الموضوع
:
أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
09-12-2012, 09:11 AM
المشاركة
2
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
البرت اينشتاين
1)
Albert Einstein
- Albert Einstein is a name that comes to mind first when thinking of geniuses. Einstein’s brain was found to be deficient in certain parts, but extraordinarily powerful in others. Another trait of Albert’s brain was the fact that he had a much larger corpus callosum than the average man. The corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres and allows them to successfully transfer information back and forth (communicate with one another). Einstein has received the Nobel Prize in physics, was named “Person Of The Century” by Time Magazine, and has contributed phenomenal theories to the world of science (i.e. theory of relativity, unique field theory, etc).
==
Albert Einstein ( German: 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born
theoretical physicist
who developed the
general theory of relativity
, effecting a revolution in
physics
. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of
modern physics
[2]
[3]
and the most influential physicist of the 20th century. While best known for his
mass–energy equivalence
formula
E
=
mc
2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"),
[4]
he received the
1921
Nobel Prize in Physics
"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the
photoelectric effect
" The latter was pivotal in establishing
quantum theory
within physics.
Early life and education
Albert Einstein was born in
Ulm
, in the
Kingdom of Württemberg
in the German Empire on 14 March 1879. His father was
Hermann Einstein
, a salesman and engineer. His mother was
Pauline Einstein (née Koch)
. In 1880, the family moved to
Munich
, where his father and his uncle founded
Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie
, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on
direct current
.
The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Albert attended a
Catholic elementary school
from the age of five for three years. Later, at the age of eight, Einstein was transferred to the
Luitpold Gymnasium
where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. Although it has been thought that Einstein had early speech difficulties, this is disputed by the Albert Einstein Archives, and he excelled at the first school that he attended. He was right handed; there appears to be no evidence for the widespread popular belief that he was left handed.
His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space". As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics. When Einstein was ten years old, Max Talmud (later changed to
Max Talmey
), a poor Jewish medical student from
Poland
, was introduced to the Einstein family by his brother, and during weekly visits over the next five years, he gave the boy popular books on science, mathematical texts and philosophical writings. These included Immanuel Kant's
Critique of Pure Reason
and
Euclid's Elements
(which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").
In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the
War of Currents
to
alternating current
(AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to
Milan
and then, a few months later, to
Pavia
. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue
electrical engineering
, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict
rote learning
. At the end of December 1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. It was during his time in Italy that he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the
Ether
in a Magnetic Field."
In late summer 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in
Zurich
(later the
Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule
). He failed to reach the required standard in several subjects, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the Principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Aargau Cantonal School in
Aarau
, Switzerland, in 1895-96 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister
Maja
later married the Wintelers' son, Paul. In January 1896, with his father's approval, he renounced his
citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg
to avoid
military service
. In September 1896, he passed the Swiss
Matura
with mostly good grades (including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1-6), and, though only seventeen, enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the
ETH Zurich
. Marie Winteler moved to
Olsberg, Switzerland
for a teaching post.
Einstein's future wife,
Mileva Marić
, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions. There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers, but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.
الوالد والوالدة:
The factory of Hermann and Jakob was moved to
Pavia
, Italy in 1894. Hermann, Maria and Pauline moved to
Milan
in the same year and one year later moved to Pavia.
Albert stayed with relatives in Munich
to continue his education there. The
separation from her son was certainly difficult for Pauline
. Due to poor business, the brothers had to abandon their factory in 1896. Though Hermann had lost most of their money, he founded (without his brother) another electrical engineering company in Milan. This time business was better. But Hermann's health had gone downhill, and
he died of heart failure in Milan on October 10, 1902
.
-
البرت انيشتن انفصل عن والديه عام 1895 أي عندما كان عمره ( 16سنه) .
-
تعرض والده في عام 1894 وعمر البرت ( 15 سنة) للخسارة وأقفلت.
-
تنازل عن جنسيته الألمانية عام 1896 لتجنب التجنيد الإجباري وأصبح بلا هوية.
-
تدهورت صحة والده ومات بفشل قلبه عام 1902 اين بينما كان عمر البرت 23 سنة.
يتيم اجتماعي ومات أبوه وعمره 23 سنة.
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