essays, and short stories for magazines. His first articles were published in The Edinburgh University Magazine (1871) and The Portofolio (1873).
درس في جامعة ادنبره حيث انضم اليها في العام 1867 ولكن وبسبب اعتلال صحته لم يتمكن من دراسة الهندسة ليسر على خطى والده واثناء درائته الهندسة كان قد انجز عددا من الكتابات وتبلورت قدرة على الكتابة
In a attempt to improve his health, Stevenson travelled on the Continent and in the Scottish Highland. These trips provided him with many insights and inspiration for his writing, although sometimes could take a long time before Stevenson edited for publication his notes and sketches.
في محاولة للمحافظة على صحته كان ستيفنسون سافر عبر القارة وفي مناطق متعددة من اسكتلندا مما اكسبه بصيرة نافذه والهمه ووفر له مادة للكتابة
Stevenson's tone in his travelogues is often jovial or satirical.
استخدم الاسلوب الساخر والمرح احيانا اخرى
However, constant voyaging was not always easy for him. In a letter, written on his journey across the Atlantic in 1879, he complained: "I have a strange, rather horrible, sense of the sea before me, and can see no further into future. I can say honestly I have at this moment neither a regret, a hope, a fear or an inclination; except a mild one for a bottle of good wine which I resist". Due to his poor health, Stevenson spent much time in warmer countries.
كان يسافر كثيرا في البلاد الحارة من اجل صحته ولكنه احيانا كان يشعر بالاغتراب كما حصل معه اثناء رحلتة عبر الاطلي عام 1879
While in France Stevenson met Fanny Vandegrift Osbourne, a married woman with two children, Belle and Lloyd. Fanny was 10 years older than Stevenson, who viewed her as an "exotic goddess". She returned to the United States to get a divorce. In 187,9 Stevenson followed her to California, where they married in 1880.
بينما كان يجوب فرنسا التقى ستيفنسون بامرأة تدعى فاني فانديجرفت اوسبورن وهي امرأة متزوجة ولها ولدان بلي ولويد وكان تكبره بعشر سنوات وكان يتعبرها آله اثارة وعادت تلك المرأة الى امريكا لتحصل على الطلاق وتبعها ستيفنسون عام 1879 وتزوجا عام 1880
After a brief stay at Calistoga, which was recorded in THE SILVERADO SQUATTERS (1883), they returned to Scotland, and then moved often in search of better climates.
Wealth I ask not, hope nor love,
Nor a friend to know me;
All I ask, the heaven above
And the road below me.
(from Songs of Travel)
Stevenson's father died in 1887.
مات والد ستيفنسون عام 1887 وعمره حينها ( 37 )
From the late 1880s, Stevenson lived with his family in the South Seas, where he had purchased an estate in Vailima, Samoa. During this period of his life, Stevenson enjoyed a comparative good health. With his stepson Lloyd Osbourne he wrote THE WRONG BOX (1889) and other works. He had nearly 20 servants and was known as 'Tusitala' or 'Teller of the Tales'. The writer himself translated it 'Chief White Information.' Fanny was called 'Flying Cloud' – perhaps referring to her restlessness. She had also suffered a mental breakdown in 1893.
Stevenson died of a brain haemorrhage on December 3, 1894, in Vailima. Fanny Stevenson died in 1914 in California. Her ashes were taken to Samoa and buried alonside her husband, on the summit of Mount Vaea.
مات ستيفنسون في عام 1894 بسبب جلطة دماغية وماتت زوجته عام 1914 في كاليفورنيا وتم احراق جثمانها ودفن رفاتها الى جانب زوجها في جزر الكاريبي على راس جبل حيث سبق ان دفن زوجها الذي انتقل للعيش معها هناك عند زواجهما

