الموضوع
:
ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-05-2011, 08:54 AM
المشاركة
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,766
بنجامين دسرائيلي
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield,
KG
,
PC
,
FRS
, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a
British Prime Minister
, parliamentarian,
Conservative
statesman and literary figure. Starting from comparatively humble origins,
من اصول يهوديه متواضعة
he served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Although his father had him baptised to
Anglicanism
at age 12, he was nonetheless Britain's first and thus far only Prime Minister who was born into a Jewish family—originally from
Italy
.
تحول والده اليهودي عن اليهودية الى المسيحية وهو في سن الثانية عشره وقام على تعميده لكنه يعتبر اول رئيس وزراء والوحيد لبريطانيا من اصول يهودية
He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern
Conservative Party
after the
Corn Laws
schism of 1846.
Although a major figure in the
protectionist
wing of the Conservative Party after 1844, Disraeli's relations with the other leading figures in the party, particularly
Lord Derby
, the overall leader, were often strained. Not until the 1860s would Derby and Disraeli be on easy terms, and the latter's succession of the former assured. From 1852 onwards, Disraeli's career would also be marked by his often intense rivalry with
William Ewart Gladstone
, who eventually rose to become leader of the
Liberal Party
. In this feud, Disraeli was aided by his warm friendship with
Queen Victoria
, who came to detest Gladstone during the latter's first premiership in the 1870s. In 1876 Disraeli was raised to the
peerage
as the Earl of Beaconsfield, capping nearly four decades in the
House of Commons
.
Before and during his political career, Disraeli was well known as a literary and social figure, although his novels are not generally regarded as a part of the Victorian literary
canon
. He mainly wrote romances, of which
Sybil
and
Vivian Grey
are perhaps the best-known today. He is exceptional among British Prime Ministers for having gained equal social and political renown. He was twice successful as the
Glasgow University Conservative Association
's candidate for
Rector of the University
, holding the post for two full terms between 1871 and 1877.
Early life
Disraeli's biographers believe he was descended from Italian
Sephardic Jews
.
اصوله يهوديه من ايطاليا من السفرديم
He claimed
Portuguese
ancestry, possibly referring to an earlier origin of his family heritage in
Iberia
prior to the
expulsion of Jews
in 1492.
يدعي ان اصوله برتغالية
His grandmother, Rebeca Rietti, was of Italian descent. After this event many Jews emigrated, in two waves; the bulk fled to the Muslim lands of the
Ottoman Empire
, but many went to Christian Europe, first to northern Italy, then to the Netherlands, and later to England. One modern historian has seen him as essentially a
marrano
.
He was the second child and eldest son of
Isaac D'Israeli
, a literary critic and historian, and Maria Basevi.
كان الولد الثاني لوالده اسحق دزرائيلي والذي كان ناقد ومؤرخ
Benjamin changed the spelling in the 1820s by dropping the apostrophe. His siblings included Sarah (1802–1859), Naphtali (1807), Ralph (1809–1898), and James (1813–1868). Benjamin at first attended a small school, the Reverend
John Potticary's school
at
Blackheath
.
His father had Benjamin
baptised
in July 1817 following a dispute with their
synagogue
. The elder D'Israeli was content to remain outside organised religion.
قام والده على تعميده مسيحيا عام 1817 بعد خلاف مع الكنيس وظل بعيد عن الدين المنظم
From 1817, Benjamin attended a school at
Higham Hill
, in
Walthamstow
, under
Eliezer Cogan
. His younger brothers, in contrast, attended the superior
Winchester College
.
التحق منذ عام 1817 بمدرسة هيام هل
His father groomed him for a career in law, and Disraeli was
articled
to a solicitor in 1821. In 1824, Disraeli toured
Belgium
and the
Rhine Valley
with his father and later wrote that it was while travelling on the
Rhine
that he decided to abandon the law: "I determined when descending those magical waters that I would not be a lawyer."
سافر مع والده في رحلة عبر نهر الراين في عام 1824 وقرر أثناء تلك الرحلة أن يترك القانون ويصبح كاتبا بعد أن تأثر بالمناظر الطبيعية
On his return to England he speculated on the stock exchange on various South American mining companies. The recognition of the new South American republics on the recommendation of
George Canning
had led to a considerable boom, encouraged by various promoters. In this connection, Disraeli became involved with the financier
J. D. Powles
, one such booster. In the course of 1825, Disraeli wrote three anonymous pamphlets for Powles, promoting the companies.
That same year Disraeli's financial activities brought him into contact with the publisher
John Murray
who was also involved in the South American mines. Accordingly, they attempted to bring out a newspaper,
The Representative
, to promote both the cause of the mines and those politicians who supported the mines, specifically George Canning. The paper was a failure, in part because the mining "bubble" burst in late 1825, which ruined Powles and Disraeli.
شارك في إصدار صحيفة " الممثل" لكنها فشلت وتعرض لخسارة فادحه مع شريكه
Also, according to Disraeli's biographer,
Lord Blake
, the paper was "atrociously edited", and would have failed regardless. Disraeli's debts incurred from this debacle would haunt him for the rest of his life.
