منتديات منابر ثقافية - عرض مشاركة واحدة - ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية

09-26-2011, 08:47 AM

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والان مع سر الروعة في رواية :

40 - الريح في الصفصاف، للمؤلف كينيث جراهام.

The Wind in the Willows is a classic of children's literature by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. Alternately slow moving and fast paced, it focuses on four anthropomorphised animal characters in a pastoral version of England. The novel is notable for its mixture of mysticism, adventure, morality, and camaraderie and celebrated for its evocation of the nature of the Thames valley.
In 1908 Grahame retired from his position as secretary of the Bank of England. He moved back to Cookham, Berkshire, where he had been brought up and spent his time by the River Thames doing much as the animal characters in his book do—namely, as one of the most famous phrases from the book says, "simply messing about in boats"—and wrote down the bed-time stories he had been telling his son Alistair.
The Wind in the Willows was in its thirty-first printing when then-famous playwright, A. A. Milne, who loved it, adapted a part of it for stage as Toad of Toad Hall in 1929.

Plot summary

At the start of the book, it is spring time, the weather is fine, and good-natured Mole loses patience with his spring cleaning and dares to leave his underground home, heading up to take in the air. He ends up at the river, which he has never seen before. Here he meets Ratty (a water rat), who spends all his days in and around the river. Rat takes Mole for a ride in his rowing boat. They get along well and the two of them spend many more days on the river, with Rat teaching Mole the ways of the river.
Some time later, one summer day, Rat and Mole find themselves near Toad Hall and pay a visit to Toad. Toad is rich, jovial and friendly, but conceited, and tends to become obsessed about things, only to dismiss them later. Having given up boating, Toad's current craze is his horse-drawn caravan. In fact, he is about to go on a trip, and persuades the reluctant Rat and willing Mole to join him. A few days later, a passing motor car scares their horse, causing the caravan to crash. This marks the end of Toad's craze for caravan travel, to be replaced with an obsession for motor cars.
Mole wants to meet Badger, who lives in the Wild Wood, but Rat knows that Badger does not appreciate visits, and so refuses to take him, suggesting that if Mole will wait, Badger himself will pay a visit. Nevertheless, on a winter's day, Mole goes to the Wild Wood to explore, hoping to meet Badger. He gets lost in the woods, succumbs to fright and panic and hides among the roots of a sheltering tree. Rat goes looking for Mole, and finds him, but it starts to snow and even Rat no longer knows the way home. By chance they arrive at Badger's home. Badger welcomes Rat and Mole to his large and very cosy home, and gives them food and dry clothes. Badger learns from Rat and Mole that Toad has crashed six cars and has been hospitalised three times, and has had to spend a fortune on fines. Though nothing can be done at the moment (it being winter), they decide that once spring arrives they should do something to protect Toad from himself, since they are, after all, his friends.
With the arrival of spring, Badger visits Mole and Rat to do something about Toad's self-destructive obsession. The three of them go to visit Toad, and Badger tries talking him out of his behaviour, to no avail. They decide to put Toad under house arrest, with themselves as the guards, until Toad changes his mind. Feigning illness, Toad manages to escape and steals a car. He is caught and sent to prison on a twenty-year sentence. No longer needing to guard the now-absent Toad, Rat visits his old friend Otter and finds out that Otter's son is missing. Rat and Mole set out to find him. They receive help from the god Pan who leads them to the location of the missing child. Pan removes their memories of this meeting "lest the awful remembrance should remain and grow, and overshadow mirth and pleasure".
In prison, Toad gains the sympathy of the jailer's daughter, who helps him to escape. This involves disguising Toad as a washerwoman. Having escaped, Toad is without possessions and pursued by the police, but he shakes off his pursuers with the help of the driver of a steam train. Still disguised as a washerwoman, Toad comes across a horse-drawn boat. Toad lies about being a capable washerwoman to the owner of the boat, who offers him a lift in exchange for his laundry services. Toad, however, proves to be incapable at washing clothes, and he gets into a fight with the boat owner, steals her horse, and sells it to a Gypsy. Hoping for a ride home, he flags down a passing car, which happens to be one he stole earlier. However, the owners don't recognise him in his disguise, and give him a lift. Toad asks if he can drive, and is allowed to. He hijacks the car and kidnaps the passengers, which of course quickly leads to an accident. He flees, and by chance arrives at Rat's house.
Toad hears from Rat that Toad Hall has been taken over by weasels, stoats and ferrets from the Wild Wood, despite attempts to protect and recover it by Mole and Badger. Although upset at the loss of his house, Toad realises what good friends he has, and how badly he has behaved. Badger, Rat, Mole and Toad enter Toad Hall via a secret entrance and drive away the intruders. Toad makes up for his earlier wrongdoings by seeking out those he wronged and compensating them. The four friends live out their lives happily ever after.

