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جورج اورول

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist.
ولد جورج اورول عام 1950
His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.
يتصف عمله بالذكاء والفطنة ووعي عميق الظلم الاجتماعي ورفض النظم التسلطية وغرام في حب اللغة البسيطة واعتقاد بالاشتراكية الديمقراطية
Considered perhaps the twentieth century's best chronicler of English culture, Orwell wrote fiction, polemical journalism, literary criticism and poetry.
كتب الشعر والنقد الادبي والنثر وعمل في الصحافه
He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (published in 1949) and the satirical novella Animal Farm (1945)—they have together sold more copies than any two books by any other twentieth-century author. His 1938 book Homage to Catalonia, an account of his experiences as a volunteer on the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War, together with numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture, are widely acclaimed.
Orwell's influence on contemporary culture, popular and political, continues decades after his death. Several of his neologisms, along with the term "Orwellian"—now a byword for any totalitarian or manipulative social phenomenon opposed to a free society—have entered the vernacular.
Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India.
ولد في الهند
His great-grandfather Charles Blair had been a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who had married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of slave plantations in Jamaica. His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman. Although the gentility was passed down the generations, the prosperity was not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class". His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service.
والده كان يعمل في قسم المخدرات مع الحكومة البريطانية في الهند
His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in Moulmein, Burma where her French father was involved in speculative ventures.
بينما عاشت والدته في بورما وكان والدها الفرنسي محب للمغامرة
Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him to England.
له اختان واحدة اكبر منه بخمس سنوات واخرى اقل منه بخمس سنوات وبينما كان عمر جورج اورول سافرت به امه الى انجلترا
In 1904, Blair's mother settled at Henley-on-Thames. Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit, in the summer of 1907, he did not see his father again until 1912.
سكن وعاش مع امه واخواته ولم ير والده الا مرة واحده لمده قصيرة عام 1907 ثم مرة اخرى 1912
At the age of five, Eric Blair was sent as a day-boy to the convent school in Henley-on-Thames which Marjorie attended (a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursulines, exiled from France after religious education was banned there in 1903). His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family was not wealthy enough to afford the fees, making it necessary for him to obtain a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin, who lived on the South Coast of England, was asked to find the best possible school to prepare Eric for public school entrance, and he recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, came into contact with the school and its headmaster at the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement which allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He boarded at the school until he left going home only for school holidays.
درس وعتبارا من العام 1911 في مدرسة داخلية ولم يكن يعود للمنزل الا في العطل والاعياد
He knew nothing of the reduced-fee arrangement until his third year at the school, though he 'soon recognised that he was from a poorer home.' Blair hated the school and many years later based his posthumously published essay Such, Such Were the Joys on his time there.
كره المدرسه وكتب عن ذلك في وقت لاحق
At St. Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who himself became a noted writer and who, as the editor of Horizon, published many of Orwell's essays. As part of his school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington College and Eton College. He left St Cyprian's in December 1916.
غادر المدرسة الداخلية عام 1916
After Blair spent a term at Wellington in May 1917, a place became available for him as a King's Scholar at Eton which he took up, and he remained at Eton until December 1921 when he left aged eighteen and a half.
انضم الى مدرسة داخلية اخرى وظل فيها حتى عام 1921 وكان عندها 18 ونصف
His parents could not afford to send him to university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results that he would not be able to obtain one. However, Runciman noted that he had a romantic idea about the East and it was decided that Blair should join the Indian Police Service.
لم يتمكن والديه من الحاقه بالجامعة لسبب الفقر وعليه تقرر ان يلتحق بالشرطة الهندية
To do this, it was necessary to pass an entrance examination. His father had retired to Southwold, Suffolk by this time and Blair was enrolled at a "crammer" there called Craighurst where he brushed up on his classics, English and History. Blair passed the exam, coming seventh out of the twenty-six candidates who exceeded the set pass mark.