Stevenson was born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 13 November 1850, to Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leading lighthouse engineer, and his wife, the former Margaret Isabella Balfour (1829–1897).
الام ماتت عام 1897 أي بعد موته بثلاث اعوام
On Margaret's side, the family were gentry, tracing their name back to an Alexander Balfour, who held the lands of Inchrye in Fife in the fifteenth century. Her father, Lewis Balfour (1777–1860), was a minister of the Church of Scotland at nearby Colinton, and Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his house.
قضى ستيفنسون الكثير من اجازاته في بيت جده لامه والذي مات عام 1860 أي عندما كان ستيفنسون عشر سنوات
Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had a "weak chest" and often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health. Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers, exacerbated when the family moved to a damp and chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851.
كان جده لامه وكذلك امه يعانيان من امراض رئوية وكانا يحاولان العيش في مناطق حاره لاسباب صحية وقد ورث ستيفنسون عنهما هذا المرض وكثيرا ما كان يصاب وهو صغير بالسعال وارتفاع في درجة الحراره وقد زاد الوضع سوءا عندما انتقلت العائلة الى منطقة تميل الى البرودة عام 1851
The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six, but the tendency to extreme sickness in winter remained with him until he was eleven.
انتقلت العائلة الى منطقة اكثر دفئا عندما بلغ السادسه لكنه ظل عرضة للمرض الشديد خلال فصل الشتاء الى ان بلغ الحادية عشره
Illness would be a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily thin.
ظل المرض مظهر دائم من حياته خلال شبابه وجعله ضعيف البنيان
Contemporary views were that he had tuberculosis, but more recent views are that it was bronchiectasis or even sarcoidosis.
Stevenson's parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians, but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham (known as Cummy), was more fervently religious. Her Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious concern for religion.
كانت معتقدات مربيته وقصصها تمثل كابوس لها في طفولته
But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters. Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), and dedicated the book to his nurse.
An only child, strange-looking and eccentric, Stevenson found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age six, a problem repeated at age eleven when he went on to the Edinburgh Academy; but he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at Colinton.

In January 1873 his father came across the constitution of the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, of which Stevenson and his cousin Bob were members, which began: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us." Questioning his son about his beliefs, he discovered the truth, leading to a long period of dissension with both parents.
اكتشف والده وهو في سن الـ 23 انه غير ملتزم دينيا وانه عضو في نادي ينادي التشكيك في كل ما تعلمه الود ما والديه مما ادى الى خلاف طويل المدى مع والديه
What a damned curse I am to my parents! As my father said "You have rendered my whole life a failure". As my mother said "This is the heaviest affliction that has ever befallen me". O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is to have damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world.
Without knowing it, he was to have his wish fulfilled. During the morning of 3 December 1894, he had worked hard as usual on Weir of Hermiston. During the evening, while conversing with his wife and straining to open a bottle of wine, he suddenly exclaimed, "What's that!" He then asked his wife, "Does my face look strange?" and collapsed beside her. He died within a few hours, probably of a cerebral hemorrhage, at the age of 44.
By 1894, Stevenson had become increasingly depressed, convinced the best of his work was behind him. He wrote that he wished his illnesses would kill him. On the evening of December 3, 1894, he collapsed, possibly due to a cerebral hemorrhage, and died.

- عام 1894 اصبح ستيفنسون اكثر اكتئابا حيث اقتنع بأنه لن يتمكن من ابداع شيء افضل من الذي ابدعه وكتب يتمنى لو ان مرضه قتله وفي مساء يوم 3/12/1894 انهار ويعتقد ان سبب انهياره نزيف في الدماغ.
انسان مأزوم وسبب ازمته المرض المزمن.

33 - ثلاثة رجال في قارب، للمؤلف جيروم كي. جيروم..
ثلاثة رجال في قارب
أو "three Men In A Boat" وهي من أشهر الروايات الإنجليزية نشرت عام 1889م وهي للكاتب جيروم كلابكا جيروم وعدد صفحاتها 566 وتعتبر من الروايات الطويلة والفكاهية وهي مليئة بالمواقف الطريفة والمضحكة التي تحصل مع أبطالها مما يجعل القارئ يستمتع في قراءتها.

Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), published in 1889, is a humorous account
by Jerome K. Jerome of a boating holiday on the Thames between Kingston and Oxford.

The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide, with accounts of local history along the route, but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel. One of the most praised things about Three Men in a Boat is how undated it appears to modern readers, the jokes seem fresh and witty even today.

