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جيروم ديفيد سالينغر

Jerome David Salinger (January 1, 1919 – January 27, 2010) was an American author, best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye, as well as his reclusive nature. His last original published work was in 1965; he gave his last interview in 1980.
ولد سالنغر عام 1919 وعاش حياة انطوائية خاصة بعد مشاركته في الحرب وآخر اصدار له كان عام 1965 وآخر مقابلة له كانت عام 1980

Raised in Manhattan, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II.
كان يكتب قصص في المدرسة الثانوية ونشر بعضها قبل مشاركته في الحرب العالمية الثانية

Salinger published his first stories in Story magazine which was started by Whit Burnett. In 1948 he published the critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" in The New Yorker magazine, which became home to much of his subsequent work. In 1951
J.D. Salinger's best-known work is THE CATCHER IN THE RYE (1951), a story about a rebellious teenage schoolboy and his quixotic experiences in New York.
نشر روايته عن طالب مراهق و ثائر في عام 1951

After gaining international fame with this novel, Salinger spent the rest of his life avoiding publicity. Though Salinger served in the U.S. Army in World War II and participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, 1944, only a few of his stories dealt directly or indirectly with the war.
"What really knocks me out is a book that, when you're all done reading it, you wish the author that wrote it was a terrific friend of yours and you could call him up on the phone whenever you felt like it. That doesn't happen much, though." (Holden Caulfied in The Catcher in the Rye)
Jerome David Salinger was born and grew up in the fashionable apartment district of Manhattan, New York. He was the son of Solomon Salinger, a prosperous Jewish importer of Kosher cheese, and Miriam, née Marie Jillich, his Scotch-Irish wife.

كان سالنغر ابن ليهودي يتار في الجبنة الوكشير في نيويورك ووالدته نصف الايرلندية والتي كانت مسيحية ثم تحولت لليهودية

In his childhood the young Jerome was called Sonny. The family had a beautiful apartment on Park Avenue. After restless studies in prep schools, he was sent to Valley Forge Military Academy (1934-36), which he attended briefly.
ارسل الى مدرسة عسكرية بين عامي 1934 و1936

His friends from this period remember his sarcastic wit. In 1937 when he was eighteen and nineteen, Salinger spent five months in Europe.

عندما كان في سن الثامنة عشر والتاسعة عشر قضى بعض الاشهر في اوروبا

From 1937 to 1938 he studied at Ursinus College and New York University. He fell in love with Oona O'Neill, wrote her letters almost daily, and was later shocked when she married Charles Chaplin, who was much older than she.
وقع في غرام اونا اونيل لكنه صدم حينما تزوجت شارلز شابلن الذي كان يكبرها بكثير

In 1939 Salinger took a class in short story writing at Columbia University under Whit Burnett, founder-editor of the Story Magazine. His first published story, entitled 'The Young Folks' appeared in the magazine when he was 21. During World War II he was drafted into the infantry and was involved in the invasion of Normandy, landing on Utah Beach on D-Day.
شارك في الحرب العالمية الثانية واشترك في معركة النورماني

Salinger's comrades considered him very brave, a genuine hero. While in Europe Salinger managed to write stories and meet Ernest Hemingway at the Ritz bar in Paris. He also fought in one of the bloodiest episodes of the war in Hürtgenwald, a useless battle, where over one fifth of the original regimental soldiers were left. Shortly after the Battle of Bulge, Salinger participated in the liberation of Dachau.
اشترك في واحدة من اسوء المعارك واكثرها دموية حيث قتل اكثر من خمس الجنود

In his celebrated story 'For Esmé – With Love and Squalor' Salinger depicted a fatigued American soldier.

في قصته 'For Esmé – With Love and Squalor' كتب عن جندي امريكي مرهق

He starts a correspondence with a thirteen-year-old British girl, which helps him to get a grip of life again. Salinger himself was hospitalized for stress in 1945.

عولج سالينغر من الارهاق عام 1945

After serving in the Army Signal Corps and Counter-Intelligence Corps. He played poker with other aspiring writers, but was considered a sour character who won all the time. He considered Hemingway and Steinbeck second rate writers but praised Melville.

In 1945 Salinger married a French woman named Sylvia – she was a doctor. They were later divorced and in 1955 Salinger married Claire Douglas, the daughter of the British art critic Robert Langton Douglas. The marriage ended in divorce in 1967, when Salinger's retreat into his private world and Zen Buddhism only increased.
تزوج عام 1945 امرأة فرنسية لكنها انفصلا بالطلاق لاحقا ثم تزوج عام 1955 تزوج كلير دجولاس وطلقها عام 1967 حيث انعزل سالنغر في عالم الخاص

Many of them reflect Salinger's own service in the army. Later Salinger adopted Hindu-Buddhist influences.
تحول الى البوذية

He became an ardent devotee of The Gospels of Sri Ramakrishna, a study of Hindu mysticism, which was translated into English by Swami Nikhilananda and Joseph Campbell.
Salinger's first novel, The Catcher in the Rye, became immediately a Book-of-the-Month Club selection and won huge international acclaim.