الديون التي لحقت به كنتيجة لهذه المغامرة التجارية ظلت تلاحقه لقية حياته
Before he entered parliament, Disraeli was involved with several women, most notably Henrietta, Lady Sykes (the wife of
Sir Francis Sykes, 3rd Bt
), who served as the model for
Henrietta Temple
. It was Henrietta who introduced Disraeli to
Lord Lyndhurst
, with whom she later became romantically involved. As Lord Blake observed: "The true relationship between the three cannot be determined with certainty ... there can be no doubt that the affair [figurative usage] damaged Disraeli and that it made its contribution, along with many other episodes, to the understandable aura of distrust which hung around his name for so many years."
كان له علاقة مع امرأة تدعى هنريتا وكان لها صديق ولا يعرف تحديدا طبيعة العلاقة التي كانت تربطهم ولكن هذه العلاقة اضطرت به لسنوات عديدة.
In 1839 he settled his private life by marrying
Mary Anne Lewis
, the rich widow of
Wyndham Lewis
, Disraeli's erstwhile colleague at Maidstone. Mary Lewis was 12 years his senior, and their union was seen as being based on financial interests, but they came to cherish one another.
في العام 1839 ( وعمره 35) تزوج أرملة غنية اسمها ماري ان لويس وهي تكبره بـ 12 سنة.
Literary career
Disraeli turned towards literature after his financial disaster
, motivated in part by a
desperate need for money, and brought out his first novel,
Vivian Grey
, in 1826.
تحول دزرائيلي نحو الأدب بعد الكارثة المالية التي إصابته وبسبب حاجته الماسة للمال
Disraeli's biographers agree that
Vivian Grey
was a thinly veiled re-telling of the affair of
The Representative
, and it proved very popular on its release, although it also caused much offence within the
Tory
literary world when Disraeli's authorship was discovered. The book, initially anonymous, was purportedly written by a "man of fashion" – someone who moved in high society. Disraeli, then just twenty-three, did not move in high society, and the numerous
solecisms
present in his otherwise brilliant and daring work made this painfully obvious. Reviewers were sharply critical on these grounds of both the author and the book. Furthermore, John Murray believed that Disraeli had caricatured him and abused his confidence–an accusation denied at the time, and by the official biography, although subsequent biographers (notably Blake) have sided with Murray.
After producing a
Vindication of the English Constitution
, and some political pamphlets, Disraeli followed up
Vivian Grey
with a series of novels,
The Young Duke
(1831),
Contarini Fleming
(1832),
Alroy
(1833),
Venetia
and
Henrietta Temple
(1837). During the same period he had also written
The Revolutionary Epick
and three
burlesques
,
Ixion
,
The Infernal Marriage
, and
Popanilla
. Of these only
Henrietta Temple
(based on his affair with
Henrietta Sykes
, wife of
Sir Francis William Sykes, 3rd Bt
) was a true success.
During the 1840s Disraeli wrote three political novels collectively known as "the Trilogy"–
Sybil
,
Coningsby
, and
Tancred
.
Disraeli's relationships with other male writers of his period were strained or non-existent. After the disaster of
The Representative
,
John Gibson Lockhart
became a bitter enemy and the two never reconciled. Disraeli's preference for female company prevented the development of contact with those who were otherwise not alienated by his opinions, comportment or background. One contemporary who tried to bridge the gap,
William Makepeace Thackeray
, established a tentative cordial relationship in the late 1840s only to see everything collapse when Disraeli took offence at a burlesque of him which Thackeray penned for
Punch
. Disraeli took revenge in
Endymion
(published in 1880), when he caricatured Thackeray as "St. Barbe".
Disraeli's writing is generally interesting, and his books teem with striking thoughts, shrewd maxims, and brilliant phrases which stick in the memory; on the other hand, he is often artificial, extravagant, and turgid. Critic
William Kuhn
argued that much of his fiction can be read as "the memoirs he never wrote", revealing the inner life of a politician for whom the norms of Victorian public life appeared to represent a social straitjacket – particularly with regard to his allegedly "ambiguous sexuality."
بشكل عام كان اسلوبه مشوق وكانت أفكاره ملفته للانتباه وغريبة ونبيه تعلق الذهن لكنه إلى حد ما كان متكلف ويرى احد النقاد أن كل ما كتبه كان عبارة عن مذكراته التي يم يكتبها بشكل رسمي
-
لا شك ان طفولته مليئة بالمصاعب والتناقض والمشاكل وربما ان اصوله اليهوديه ثم تحول اباه الى المسيحية كنتيجة لخلافه مع الكنيس كان اهم عامل في حياته.
ايضا المعلومات عن والدته غير مؤكده لكننا سنعتبره وحرصا منا على توخير اقصى حد من الموضوعية غير يتيم.
- ليس يتيم لكنه عانى الكثير في طفولته.
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