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Giacomo Leopardi

was born in the Papal States in 1798 and died of cholera in Naples in 1837. One of the greatest Italian poets, he was also a prose writer of genius, his strange, nihilistic work being drawn together in the Zibaldoni, from which this selection is taken

Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi (Italian: ]; June 29, 1798 – June 14, 1837) was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist. Although he lived in a secluded town in the ultra-conservative Papal States, he came in touch with the main thoughts of the Enlightenment, and, by his own literary evolution, created a remarkable and renowned poetic work, related to the Romantic era.

Biography

Giacomo Leopardi was born of a local noble family in Recanati, in the Marche, at the time ruled by the papacy.
His father, the count Monaldo Leopardi, was a good-hearted man, fond of literature but weak and reactionary, who remained bound to antiquated ideas and prejudices; his mother, the marquise Adelaide Antici Mattei, was a cold and authoritarian woman, obsessed over rebuilding the family's financial fortunes, which had been destroyed by Monaldo's gambling addiction.
At home, a rigorous discipline of religion and savings reigned. However, Giacomo's happy childhood, which he spent with his younger brother Carlo Orazio and his sister Paolina, left its mark on the poet, who recorded his experiences in the poem Le Ricordanze.
Leopardi, following a family tradition, began his studies under the tutelage of two priests, but his innate thirst for knowledge found its satisfaction primarily in his father's rich library. Initially guided by Father Sebastiano Sanchini, Leopardi quickly liberated himself by vast and profound readings. He committed himself so deeply to his "mad and most desperate" studies that, within a short time, he acquired an extraordinary knowledge of classical and philological culture—he could fluently read and write Latin, Greek and even Hebrew— but he suffered from the lack of an open and stimulating formal education.
Between the ages of twelve and nineteen, he studied constantly, driven by a need to learn as much as possible, as well as to escape, at least spiritually, from the rigid environment of the paternal palazzo. His continuous study undermined an already fragile physical constitution, and his illness denied him youth's simplest pleasures.
In 1817 Pietro Giordani, a classicist, arrived at the Leopardi estate. Giacomo became his lifelong friend, and he derived from this friendship a sense of hope for the future. Meanwhile, his life at Recanati weighed on him increasingly, to the point that he attempted finally to escape in 1818, but he was caught by his father and returned home. From then on, relations between father and son continued to deteriorate, and Giacomo was constantly monitored in his own home by the rest of the family.
When, in 1822, he was briefly able to stay in Rome with his uncle, he was deeply disappointed by the atmosphere of corruption and decadence and by the hypocrisy of the Church. He was extremely impressed by the tomb of Torquato Tasso, to whom he felt naturally bound by a common sense of unhappiness.
While Foscolo lived tumultuously between adventures, amorous relations, and books, Leopardi was barely able to escape from his domestic oppression. To Leopardi, Rome seemed squalid and modest when compared to the idealized image that he had created of it while fantasizing over the "sweaty papers"[1] of the classics. Already before leaving home to establish himself, he had experienced a burning amorous disillusionment caused by his falling in love with his cousin Geltrude Cassi. His physical ailments, which continued to worsen, contributed to the collapse of any last, residual traces of illusions and hopes. Virtue, Love, Justice and Heroism appeared to be nothing but empty words to the poet.
In 1824, the bookstore owner Stella called him to Milan, asking him to write several works, among which was a Crestomazia della prosa e della poesia italiane. During this period, the poet had lived at various points in Milan, Bologna, Florence and Pisa.
In 1827, in Florence, Leopardi met Alessandro Manzoni, but they did not quite see things eye to eye. There, he made some solid and lasting friendships, paid a visit to Giordani and met the historian Pietro Colletta.
In 1828, physically infirm and worn out by work, Leopardi had to refuse the offer of a professorship at Bonn or Berlin which was made by the ambassador of Prussia in Rome and, in the same year, he had to abandon his work with Stella and return to Recanati.
In 1830, Colletta offered him, thanks to the financial contribution of the "friends of Tuscany", the opportunity to return to Florence. The subsequent printing of the Canti allowed the poet to live far away from Recanati until 1832.
Later, he moved to Naples near his friend Antonio Ranieri, where he hoped to benefit physically from the climate. He died during the cholera epidemic of 1837. Thanks to Antonio Ranieri's intervention with the authorities, Leopardi's remains were prevented from being ignominiously buried in the common grave (as the strict hygienic regulations of the time required) and he was buried in the atrium of the church of San Vitale at Fuorigrotta. In 1939 his tomb, moved to the Parco Virgiliano, was declared a national monument.
Congenitally deformed
Remembered for his intensely pessimistic attitude towards the human condition and life,
