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William Makepeace Thackeray; 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society.
كاتب انجليزي اشتهر بكتابته اللاذعة والساخره
Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta (the capital of the British Indian Empire at the time, in the grounds of what is now the Armenian College & Philanthropic Academy – on the old Freeschool Street, now called Mirza Ghalib Street), India,
ولد في الهند عام 1811 حيث كان يعمل والده الانجليزي
where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 – 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, Anne Becher (1792–1864) was the second daughter of Harriet and John Harman Becher who was also a secretary (writer) for the East India Company.
William's father died in 1815, which caused his mother to decide to return William to England in 1816 (she remained in India).
مات والد وليم في الهند سنة 1815 مما جعل والدته تقرر اعادته الى لندن في العام 1816 وبقيت هي في الهند
The ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St. Helena where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick and then at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it in his later fiction as "Slaughterhouse."
تعلم في انجلترا في مدارس داخلية ووصف مدرستة تشارتر هاوس في كتاباته اللاحقة بأنها المسلخ
(Nevertheless Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death.) Illness in his last year there (during which he reportedly grew to his full height of 6' 3") postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829.
اخره المرض عن الالتحاق بكلية ترنتي في كامبرج جتى عام 1829
Never too keen on academic studies, he left the University in 1830, though some of his earliest writing appeared in university publications The Snob and The Gownsman.
لم يكن مهتم كثيرا بالدراسة الجامعية ولذلك ترك الجامعة في العام 1830

He travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe.
سافر الى فرنسا والتقى جوثي
He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up.
عاد لدراسة القانون
On reaching the age of 21 he came into his inheritance but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccessful newspapers, The National Standard and The Constitutional for which he had hoped to write.
حصل على حصته من الاثر عندما اصبح في الحادية والعشرين من العمر لكنه ضيع امواله في القمار وفي تمويل جريدتين فاشلتين
He also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks.
خسر ايضا جزءا مهما من ثروته في انهيار بنوك هندية
Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which he studied in Paris, but did not pursue it except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and other writings.
Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he met and, on 20 August 1836, married Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816–1893), second daughter of Matthew Shawe, a colonel, who had died after extraordinary service, primarily in India, and his wife, Isabella Creagh.
انتهت سنوات الكسل عنده عندما التقى في العام 1836 بزوجته ازابيلا وهي ابتة ضابط نات بعد خدمة عسكرية مشرفه
Their three daughters were Anne Isabella (1837–1919), Jane (died at 8 months) and Harriet Marian (1840–1875). He now began "writing for his life," as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family.
Tragedy struck in his personal life as his wife succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child in 1840.
حلت به المآساة حينما اصاب زوجته مرض الكآبة بعد ولادتة ابنها الثالث

قل انتاجة وابتعد عن زوجته لكنه عاد لاصطحابها في رحلة الى ايرلندا لعلها تشفى وفي البحر رمت بنفسها في المياه محاولة الانتحار لكن تم انقاذها ثم عادا بعد ابرعبة اسابيع لكن حالتها ظلت تتدهور واصحبت لا تعي العالم حولها وفشلت كل محاولات علاجها وتم حجزها في منزل بالقرب من باريس وظلت فيه حتى عام 1893 اي انها عاشت بعد وقاة زوجها بثلاثين سنه
After his wife's illness, Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship.

بعد مرض زوجته اصبح بمثابة ارمل ولم يحاول الاقتران بأمرأه اخرى لكنه صادق نساء اخريات واحدة تكبره بعشرين سنه
He did pursue other women, in particular Mrs. Jane Brookfield and Sally Baxter. In 1851 Mr. Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years his junior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City in 1852, married another man in 1855.
In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books, The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch Book. Later in the decade, he achieved some notoriety with his Snob Papers, but the work that really established his fame was the novel Vanity Fair, which first appeared in serialised instalments beginning in January 1847. Even before Vanity Fair completed its serial run, Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the very lords and ladies he satirised; they hailed him as the equal of Dickens.
He remained "at the top of the tree," as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing several large novels, notably Pendennis, The Newcomes, and The History of Henry Esmond, despite various illnesses, including a near fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing Pendennis. He twice visited the United States on lecture tours during this period.
كتب عدة روايات وكان يعاني من المرض وكاد يموت وهو يكتب رواية بندنس
Thackeray also gave lectures in London on the English humourists of the eighteenth century, and on the first four Hanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as The Four Georges. In Oxford, he stood unsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell (1070 votes, against 1005 for Thackeray).
In 1860, Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but was never comfortable as an editor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his Roundabout Papers for it.
His health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by the recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time.
ساءت صحته خلال العام 1850
He also felt he had lost much of his creative impetus. He worsened matters by over-eating and drinking and avoiding exercise, though he enjoyed horseback riding and kept a horse. He could not break his addiction to spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead on his bed in the morning. His death at the age of fifty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family, friends, and reading public.
مات وعمره 52 سنه ومثل موته صدمة لعائلة واصدقاؤه والقراء
يتم الاب في سن الـ 4