The three men are based on Jerome himself (the narrator J.) and two real-life friends, George Wingrave (who went on to become a senior manager in Barclays Bank) and Carl Hentschel (the founder of a London printing business, called Harris in the book), with whom he often took boating trips. The dog, Montmorency, is entirely fictional, but "as Jerome admits, developed out of that area of inner consciousness which, in all Englishmen, contains an element of the dog." The trip is a typical boating holiday of the time in a Thames camping skiff. This is just after commercial boat traffic on the Upper Thames had died out, replaced by the 1880s craze for boating as a leisure activity

Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog),[Note 1] published in 1889, is a humorous account by Jerome K. Jerome of a boating holiday on the Thames between Kingston and Oxford.
The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide,[1] with accounts of local history along the route, but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel. One of the most praised things about Three Men in a Boat is how undated it appears to modern readers — the jokes seem fresh and witty even today.[2]
The three men are based on Jerome himself (the narrator J.) and two real-life friends, George Wingrave (who went on to become a senior manager in Barclays Bank) and Carl Hentschel (the founder of a London printing business, called Harris in the book), with whom he often took boating trips. The dog, Montmorency, is entirely fictional[1] but, "as Jerome admits, developed out of that area of inner consciousness which, in all Englishmen, contains an element of the dog."[2] The trip is a typical boating holiday of the time in a Thames camping skiff.[Note 2] This was just after commercial boat traffic on the Upper Thames had died out, replaced by the 1880s craze for boating as a leisure activity.
Because of the overwhelming success of Three Men in a Boat, Jerome later published a sequel, about a cycling tour in Germany, entitled Three Men on the Bummel.
A similar book was published seven years before Jerome's work, entitled Three in Norway (by two of them) by J. A. Lees and W. J. Clutterbuck. It tells of three men on an expedition into the wild Jotunheimen in Norway.
Plot summary
The story begins by introducing George, Harris, 'J.' (the narrator) and Montmorency, the dog. The men are spending an evening in J.'s room, smoking and discussing illnesses they fancy they suffer from. They conclude they are all suffering from 'overwork' and need a holiday. A stay in the country and a sea trip are both considered, then rejected (J. describes the bad experiences had by his brother-in-law and a friend on sea trips). Eventually, the three decide on a boating holiday, up the River Thames, from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford, during which they'll camp, notwithstanding J.'s anecdotes regarding previous mishaps with tents and camping stoves.
They embark the following Saturday. George must go to work that morning ("George goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up and put him outside at two") so J. and Harris make their way to Kingston by train. They are unable to find the correct train at Waterloo Station (the station's confusing layout was a well-known theme of Victorian comedy) so they bribe a train driver to take his train to Kingston, where they collect their hired boat and start their journey. They meet George later, up-river at Weybridge.
The remainder of the story relates their river journey and the incidents that occur. The book's original purpose as a guidebook is apparent as the narrator describes the passing landmarks and villages such as Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Church, Monkey Island, Magna Carta Island and Marlow, and muses upon historical associations of these places. However, he frequently digresses into funny anecdotes that range from the unreliability of barometers for weather forecasting to the difficulties that may be encountered when learning to play the Scottish bagpipe. The most frequent topics are river pastimes such as fishing and boating and the difficulties they present to the inexperienced and unwary.
The book includes classic comedy set-pieces, such as the story of two drunken men who slide into the same bed in the dark, the plaster of paris trout in chapter 17 and the "Irish stew" in chapter 14 - made by mixing most of the leftovers in the party's food hamper:
I forget the other ingredients, but I know nothing was wasted; and I remember that, towards the end, Montmorency, who had evinced great interest in the proceedings throughout, strolled away with an earnest and thoughtful air, reappearing, a few minutes afterwards, with a dead water-rat in his mouth, which he evidently wished to present as his contribution to the dinner; whether in a sarcastic spirit, or with a genuine desire to assist, I cannot say.
—Chapter XIV