Giacomo Leopardi was born in the small town of Recanati, belonging to the Papal States. The palazzo of the family was the most important building of the city. Giacomo's father, Count Monaldo Leopardi, was a man of high virtue, and the last aristocrat in Italy to wear a sword. A local patriot, he once said: "I would always choose a hut, a book, and an onion at the top of a mountain, rather than hold a subordinate position in Rome." When Conte Monaldo's generosity and extravagance threatened to ruin the whole family, he was forced to turn the management of his affairs over to an agent of his wife, the marquise Adelaide Antici Mattei.
From the age of six, Leopardi dressed in black like his father. He studied privately with tutors. From an early age, he showed remarkable talents. By the age of 16 he had mastered Greek, Latin, and several modern languages. He had also translated many classical works, composed two tragedies and many poems. In his writings, such as 'All'Italia' and 'Sopra il monumento di Dante' Leopardi expressed his love for Italy, and bewailed her abasement among ruins telling of her past greatness. "What bruises and what blood! How do I see thee, / Thou loveliest Lady! Unto Heaven I cry, / And to the world: "Say, say, / What brought her unto this?" To this and worse / ..." (To Italy). Saggio sugli errori popolari degli antichi, written in 1815, but not published until 1846, dealt with popular mistakes of the Ancients. During this early creative period Leopardi's health broke down. He developed a cerebrospinal condition that afflicted him all his life. Leopardi also had problems with his sight and he eventually became blind in one eye. Its has been claimed that seeing his son's deformity Leopoldi's mother gave thanks to God – suffering is one road to salvation.
Though Leopardi's parents were proud of his achievements, they were worried about his liberal views. Count Leopardi wrote religious pamphlets and was a reactionary – his son loved liberty. From an early age, Leopardi was encouraged to use his father's large library with its 20 000 volumes, which Conte Monaldo also had placed at the disposal of all Recanatese.
Because of his physical deformities, Leopardi found it difficult to associate with women. His frustrated love for his cousin Gertrude Cassi produced the elegy 'Il primo amore'. She was married, 27-years old, and she stayed in Recanati for only a few days. Terese Fattorini's death from consumption was behind the sad mood of 'A Silvia', written in Pisa in 1828. The poem begins with nostalgic images of youth, happiness, and singing. "I, leaving my fair studies, / Leaving my manuscripts and toil-stained volumes (...) / Leaned sometimes idly from my father's windows / And listened to the music of thy singing (...)" Silvia's death in the Autumn coincides with the disillusionment of the poet. In Zibaldone ("hodge-podge"), containing 4500 pages, Leopardi recorded his thoughts on philosophy, language, art and politics. He kept the diary from July 1817 to December 1832.
Recanti, with its 17 churches, became eventually a prison for Leopardi. His correspondence with professor Giordani, a famous scholar, offered some comfort. After reading Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) Leopardi captured the "Werther-Fieber", too – he began to contemplate suicide. Goethe depicted a young man who loves his friend's betrothed, and kills himself.
In 1822-23 Leopardi lived in Rome. He hated the town, despised the Roman women, and spent his time mostly among Germans. His verse collection Cazoni came out in 1824. In 1825-26 he lived in Bologna and Florence, disliked both of them, and accepted an offer to edit Cicero's works. To earn extra income Leopardi worked as a tutor for a short period. Between the years 1825 and 1828 he wrote for Fortunato Stella publishers
Leopardi's writings from the 1820s include Versi (1826) and Operette morali (1827), a disillusioned collection of dialogues after the manner of the Greek satirist Lucian. It was the only major work of prose that Leopardi published in his lifetime. Although Alessandro Manzioni, another great poet of the time, gave it a favorable notice, it was largely ignored by readers. .
In 1830 Leopardi left his home in Recanti. He took up residence in Florence and settled then in 1833 in Naples, where he wrote Ginestra (1836). Again he fell hopelessly in love – this time with Fanny, the wife of professor Targioni-Tozzeti. He also began to work on his Pensieri (Thoughts), patterned after the Maximes of the French writer La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680). His sarcasm on the fashionable progressive ideas of his fellow writers Leopardi poured into Palinodia.
During the last years of his life, Leopardi's close friends included Antonio Ranieri and his sister Paolona Ranieri. In 1836 they moved into the villa Ferrigni on the slopes of Vesuvius, about fifteen miles from Naples. Leopardi died of edema on June 14, 1837, in Naples, at the age of thirty-nine. Ranieri said of his friend: "His whole life was not a career like that of most men; it was truly a precipitate course towards death." According to Ranieri, Leopardi never had physical sexual experiences with women

ولد مشوها ويعاني من عدة إعاقات، وهو حتما مأزوم أيضا بسب علاقته مع والده لاعب القمار والذي تسبب في فقدان أموال العائلة وأمه صعبة المراس.

كان يعاني من الكآبة على ما يبدو وحاول الهرب من المنزل وهو في سن الـ18، وكان يعتقد أن الموت هو السبيل الوحيد لخلاص الإنسان.

مأزوم.

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