الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
06-17-2011, 11:04 PM
المشاركة
861
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
قبلاي خان
يتمه: فقد الاب وعمره 17 سنه.
مجاله: قائد مغولي.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (
Mongolian
: Хубилай хаан;
Chinese
:
pinyin
:
Hūbìliè
) (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294 was the fifth
Great Khan
of the
Mongol Empire
from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the
Yuan Dynasty
in East Asia. As the second son of
Tolui
and
Sorghaghtani Beki
and a grandson of
Genghis Khan
, he claimed the title of
Khagan
of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire) in 1260 after the death of his older brother
Möngke
in the previous year, though his younger brother
Ariq Böke
was also given this title in the Mongolian capital at
Karakorum
. He eventually won the battle against Ariq Böke in 1264, and the succession war essentially marked the beginning of disunity in the empire. Kublai's real power was limited to China and
Mongolia
after the victory over Ariq Böke, though his influence still remained in the
Ilkhanate
, and to a lesser degree, in the
Golden Horde
, in the western parts of the Mongol Empire. His realm reached from the Pacific to the
Urals
, from
Siberia
to modern day
Afghanistan
– one fifth of the world's inhabited land area.
In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day
Mongolia
and China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of
Emperor of China
. By 1279, the
Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance
of the
Southern Song Dynasty
, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.
Kublai (b. 23 Sep. 1215) was the fifth son of
Tolui
and
Sorghaghtani Beki
. As his grandfather
Genghis Khan
advised, Sorghaghtani chose as her son's nurse a
Buddhist
Tangut
woman whom Kublai later honored highly.
On his way back home after the
conquest
of
Khwarizmian Empire
, Genghis Khan performed the ceremony on his grandsons Mongke and Kublai after their first hunting in 1224 near the
Ili River
. Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a
rabbit
and an
antelope
. His grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger following the Mongol tradition.
After the
Mongol-Jin War
, in 1236,
Ogedei
gave
Hebei
Province (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own and 10,000 households there. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused the flight of large numbers of Chinese peasants, which in turn led to a decline in tax revenues. Kublai quickly came to his
appanage
in Hebei and ordered reforms. Sorghaghtani sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, people returned to their old towers.
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