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قديم 08-28-2012, 10:17 PM
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87- تشانج كاي-شيك

شيانج كاي شيك أو تشانغ كاي شيك (بالصينية蔣中正، بالإنجليزيةChiang Kai-shek) ولد في 31 أكتوبر 1887 وتوفي في 5 أبريل 1975 قائد سياسي وعسكري صينى تولى رئاسة حزب الكومنتانج الوطني بعد وفاة صن يات سين عام 1925 وقاد الحكومة الوطنية لجمهورية الصين من عام 1928 لعام 1975 وقاد (حملة الشمال) لتوحيد الصين ضد أمراء الحرب والتي أدت لأن يصبح رئيس جمهورية الصين عام 1928
سيرته

ولد شيانج في فينج هوا بمقاطعة شيكيانغ بالقرب من شنغهاي في 31 أكتوبر1887 حاد عن تقليدية العائلة في الزراعةوالتجارة البسيطة ليلتحق بالجيش وبعد قضائه مدة وجيزة في الاكاديمية العسكرية الوطنية في باودينغ سافر إلى طوكيو ليلتحق بكلية اركان الجيش. وهناك تقابل مع سن يات سن وانضم إلى التحالف الثوري المتحد والذي صار فيما بعد الحزب الوطني (كومنتانج Kuomintang) الذي كان يهدُف إلى إطاحة الحكومة الملكية وتوحيد الصين في جمهورية.
تنقل تشانغ ما بين الصين واليابان على مدى سنوات عديدة تلقى خلالها تدريبه العسكري وشحذ فكره السياسي. وفي عام 1911 تولى -بوصفه معاوناً لسن- قيادة أحد الأفواج في الثورة التي قادت إلى إقامة جمهورية الصين عام 1912. وعلى مدى العقد التالى قسّم شيانج وقته ما بين محاربة الأعداء في الصين ومواصلة تعليمه العسكري وطلب المساعدات المالية لبلاده. وعند عودته إلى الصين عام 1924 تولى إدارة اكاديمية وامبو العسكرية التابعة للحزب الوطني حيث تهيأت له الفرصة للتأثير في الضباط الصغار وتوسيع قاعدة قوته المتنامية

Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th-century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí (蔣介石) or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (蔣中正) in Mandarin.
Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader.[3] He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting western democracy and the nationalist democratic socialism that Sun Yat-sen and some other members of the KMT embraced in favor of a nationalist authoritarian government.
Chiang's predecessor, Sun Yat-sen, was well-liked and respected by the Communists, but after Sun's death Chiang was not able to maintain good relations with the Communists. A major split between the Nationalists and Communists occurred in 1927; and, under Chiang's leadership, the Nationalists fought a nation-wide civil war against the Communist Party of China (CPC). After Japan invaded China in 1937, Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CPC. Despite some early cooperative military successes against Japan, by the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CPC nor the KMT trusted each other or were actively cooperating. After American-sponsored attempts to negotiate a coalition government failed in 1946, the Chinese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted people critical of his rule in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled the island securely as the self-appointed President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975.

Early life>

Childhood>

Chiang was born in Xikou, a town approximately 30 kilometers southwest of downtown Ningbo, in Fenghua, Ningbo, Zhejiang. However, his ancestral home, a concept important in Chinese society, was the town of Heqiao (和橋鎮) in Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu (approximately 38 km (24 mi) southwest of downtown Wuxi, and 10 km (6.2 mi) from the shores of Lake Tai).
Chiang's father, Jiang Zhaocong (蔣肇聰), and mother, Wang Caiyu (王采玉), were members of an upper-middle to upper-class family of salt merchants. Chiang's father died when he was only eight years of age, and he wrote of his mother as the "embodiment of Confucian virtues".


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