Kenneth Grahame (8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a Scottishwriter, most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon; both books were later adapted into Disney films.
ولد جراهام عام 1859 وكان من اصل اسكتلندي واشهر رواياته هذه الرواية الريح في الصفصاف وهو من ادب الاطفال ثم كتب كتاب آخر والاثنان تم تحويلهما الى افلام من قبل دزني لاند
English bank official, the author of The Wind in the Willows (1908).
كان موظف بنك واصدر كتابه عام 1908
This Edwardian classic, set in the idyllic English countryside, established Grahame's international reputation as a writer of children's books and has deeply influenced fantasy literature.
Its central characters are the shy little Mole, clever Ratty, Badger, and crazy, energetic Toad.

They all converse and behave like humans, but have at the same time typical animal habits.
تتجتمع هذه الحيوانت وتتصرف وكأنها بشر لكن تظل لديها بعض العادات الحيوانية الاساسية
Some animals are eaten for breakfast.
مثلا يتم تناول بعض الحيوانات على الفطور
Grahame also published essays, stories, and collections of sketches.
Grahame's personal life was not as happy as the fictional world he created. It has been questioned whether this novel is a children's book at all.
لم تكن حياة جراهام سعيدة كما هي الحياة المتخيلة لشخوصة في روايته
"Beyond the Wild Wood comes the Wild World," said the Rat. "And that's something that doesn't matter, either to you or me. I've never been there, and I'm never going, nor you either, if you've got any sense at all..." (in The Wind in the Willows)
وهو يتحدث في روايته هذه قائلا على لسان الفأر " خلف عالم الغابة يأتي العالم المتوحش وذلك الامر لا يعني كلانا. انا لم اذهب هناك ابدا ولن اذهب الى ذلك العالم وانت لن تذهب هناك ايضا ان كان لديك أي ادراك".
Kenneth Grahame was born in Edinburgh, the third of four children. His father, James Cunningham Grahame, was a lawyer from an old Scottish family, and mother Bessie (Ingles) Grahame, the daughter of of John Ingles of Hilton, Lasswade. In the early years, he lived with his family in the Western Highlands, near Loch Fyne.
كان جراهام ابنا لجيمس جراهام وهو الثالث في الترتيب
Grahame's mother died of scarlet fever when he was five.
ماتت ام جراهام عندما كان عمره خمس سنوات بسبب الحمى القرمزية
Due to the alcoholism of his father, who resigned his post as Sheriff-Substitute of Argyllshire and died of drink in Le Havre, Grahame was brought up by elderly relatives.
بسبب ادمانه على الكحول استقال والده من سلك الشرطة ومات وجراهام صغير وعليه عمل بعض الاقارب الكبار في السن على تربية جراهام
He was sent with his sister to live with their maternal grandmother in the village of Cookham Dene, Berkshire. Her house and its large garden by the River Thames provided the background of The Wind in the Willows.
"As a rule, indeed, grown-up people are fairly correct on matters of fact; it is in the higher gift of imagination that they are so sadly to seek." (in The Golden Age, 1985)
ارسل مع اخته الى بيت جدته لامه للعيش معها
Grahame was educated at St. Edward's School, Oxford. His desire for further education at Oxford University were thwarted by his stingy uncle, John Grahame, who was acting as his guardian.
درس في مدرسة اكسفورد لكن عمه الذي كان يرعاه منعه من اكمال دراسته الجامعية في اكفورد
Between 1875 and 1879 he worked as a clerk for his uncle in a parliamentary agent's office and in 1879 he entered the Bank Of England.
عمل ما بين عامي 1875 و 1879 موظفا لدى عمه وبدأ عمله مع بنك انجلترا عام 1879
While pursuing his career, Grahame began composing light nonfiction pieces as a pastime. He contributed articles to such journals as the St. James Gazette, W.E. Henley's National Observer, and The Yellow Book. In 1898 he was appointed to the post of Secretary to the Bank.
Grahame's early essays and stories, collected in Pagan Papers (1893), was praised by Swinburne. The Golden Age (1895), a collection of sketches, was said to be the favorite bedtime reading of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Its sequel Dream Days (1898) included Grahame's most famous short story, 'The Reluctant Dragon'. The Dragon, a lazy, poetry-loving Bohemian, wants to be left alone, but the villagers want it dead. Thanks to a wise young boy, the peaceful monster manages to keep its life. St. George, supposed to be thirsting for its blood, doesn't want to hurt it. The Saint and the Dragon give a good performance, "a jolly fight", and the Dragon collapses as they had agreed beforehand. After refreshment St. George makes a speech and warns "them against the sin of romancing, and making up stories and fancying other people would believe them just because they were plausible and highly-coloured."
In 1899 Grahame married Elspeth Thomson, a 36-year-old spinster, but did not give up his bachelor ways.
عام 1899 تزوج جراهام من اليزابث ثومسون وكان عمرها 36 سنة لكنه لم يتخل عن اساليبه العزوبيه
Soon after her wedding Elspeth Grahame wrote to Emma Hardy, asking her for any advice on being married to a writer. The reply was that "I can scarcely think that love proper and enduring is in the nature of men . . . There is ever a desire to give but little in return for our devotion and affection - theirs being akin to children's . . ." Grahame wrote parts of The Wind in the Willows in a letter form to his young son Alistair, nicknamed Mouse, who was born blind in one eye and with severe squint in the other.
ولد ابنه اليستر اعمى وكتب جراهام جزء من روايته على شكل رسالة له
Originally Grahame did not intend to publish the stories; they were partly educational for his son, whose behavior had similarities with the reckless and selfish Toad, who nevertheless wins the sympathy of the reader. When Alastair was away from home, he continued the Toad stories in letters to his son.
عندما غادر ابنه المنزل كتب له مزيد من القصص عن تود على شكل رسائل
Grahame's manuscript was rejected by The Bodley Head, the publisher of his earlier books, and an American periodical, but eventually the book was published by Methuen in 1908 in England.
لقد تم رفض الكتاب ( الرواية ) من قبل الناشر الاول لكن الرواية نشرت اخيرا في عام 1809
First it was received with mild enthusiasm, but E.H. Shephard's illustration and Grahame's animal characterizations started soon gain fame. A copy of the Methuen edition was sent to President Theodore Roosevelt, who said that Wind was "such a beautiful thing that Scribner must publish it." In 1929 A.A. Milne dramatized the story as Toad of Toad Hall. Milne focused on the animals, cutting out most of Grahame's romantic fantasy.
The Wind in the Willows reflected the author's unhappiness with the real world - his idyllic riverbank woods and fields were ''clean of the clash of sex,'' as he said to Theodore Roosevelt.
روايته هذه تعكس عدم رضاه عن العالم الحقيقي وينظر الى ان المشهد التي وقعت فيه احداث الرواية يمثل عالم خالى من الصراع الجنسي
The main tale tells about Mr. Toad's obsession with motorcars. "'Glorious, stirring sight!' murmured Toad, never offering to move. 'The poetry of motion! The REAL way to travel! The ONLY way to travel! Here to-day--in next week to-morrow! Villages skipped, towns and cities jumped--always somebody else's horizon! O bliss! O poop-poop! O my! O my!'" Mr. Toad's motoring leads him into imprisonment. Meanwhile Toad Hall is invaded by stoats and weasels. Toad escapes dressed as a washerwoman. He sells a horse to a gypsy and returns into the Wild Wood. With the help of his companions, Toad recaptures his ancestral home. "The superficial scheme of the story is so childishly naive, or so daringly naive, that only a genius could have preserved it from the ridiculous," said Arnold Bennett in his review of the book in 1908. "The book is an urbane exercise in irony at the expense of the English character and of mankind. It is entirely successful."
Grahame retired from his work in 1908, officially because of health reasons, but perhaps also under pressure from his employees. His son Alastair, who appears to have been psychologically disturbed, committed suicide while an undergraduate at Oxford, by laying on train tracks at Oxford, two days before his 20th birthday. Grahame stopped writing after WW I. He died in Pangborne, Berkshire, on July 6, 1932. William Horwood's sequel The Willows in the Winter (1993), which followed Grahame's lyrical prose and phraseology, received mixed reviews. Toad Triumphant, the second sequel, came out in 1996. The trilogy was finished with The Willows and Beyond (1998). Horwood has also written the internationally acclaimed Duncton trilogies.

Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh, Scotland. When he was a little more than a year old his father, an advocate, received an appointment as sheriff-substitute in Argyllshire at Inveraray on Loch Fyne. Kenneth loved the sea and was happy there, but when he was 5, his mother died from complications of childbirth, and his father, who had a drinking problem, gave over care of Kenneth, his brother Willie, his sister Helen and the new baby Roland to Granny Ingles, the children's grandmother, in Cookham Dean in the village of Cookham in Berkshire.
توفيت امه عندما كان في الخامسة وعندها قام اباه الذي كان يعاني من مشاكل مع الخمرة بتسليم الاولاد الى جدتهم لتعمل على تربيتهم
There the children lived in a spacious, if dilapidated, home, "The Mount", on spacious grounds in idyllic surroundings, and were introduced to the riverside and boating by their uncle, David Ingles, curate at Cookham Dean church. This delightful ambiance, particularly Quarry Wood and the River Thames, is believed, by Peter Green, his biographer, to have inspired the setting for The Wind in the Willows. He was an outstanding pupil at St Edward's School in Oxford. During his early years at St. Edwards a sports regimen had not been established and the boys had freedom to explore the old city with its quaint shops, historic buildings, and cobblestone streets, St Giles' Fair, the idyllic upper reaches of the River Thames, and the nearby countryside.
due to ill health, which may have been precipitated by a strange, possibly political, shooting incident at the bank in 1903. Grahame was shot at three times, all of them missed.
اطلق على جراهام النار 3 مرات ولم تصبه الرصاصات
An alternative explanation, given in a letter on display in the Bank museum, is that he had quarrelled with Walter Cunliffe, one of the bank's directors, who would later become Governor of the Bank of England, in the course of which he was heard to say that Cunliffe was "no gentleman", and that his retirement was enforced ostensibly on health grounds.
Grahame married Elspeth Thomson in 1899, but the marriage was not a happy one. They had only one child, a boy named Alastair (whose nickname was "Mouse") born blind in one eye and plagued by health problems throughout his short life.
لزوج عام 1899 لكن زواجه كان غير سعيد وانجب طفل واحد اعمى في احدى عينيه وكان يعاني من مشاكل صحية طوال حياتة القصيرة
On Grahame's retirement, they returned to Cookham where he had lived as a child, and lived at "Mayfield", now Herries Preparatory School, where he turned the bedtime stories he told Alastair into his masterpiece. Alastair eventually committed suicide on a railway track while an undergraduate at Oxford University, two days before his 20th birthday on 7 May 1920
انتحر ابنه عام 1920 وهو في سن الـ 20 وقبل يومين من ميلاده العشرين
Out of respect for Kenneth Grahame, Alastair's demise was recorded as an accidental death.
تم تسجيل الانتحار على انه حادث كنوع من الاحترام لوالده جراهام
Grahame died in Pangbourne, Berkshire in 1932.
مات جراهام عام 1932