The Wind in the Willows is a hymn to Old England. But for its author, it meant much more than that. A hundred years after its publication, John Preston explores the private torments that inspired Kenneth Grahame to write his classic
At around 11 o'clock on the morning of 24 November, 1903, a man called George Robinson, who in newspaper accounts of what followed would be referred to simply as 'a Socialist Lunatic', arrived at the Bank of England. There, Robinson asked to speak to the governor, Sir Augustus Prevost. Since Prevost had retired several years earlier, he was asked if he would like to see the bank secretary, Kenneth Grahame, instead.
When Grahame appeared, Robinson walked towards him, holding out a rolled up manuscript. It was tied at one end with a white ribbon and at the other, with a black one. He asked Grahame to choose which end to take. After some understandable hesitation, Grahame chose the end with the black ribbon, whereupon Robinson pulled out a gun and shot at him. He fired three shots; all of them missed.
Several bank employees managed to wrestle Robinson to the ground, aided by the Fire Brigade who turned a hose on him. Strapped into a straitjacket, he was bundled away and subsequently committed to Broadmoor.
A year afterwards, Grahame began to write The Wind in the Willows - 2008 marks the centenary of its publication. While it would be an over-simplification to draw too close a connection between the two events, there's no doubt that the shooting incident affected Grahame deeply. It confirmed something that he had always suspected; namely, that the outside world was an unsafe and unstable place, full of brutish people doing horrid things to one another. In short, somewhere to escape from.
When Grahame retreated from the world, it was natural that he should choose the one place where he'd always felt at home - close to the Thames at Cookham Dean. In Grahame's early childhood, Cookham Dean was his only haven of tranquillity. Everywhere else was awash with turbulence and trauma.
He'd first come to Cookham when he was five, soon after the death of his mother: she contracted scarlet fever after giving birth to her fourth child. Grahame's father, Cunningham, a Scottish lawyer, reacted to his wife's death by drinking himself into a stupor from which he never really emerged: he died penniless in a Le Havre boarding-house in 1887, just before Kenneth's 28th birthday.
On the surface at least, the fastidious, emotionally repressed Kenneth bore little resemblance to his bluff, booze-sodden father. But, as Humphrey Carpenter pointed out in his book Secret Gardens, Cunningham, too, was an escapist - he just went about it in a different way: first, through hitting the bottle and then, by running away to France.
As an adult, Kenneth Grahame was constantly pulled between two extremes: part of him wanted to escape the ties of domesticity and wander the highways and byways as a free spirit, while the other part longed for nothing more than the cosiness of the hearth. This tension lies at the heart of all his work, but it's at its most apparent - and most engaging - in The Wind in the Willows.
With no mother and a perpetually befuddled father, the four children were sent away from their home in Scotland to stay with their maternal grandmother, 'Granny Ingles', who had a large house called the Mount, in Cookham Dean, on the edge of the Berkshire downs. There, they were allowed to do what they wanted, virtually free of adult supervision.
When Grahame returned to the Mount in 1906 - by now a married man and with a son of the same age as he would have been then - he found that, 'I can remember everything I felt then. Coming back here wakens every recollection.'
This idyll, however, lasted for only two years. In 1865, one of the chimneys collapsed in a gale and the family moved to a cottage in the nearby village of Cranbourne. Thrown out of his Eden, Grahame spent the rest of his life trying to get back there. 'Somehow the sun does not seem to shine as brightly as it used to,' he wrote later. 'The trackless meadows of old time have shrunk and dwindled away to a few poor acres.'
Although Grahame was plainly a sensitive child, he was hardly the quivering milksop of popular myth. He did well at his public school in Oxford, winning his First XV rugby colours and becoming head boy. He hoped to go on to Oxford, but what family he had by this stage reckoned that a university education was a waste of time. Instead, they found him a job as a gentleman-clerk in the Bank of England.
Here again, one might assume that the bank represented everything Grahame hated most, being cheerless, monotonous and claustrophobic. But in the late 1880s, it was an extremely odd place. Staff worked short - very short - hours and took expansively long lunches. Several of them kept fighting dogs in the basement: there would be regular after-work dog-fights in the lavatories.
On one level the shy, cloistered Grahame was appalled by this. Yet on another he was fascinated by the mayhem and eccentricity he saw around him, and in a bank ledger he began jotting down ideas for stories and poems.
But at 19 years old, he was still teetering uneasily between childhood and adulthood, terrified of cutting himself off from what he held most dear. With any spare money, Grahame began to buy what turned into a vast collection of toys. Visitors to his London flat were astonished to find it full of fluffy animals and wooden figures.
His first book, Pagan Papers, was published in 1893. A collection of stories and essays on the general theme of escape, the book did well. For one so unworldly, Grahame proved to be a surprisingly tough negotiator with his publishers, winning himself a much larger than average percentage of the gross.