Policing in Burma

Blair's grandmother lived at Moulmein, and with family connections in the area, his choice of posting was Burma.
اختار ان يخدم في بورما بلد جده
In October 1922 he sailed on board S.S. Herefordshire via the Suez Canal and Ceylon to join the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. A month later, he arrived at Rangoon and made the journey to Mandalay, the site of the police training school. After a short posting at Maymyo, Burma's principal hill station, he was posted to the frontier outpost of Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy Delta at the beginning of 1924.
In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he went to Katha, in Upper Burma, where he contracted Dengue fever in 1927. He was entitled to a leave in England that year, and in view of his illness, was allowed to go home in July.
عام 1927 مرض وعاد الى انجلترا
He fell seriously ill in March 1929 and was taken to the Hôpital Cochin, a free hospital maintained for the teaching of medical students (the basis of his essay How the Poor Die, published in 1946), and shortly afterwards had all his money stolen from the lodging house.
اشتد مرضه عام 1929 ونام في المستشفى الجامعة وكتب مقاله عن تجربته هناك بعنوان كيف يموت الفقراء
Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist.[50] "No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues and prowling gangs of armed men."[51]
زار اسبانيا خلال الحرب وهناك تعامل مع الشيوعيين وتعرف على اساليبهم في الدعاية والاعلان
After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet.
عندما عاد الى الجبهة في اسبانيا اصيب برصاة في حنجرته
Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters[ and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lleida. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to Tarragona and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. He received electrotherapy treatment and was declared medically unfit for service.
كادت الاصابتة تقتله واعلن انه غير مناسب للخدمة العسكرية
Orwell returned to England in June 1937,
عاد الى انجلترا عام 1937
In the year following Eileen's death he published around 130 articles and was active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the Islington flat, which visitors now described as "bleak".
بعد موت زوجته كتب 130 مقال وكان نشيطا في الحملات السياسية واستخدم مربية للاهتمان بأنه بالتبني
Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. However a later visit was made by Jack Harrison who claimed that Orwell gave him 25 of the company.[68] Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46
مات في سن السادسة والاربعين
David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire and negotiated with the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, although he had no connection with the village.[72] His gravestone bore the simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name.
مات عام 1950

- ولد جورج اورول عام 1903
- يتصف عمله بالذكاء والفطنة ووعي عميق الظلم الاجتماعي ورفض النظم التسلطية وغرام في حب اللغة البسيطة واعتقاد بالاشتراكية الديمقراطية
- كتب الشعر والنقد الادبي والنثر وعمل في الصحافه
- ولد في الهند
- والده كان يعمل في قسم المخدرات مع الحكومة البريطانية في الهند
- بينما عاشت والدته في بورما وكان والدها الفرنسي محب للمغامرة
- له اختان واحدة اكبر منه بخمس سنوات واخرى اقل منه بخمس سنوات وبينما كان عمر جورج اورول سافرت به امه الى انجلترا
- سكن وعاش مع امه واخواته ولم ير والده الا مرة واحده لمده قصيرة عام 1907 ثم مرة اخرى 1912
- درس وعتبارا من العام 1911 في مدرسة داخلية ولم يكن يعود للمنزل الا في العطل والاعياد
- كره المدرسه وكتب عن ذلك في وقت لاحق
- غادر المدرسة الداخلية عام 1916
- انضم الى مدرسة داخلية اخرى وظل فيها حتى عام 1921 وكان عندها 18 ونصف
- لم يتمكن والديه من الحاقه بالجامعة لسبب الفقر وعليه تقرر ان يلتحق بالشرطة الهندية
- اختار ان يخدم في بورما بلد جده
- عام 1927 مرض وعاد الى انجلترا
--اشتد مرضه عام 1929 ونام في المستشفى الجامعة وكتب مقاله عن تجربته هناك بعنوان كيف يموت الفقراء
- زار اسبانيا خلال الحرب وهناك تعامل مع الشيوعيين وتعرف على اساليبهم في الدعاية والاعلان
- عندما عاد الى الجبهة في اسبانيا اصيب برصاة في حنجرته
- كادت الاصابتة تقتله واعلن انه غير مناسب للخدمة العسكرية
- عاد الى انجلترا عام 1937
- بعد موت زوجته كتب 130 مقال وكان نشيطا في الحملات السياسية واستخدم مربية للاهتمان بأنه بالتبني
- مات في سن السادسة والاربعين عام 1950

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