كينيث جراهام
- ولد جراهام عام 1859 وكان من اصل اسكتلندي واشهر رواياته هذه الرواية الريح في الصفصاف وهو من ادب الاطفال ثم كتب كتاب آخر والاثنان تم تحويلهما الى افلام من قبل دزني لاند
- كان موظف بنك واصدر كتابه عام 1908
- كانت الشخصيات الرئيسية في الفلم تضم حيوان الخلد (Mole) والفأر النشيط وغرير وهو حيوان تديي وتود وهو ضفدع الطين المشاغب والنشيط
- تتجتمع هذه الحيوانت وتتصرف وكأنها بشر لكن تظل لديها بعض العادات الحيوانية الاساسية
- مثلا يتم تناول بعض الحيوانات على الفطور
- لم تكن حياة جراهام سعيدة كما هي الحياة المتخيلة لشخوصة في روايته

- كان جراهام ابنا لجيمس جراهام وهو الثالث في الترتيب
- ماتت ام جراهام عندما كان عمره خمس سنوات بسبب الحمى القرمزية
- بسبب ادمانه على الكحول استقال والده من سلك الشرطة ومات وجراهام صغير وعليه عمل بعض الاقارب الكبار في السن على تربية جراهام

- درس في مدرسة اكسفورد لكن عمه الذي كان يرعاه منعه من اكمال دراسته الجامعية في اكفورد
- عمل ما بين عامي 1875 و 1879 موظفا لدى عمه وبدأ عمله مع بنك انجلترا عام 1879
- عام 1899 تزوج جراهام من اليزابث ثومسون وكان عمرها 36 سنة لكنه لم يتخل عن اساليبه العزوبيه
- ولد ابنه اليستر اعمى وكتب جراهام جزء من روايته على شكل رسالة له
- عندما غادر ابنه المنزل كتب له مزيد من القصص عن تود على شكل رسائل
- لقد تم رفض الكتاب ( الرواية ) من قبل الناشر الاول لكن الرواية نشرت اخيرا في عام 1809
- روايته هذه تعكس عدم رضاه عن العالم الحقيقي وينظر الى ان المشهد التي وقعت فيه احداث الرواية يمثل عالم خالى من الصراع الجنسي
- توفيت امه عندما كان في الخامسة وعندها قام اباه الذي كان يعاني من مشاكل مع الخمرة بتسليم الاولاد الى جدتهم لتعمل على تربيتهم
- اطلق على جراهام النار 3 مرات ولم تصبه الرصاصات
- لزوج عام 1899 لكن زواجه كان غير سعيد وانجب طفل واحد اعمى في احدى عينيه وكان يعاني من مشاكل صحية طوال حياتة القصيرة
- انتحر ابنه عام 1920 وهو في سن الـ 20 وقبل يومين من ميلاده العشرين
- تم تسجيل الانتحار على انه حادث كنوع من الاحترام لوالده جراهام
- مات جراهام عام 1932