Despite its title, Pagan Days had nothing to do with paganism and still less to do with sex. Instead, it offered a fashionably horrified reaction to the Machine Age, extolling the virtues of long country walks and pints of beer in remote inns. It also established Grahame's fascination with rivers - places where one could relax and be at ease with oneself.
As far as sex was concerned, it wasn't so much that Grahame was a late starter: rather, he showed no inclination to get going at all. There are hints that he had an unhappy love affair in his early thirties.
Peter Green, in his 1959 biography, believes he may have had some sort of flirtation with his cousin, Annie. By way of evidence, he cites a poem Grahame wrote in 1892 which includes the couplet: 'Routed ere the touch of lance/ By her terrible advance.' It's not immediately clear whose lance Grahame is referring to here, but 'her terrible advance' seems to tell its own story of panic and dismay.
Another two books followed: The Golden Age and Dream Days, both of them also very successful. By 1897, Grahame was a 38-year-old bachelor with a bushy moustache and a perpetually startled expression. He was also a virgin.
At this point he met Elspeth Thomson, the 35-year-old daughter of the inventor of the pneumatic tyre. Elspeth appears to have been the living incarnation of Dolly Daydream, as scatty as she was whimsical. But, like a lot of waftily ethereal women, she was a lot more determined than her manner suggested.
Almost instantly, she decided that Kenneth was the man for her. Not only was he a famous author, he had also just been made secretary of the Bank of England.
Stunned and flattered by her attentions, Grahame was a pushover. They started to exchange letters, the like of which had never been written before, and nor, one may well hope, since.
These letters were couched in baby language with Grahame signing himself Dino, and Elspeth, Minkie. 'Darlin Minkie,' he wrote in 1899, 'ope youre makin steddy progress & beginnin ter think of oppin outer your nest & avin a short fly round. I ad nuther good nite & avnt ardly corfd torl terday - but it aint so nice a day & doesn't tempt one out.'
There was more - a lot more - in the same vein. At times, as Alison Prince writes in her 1994 Grahame biography, An Innocent in the Wild Wood, it was as if the two of them were locked in a competition to see who could be the more childlike. This was hardly the basis for a promising marriage.
None the less, notice of their engagement appeared in the Morning Post of 1 July, 1899. By now, Grahame was clearly having misgivings about the whole thing. He wasn't the only one; most of his friends were appalled by Elspeth, finding her intensely irritating and quite possibly unhinged. One of them asked him if he really intended going through with the wedding. 'I suppose so,' Grahame muttered glumly. 'I suppose so.'
Just three weeks later, on 22 July, they were married in Fowey in Cornwall, with Elspeth wearing a chain of withered daisies round her neck: an aptly symbolic touch, as it turned out. Sure enough, the marriage was a disaster. It was, however, consummated and Elspeth became pregnant almost immediately.
Their son, Alastair, was born on 12 May, 1900. But it was soon clear that something was very wrong. Alastair was born blind in one eye and with a pronounced squint in the other. The couple's response to this was typical - and catastrophic in its consequences. They retreated into fantasy, convincing themselves that Alastair, or 'Mouse' as they called him, was a genius.
While Kenneth took an obsessive interest in his son, forever banging on about how talented he was, Elspeth increasingly took to her bed where she drank hot water and wrote soppy poetry.
In 1906, three years after the Socialist Lunatic turned a gun on him, Grahame moved his family back to Cookham Dean, plainly hoping the place would once more work its soothing magic on him. By now, it had been almost 10 years since he had written anything. Within a matter of weeks, though, he was working on The Wind in the Willows.
The book had actually had its genesis two years earlier. It started in the shape of bedtime stories Grahame used to tell Mouse. According to Elspeth's (wildly fanciful) account of its composition, she and Kenneth were due to go out to dinner one night. Elspeth was waiting impatiently in the hall wondering where Kenneth had got to. When she asked the maid, she was told, 'He's with Master Mouse, Madam. He's telling him some ditty about a Toad.'
The stories continued as Mouse grew older, becoming steadily more refined. Whenever Grahame went away, he wrote Mouse letters continuing the adventures of Toad, Ratty, Mole and other inhabitants of the river bank.
There has been speculation that the mercurial, manic and appallingly behaved Toad was a veiled portrait of Alastair himself. Certainly the boy was already exhibiting signs of peculiar behaviour.
One of his favourite games involved him lying down in the road in front of approaching cars and forcing them to stop. Stranger still, he had taken to calling himself Robinson, the name of the man who had shot at his father. (Several of the Toad letters are addressed to 'Darling Robinson'.) But it seems just as likely that Toad's exuberance was Grahame's own; he just didn't have an outlet for it anywhere else.