Jerome Klapka Jerome (2 May 1859 – 14 June 1927) was an English writer and humorist, best known for the humorous travelogue Three Men in a Boat.
كاتب كوميدي انجليزي ولد في لندن عام 1859
Jerome was born in Caldmore, Walsall, England, and was brought up in poverty in London.
عاش حياة الفقرة في طفولته في لندن
He attended St Marylebone Grammar School
درس في مدرسة ماريلبيون الاساسية
Other works include the essay collections Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow and Second Thoughts of an Idle Fellow; Three Men on the Bummel, a sequel to Three Men in a Boat; and several other novels.
Early life
Jerome was the fourth child of Jerome Clapp (who later renamed himself Jerome Clapp Jerome), an ironmonger and lay preacher who dabbled in architecture, and Marguerite Jones.
كان جيرومي الابن الرابع لابيه وامه
He had two sisters, Paulina and Blandina, and one brother, Milton, who died at an early age.
كان له اختان واحدة ماتت وهي صغيره
Jerome was registered, like his father's amended name, as Jerome Clapp Jerome, and the Klapka appears to be a later variation (after the exiled Hungarian general György Klapka).
Owing to bad investments in the local mining industry, the family suffered poverty, and debt collectors often visited, an experience Jerome described vividly in his autobiography My Life and Times (1926).
بسبب الفشل في الاستثمار في مجال صناعة المعادن عانت العائلة من الفقر والديون حيث تكررت زيارة الدائنيين للعائلة وهي تجربة دونها جيرومي بشكل واضح في مذكارته حياتي واوقاتي والتي صدرت عام 1926
The young Jerome wished to go into politics or be a man of letters, but the death of his father at age 13, and his mother at age 15, forced him to quit his studies and find work to support himself. He was employed at the London and North Western Railway, initially collecting coal that fell along the railway, and remained there for four years.
كان جيرومي يحلم بأن يصبح رجل سياسة او كاتب لكن موت والده وهو في سن الثالثة عشرة ثم موت امه وهو في سن الخامسة عشرة اجبرته على ترك الدراسة لاعالة نفسه . وحصل على عمل لدى سكة حديد شمال لندن. بداية يعمل على جمع الفحم الذي يسقط على جوانب سكة الحديد وبقي هناك لمدة اربع سنوات.

Acting career and early literary works
In 1877, inspired by his older sister Blandina's love for the theatre, Jerome decided to try his hand at acting, under the stage name Harold Crichton. He joined a repertory troupe that produced plays on a shoestring budget, often drawing on the actors' own meagre resources – Jerome was penniless at the time – to purchase costumes and props. After three years on the road and with no evident success, the 21-year-old Jerome decided he had had enough with stage life, and sought other occupations. He tried to become a journalist, writing essays, satires and short stories, but most of these were rejected. Over the next few years he was a school teacher, a packer, and a solicitor's clerk.
عمل في عدة وظائف منها المسرح ومراسل صحفي ومدرس وكاتب عند محامي
Finally, in 1885, he had some success with On the Stage — and Off, a comic memoir of his experiences with the acting troupe. Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow, a collection of humorous essays, followed in 1886 (see 1885 and 1886 in literature).
On 21 June 1888, Jerome married Georgina Elizabeth Henrietta Stanley Marris (a.k.a. Ettie), nine days after she had divorced her first husband. She had a daughter from her previous, five-year marriage, nicknamed Elsie (her actual name was also Georgina). The honeymoon took place on the Thames "in a little boat," a fact which was to have a significant influence on his next, and most important work, Three Men in a Boat.
تزوج عام 1888 من جورجينا اليزابيث هنريتا وذلك بعد 9 ايام من طلاقها من زوجها الاول وكان لديها ابنة من زواجها الاول الذي استمر لمدة خمس سنوات. وقضى شهر العسل على ظهر قارب في نهر التايمز وكان لذلك اثر كبير على اهم عمل روائي له موضوع هذه الدراسة ( ثلاثة رجال في قارب).
Three Men in a Boat and later career
Jerome sat down to write Three Men in a Boat as soon as the couple returned from their honeymoon. In the novel, his wife was replaced by his longtime friends George Wingrave (George) and Carl Hentschel (Harris). This allowed him to create comic (and non-sentimental) situations which were nonetheless intertwined with the history of the Thames region. The book, published in 1889, became an instant success and is still in print. Its popularity was such that the number of registered Thames boats went up fifty percent in the year following its publication, and it contributed significantly to the Thames becoming a tourist attraction.
In its first twenty years alone, the book sold over a million copies worldwide. It has been adapted to movies, TV and radio shows, stage plays, and even a musical. Its writing style influenced many humorists and satirists in England and elsewhere.
With the financial security the sales of the book provided, Jerome was able to dedicate all of his time to writing. He wrote a number of plays, essays and novels, but was never able to recapture the success of Three Men in a Boat. In 1892 he was chosen by Robert Barr to edit The Idler (over Rudyard Kipling). The magazine was an illustrated satirical monthly catering to gentlemen (who, following the theme of the publication, appreciated idleness). In 1893 he founded To-Day, but had to withdraw from both publications because of financial difficulties and a libel suit.
In 1898, a short stay in Germany inspired Three Men on the Bummel, the sequel to Three Men in a Boat. While reintroducing the same characters in the setting of a foreign bicycle tour, the book was nonetheless unable to capture the life-force and historic roots of its predecessor, and it enjoyed only a mild success. In 1902 he published the novel Paul Kelver, which is widely regarded as autobiographical. His 1908 play The Passing of the Third Floor Back introduced a more sombre and religious Jerome. This was a tremendous commercial success but was condemned by critics – Max Beerbohm described it as "vilely stupid" and as written by a "tenth-rate writer".[3]
World War I and last years
Jerome volunteered to serve his country at the outbreak of the war, but, being 56 years old, was rejected by the British Army. Eager to serve in some capacity, he volunteered as an ambulance driver for the French Army. The war experience was said to have dampened his spirit, as did the death in 1921 of his stepdaughter, Elsie.
تطوع للعمل كسائق سيارة اسعاف خلال الحرب العالمية الاولى رغم ان سنه كان 56 سنه ويعتقد ان الحرب وموت ابنة زوجته اليسي عام 1921 اثرت كثيرا على روحه المعنوية واصابته بالكآبة
In 1926, Jerome published his autobiography, My Life and Times. Shortly afterwards, the Borough of Walsall conferred on him the title Freeman of the Borough. During these last years, Jerome spent more time at his farmhouse in Ewelme near Wallingford.
In June 1927, on a motoring tour from Devon to London via Cheltenham and Northampton, Jerome suffered a paralytic stroke and a cerebral haemorrhage. He lay in Northampton General Hospital for two weeks before succumbing on 14 June. He was cremated at Golders Green and his ashes buried at St Mary's Church, Ewelme, Oxfordshire. Elsie, Ettie, and his sister Blandina are buried beside him. A museum dedicated to his life and works now exists at his birth home in Walsall.
مات عام 1927
Legacy
· There is a French graphic novel series named Jerome K. Jerome Bloche after the author.
· There is a street named after him called Jerome Road in Alumwell.
· Three Men in a Boat is well known in India (for example http://www.cisce.org/syllabus.htm), Russia and Pakistan, because the book or excerpts from it had been required reading in public schools]
· A museum in Walsall was opened in his honour in 1984.

