الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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06-22-2011, 11:09 PM
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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ستندال
الاسم المستعار للكاتب الفرنسي ماري هنري بيلي
يتمه: ماتت الام وهو صغير
مجاله: روائي فرنسي.
(1783 – 1842
م). الاسم المستعار للكاتب الفرنسي ماري هنري بيلي، وهو من الشخصيات الرئيسية في تاريخ الرواية النفسية الفرنسية. ولد ستندال في جرينوبل بفرنسا، وشارك في الحروب النابليونية، وصار نابليون الأول بطله الأعظم. كان جوليان سوريل بطل رواية ستندال الممتازة الأحمر والأسود (1830م) يعيش حياة عملية وله طموح عظيم، كما كان نابليون. تبدأ رواية ستندال العظيمة الأخرى منزل براءة بارما (1839م) بهزيمة نابليون في معركة واترلو، وتحكي عن المؤامرات السياسية في إيطاليا.
كان ستندال مهتمًا أساسًا بالبحث عن السعادة في كتاباته، واعتقد أن السعادة يمكن تحقيقها بالطاقة الجسمية والتصميم. ويمكن وجود آثار للواقعية والرومانسية في أعماله، وعادة ما يهمل جوانب أخرى من رواياته في سبيل تحليل أحوال شخصياته العاطفية الدقيقة المتغيرة.
ترك ستندال عند موته ثلاث روايات تراجم جزئية لم تكتمل هي: حياة هنري برولارد؛ لاميال؛ لوسيان ليوين. توفي ستندال في باريس.
Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his
pen name
Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of
realism
in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (
The Red and the Black
, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (
The Charterhouse of Parma
, 1839).
Born in
Grenoble
,
Isère
, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young
. His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
The military and theatrical worlds of the
First French Empire
were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an
auditor
with the
Conseil d'État
on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the
Napoleonic wars
. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of
Napoleon
's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.
Stendhal died on 22 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure on the streets of Paris. He is interred in the
Cimetière de Montmartre
.
Works
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Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the
Romantic
period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few." This is often interpreted as a dedication to the few who could understand his writing, or as a sardonic reference to the happy few who are born into prosperity (the latter interpretation is supported by the likely source of the quotation, Canto 11 of
Byron
's
Don Juan
, a frequent reference in the novel, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society), or as a reference to those who lived without fear or hatred. It may also refer, given Stendhal's experience of the Napoleonic wars, to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of
Shakespeare
's Henry V. He did have influence as a literary critic. In Racine and Shakespeare he championed the Romantic aesthetic, comparing the rules and strictures of
Racine
's classicism unfavorably to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose.
Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical dimensions. Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers
Cimarosa
,
Mozart
and
Rossini
. He wrote a biography about Rossini, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content.
In his works, Stendhal "
plagiarized
",
reprised
,
appropriated
, excerpts from
Giuseppe Carpani
,
Théophile Frédéric Winckler
,
Sismondi
and others.
Novels
Armance
(1827)
Le Rouge et le Noir
(variously translated as
Scarlet and Black
,
Red and Black
,
The Red and the Black
,
1830
)
Lucien Leuwen
(1835, unfinished, published 1894)
La Chartreuse de Parme
(1839) (
The Charterhouse of Parma
)
Lamiel
(1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)
Novellas
The Pink and the Green
(1837, unfinished)
Mina de Vanghel
(1830, later published in
La Revue des Deux Mondes
)
Vanina Vanini
(1829)
Italian Chroniques
, 1837–1839
Vittoria Accoramboni
The Cenci
(
Les Cenci, 1837
)
The Duchess of Palliano
(
La Duchesse de Palliano
)
The Abbess of Castro
(
L'Abbesse de Castro
, 1832)
Biography
A Life of Napoleon
(1817–1818, published 1929)
A Life of Rossini
(1824)
Autobiography
Stendhal's brief memoir,
Souvenirs d'Égotisme
(
Memoirs of an Egotist
) was published posthumously in 1892. Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the
Life of Henry Brulard
.
The Life of Henry Brulard
(1835–1836, published 1890)
Souvenirs d'Égotisme
(
Memoirs of an Egotist
, published in 1892)
Journal (1801–1817)
(
The Private Diaries of Stendhal
)
Non-fiction
Racine et Shakespéare
(1823–1835) (
Racine and Shakespeare
)
De L'Amour
(1822) (
On Love
)
His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them
Rome, Naples et Florence
and
Promenades dans Rome
), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including
Napoleon
,
Haydn
,
Mozart
,
Rossini
and
Metastasio
.
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