The inspiration for other characters is easier to pinpoint. While dressing for dinner one night in Cookham Dean, Grahame looked out of the window and saw a robin and a mole fighting over a worm in the garden. He rushed downstairs and put the mole in a box for safe keeping. But in the morning the mole had escaped - only to be beaten to death with a broom by the housekeeper, who thought it was a rat.
As for the Wild Wood, where poor Mole is terrified by the faces he sees in the trees, 'all fixing on him glances of malice and hatred: all hard-eyed and evil and sharp', this is often held to represent everything that Grahame regarded as dark and frightening in his own nature, his sexuality in particular. The Wild Wood is also a place where the old social order has crumbled away and been replaced by anarchy - somewhere Socialist Lunatics could run about with impunity.
It wasn't until the intervention of a neighbour in Bray, an American woman called Constance Smedley, that Grahame was persuaded that these letters and bedtime stories might make a book. His original title was The Wind in the Reeds. However, W.B. Yeats had published a collection of poetry with almost the same title, and so Grahame changed it to The Wind in the Willows. When he sent the manuscript off to his agent, he told him proudly that it was 'clean of the clash of sex'.
The book was turned down by every publisher it was sent to. Eventually Methuen agreed to take it, but only on the understanding that it wouldn't pay Grahame any advance.
Published in the autumn of 1908, The Wind in the Willows received almost universally stinking reviews. 'Grown-up readers will find it monstrous and elusive,' wrote the Times critic. 'Children will hope, in vain, for more fun.' Arthur Ransome judged it to be an out-and-out failure - 'like a speech to Hottentots made in Chinese'. The only reviewer who saw its merits was the novelist Arnold Bennett, who pronounced it 'entirely successful'.
Salvation, though, came from an unlikely quarter: the then President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. Grahame sent Roosevelt a copy of The Wind in the Willows after he had expressed his admiration for his earlier books. Roosevelt loved it and wrote to the American publishers Scribners, effectively telling them they had to publish it. Scribners obliged and from then on public appreciation - and sales - kept on rising.
But the success of The Wind in the Willows did little for Grahame's morale: he was still stuck in a loveless marriage with a hysterical hypochondriac. Meanwhile Alastair/Mouse had become as ill-disciplined as the weasels and stoats who take over Toad Hall. Petulant and grotesquely indulged, he was a long way from being a genius.
At school, Alastair found it increasingly hard to keep up. Removed from Rugby after six weeks, he was sent to Eton, where he promptly had a nervous breakdown. In January 1918, Alastair went up to Christ Church College, Oxford - Kenneth had managed to wangle him a place through his contacts. However, he didn't fare any better there, changing subjects several times in a desperate attempt to find something he was good at.
On 7 May, 1920, Alastair, by now almost 20, dined in hall as usual. At the end of the meal he asked for a glass of port - 'I had not known him do that before,' said a fellow student afterwards. The next morning his body was found on the railway line that ran through Port Meadow in north Oxford. He had been decapitated.
The inquest tactfully recorded a verdict of accidental death, although there seems little doubt that Alastair meant to kill himself: the position of his body suggested he had lain face-down across the rails. As a child, he had done something similar with approaching cars - but then, of course, they had always stopped.
If Alastair did intend to commit suicide, it seems especially poignant that he should have chosen this method to do so. In Grahame's work, railways stand for everything he most disliked about modern life: 'The iron tetter that scurfs the face of our island and has killed out the pleasant life of the road.' Years later, Alastair's tutor at Christ Church remembered him once saying, 'This life is like a prison.'
Without Alastair to indulge, Kenneth and Elspeth continued their bloodless, reclusive life together. In her watery way, Elspeth grew ever-more tyrannical, insisting her husband wear special underwear which, she claimed, only needed changing once a year. Under the circumstances it was hardly surprising that he took to going on increasingly long, solitary walks.
Occasionally children who had adored The Wind in the Willows would come to visit Grahame, but they usually went away disappointed. Like A.A. Milne, whose dramatisation of the book, Toad of Toad Hall, had its first production in 1930, Grahame wasn't very good with real children, tending to ignore them in favour of adults. Two years after the opening of the play, which brought the book to an even wider audience, Grahame died of a cerebral haemorrhage.
The funeral was held in nearby Pangbourne on 9 July, 1932. 'Perhaps the most touching thing of all,' recalled one of the mourners, 'were the flowers sent by children from all over the country, with cards attached in a childish scrawl, saying how much they loved him.'
These days 4x4s throng the narrow lanes of Cookham Dean and the village pub is a boutique hotel. The pebble-dashed, Dutch-gabled house in which Grahame wrote The Wind in the Willows has become a prep school. There's no view of the Thames from the house. However, next to it is a tangle of ill-kempt trees, their trunks leaning over and covered with ivy. For Kenneth Grahame, the Wild Wood was always closer than he liked to think.

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