===
Jerome was the fourth child of Jerome Clapp (who later renamed himself Jerome Clapp Jerome), an ironmonger and lay preacher who dabbled in architecture, and Marguerite Jones. He had two sisters, Paulina and Blandina, and one brother, Milton, who died at an early age.
كان لده اختان واخ اسمه ملتون والذي مات صغيرا
Jerome was registered, like his father's amended name, as Jerome Clapp Jerome, and the Klapka appears to be a later variation (after the exiled Hungarian general György Klapka). Owing to bad investments in the local mining industry, the family suffered poverty, and debt collectors often visited, an experience Jerome described vividly in his autobiography My Life and Times (1926)
عانت الاسرة من الفقر بسبب الاستثمار غير الناجح في مجال الفحم
The young Jerome wished to go into politics or be a man of letters, but the death of his father at age 13, and his mother at age 15, forced him to quit his studies and find work to support himself.
He was employed at the London and North Western Railway, initially collecting coal that fell along the railway, and remained there for four years

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish writer and poet.

"When they entered they found, hanging upon the wall, a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was." (in The Picture of Dorian Gray)

ولد اوسكار عام 1854 وانتقل الى مدرسة داخلية للدراسة وهو في سن العاشرة ثم مدرسة داخلية اخرى ويتضح انه انقطع عن والديه ربما لاوقات طويلة خلال هذه الدراسة كونه وكما يشار هنا كان يكتب لامه يشكرها على الملابس التي ارسلتها له ولاخيه

Willie, whom he mentioned, was his elder brother. Lady Wilde's third and last child was a daughter, named Isola Francesca, who died young.

كان له اخت اصغر منه وقت ماتت صغيرة

سجن بتهة الشذوذ الجنسي وبقي في السجن ما يزيد على العامين وكتب في السجن رواية على شكل مذكرات

مات عن 46 سنه بالتهاب السحايا في احد فنادق باريس وكان مفلسا عندها

( Sir William Robert Wills WildeMD, FRCSI, (March 1815 – 19 April 1876))