اول رواية له نالت شهره عالمية
It sells still some 250 000 copies annually. Salinger did not do much to help publicity, and asked that his photograph should not be used in connection with the book. Later he turned down requests for movie adaptations of the book.
The novel, written in a monologue and in lively slang, took its title from a line by Robert Burns, in which the protagonist Holden Caulfied misquoting it sees himself as a 'catcher in the rye' who must keep the world's children from falling off 'some crazy cliff'. The first reviews of the work were mixed, although most critics considered it brilliant. Its 16-year old restless hero – as Salinger was in his youth – runs away from school during his Christmas break to New York to find himself and lose his virginity.
He spends an evening going to nightclubs, has an unsuccessful encounter with a prostitute, and the next day meets an old girlfriend. After getting drunk he sneaks home. Holden's former schoolteacher makes homosexual advances to him. He meets his sister to tell her that he is leaving home and has a nervous breakdown. The humor of the novel places it in the tradition of Mark Twain's classical works, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, but its world-view is more disillusioned. Holden describes everything as 'phoney' and is constantly in search of sincerity. Holden represents the early hero of adolescent angst, but full of life, he is the great literary opposite of Goethe's young Werther.
From time to time rumors spread that Salinger will publish another novel, or that he is publishing his work under a pseudonym, perhaps such as Thomas Pynchon. "Yet a real artist, I've noticed, will survive anything. (Even praise, I happily suspect.)," Salinger wrote in Seymour – An Introduction. From the late 60's he avoided publicity. Journalists assumed, that because he didn't give interviews, he had something to hide. In 1961 Time Magazine sent a team of reporters to investigate his private life. "I like to write. I love to write. But I write just for myself and my own pleasure," said Salinger in 1974 to a New York Times correspondent. However, according to Joyce Maynard, who was close to the author for a long time from the 1970s, Salinger continued to write, but nobody was allowed to see the work. Maynard was eighteen when she received a letter from the author, and after an intense correspondence she moved in with him.
Ian Hamilton's unauthorized biography of Salinger was rewritten, when the author did not accept extensive quoting of his personal letters. The new version, In Search of J.D. Salinger, appeared in 1988. In 1992 a fire broke out in Salinger's Cornish house, but he managed to flee from the reporters who saw an opportunity to interview him. Since the late 80s Salinger was married to Colleen O'Neill. Maynard's story of her relationship with Salinger, At Home in the World, appeared in October 1998. Salinger broke his silence through his lawyers in 2009, when they launceh a legal action to stop the publication of an unauthorised sequel to the Caulfield's story, entitled 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye released in Britain under the pseudonym John David California. The 33-year-old Swedish writer, Fredrik Colting, has earlier published humor books. Salinger died at his home on January 27, 2010.

خرج عن صمته في عام 2009 ليقيم دعوا قضائية ضد نشر مذكراته

Salinger released his novel The Catcher in the Rye, an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers.[3] The novel remains widely read and controversial,[4] selling around 250,000 copies a year.

Jerome David Salinger was born in Manhattan, New York, on New Year's Day, 1919. His mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Iowa, of Scottish,[3] German and Irish descent. His paternal grandfather, Simon, born in Lithuania, was at one time the rabbi for the Adath Jeshurun congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.[11] His father, Sol Salinger, sold kosher cheese.[12] Salinger's mother changed her name to Miriam and passed as Jewish. Salinger did not learn his mother was not Jewish until just after his bar mitzvah.[13] His only sibling was his older sister Doris (1911–2001).

The young Salinger attended public schools on the West Side of Manhattan, then in 1932, the family moved to Park Avenue and Salinger was enrolled at the McBurney School, a private school in Manhattan.[10] Being Jewish, Salinger had trouble fitting in at his new school environment and took measures to conform, like using his first name, Jerry, instead of his Jewish name, David, to sound more non-semitic.

واجه صعوبات في المدرسة وحاول استخدام اسمه الاول لكي لا يدلل على يهوديته

To his family he was called Sonny. At McBurney, he was the manager of the fencing team, wrote for the school newspaper, and acted in some drama productions. He acted in several plays and "showed an innate talent for drama", though his father opposed the idea of J.D. becoming an actor. Salinger was not a good student, had failing grades, and therefore was kicked out.
طرد من المدرسة ولم تكن نتائجه المدرسة جيدة

His parents enrolled him into Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1936.

انضم الى الاكاديمية العسكرية وتخرج عام 1936

Though he had written for the school newspaper at McBurney, at Valley Forge Salinger began writing stories "under the covers [at night], with the aid of a flashlight."[18] At Valley Forge, Salinger was the literary editor of the class yearbook, Cross Sabres. He also participated in the Glee Club, Aviation Club, French Club, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club.[19] He started his freshman year at New York University in 1936, and considered studying special education,[] but dropped out the following spring. That fall, his father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business and he went to work at a company in Vienna, Austria.

He left Austria only a month before it was annexed by Nazi Germany on March 12, 1938. He attended Ursinus College in the fall of 1938 in Collegeville, Pennsylvania and dropped out after one semester.[ In 1939, Salinger attended a Columbia University evening writing class taught by Whit Burnett, longtime editor of Story magazine. According to Burnett, Salinger did not distinguish himself until a few weeks before the end of the second semester, at which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories. Burnett told Salinger that his stories were skillful and accomplished, and accepted "The Young Folks", a vignette about several aimless youths, for publication in Story.[22] Salinger's debut short story was published in the magazine's March–April 1940 issue. Burnett became Salinger's mentor, and they corresponded for several years.[19][23]

Salinger died of natural causes at his home in New Hampshire on January 27, 2010.

مات عام 2010

-ولد سالنغر عام 1919 وعاش حياة انطوائية خاصة بعد مشاركته في الحرب وآخر اصدار له كان عام 1965 وآخر مقابلة له كانت عام 1980
-كان يكتب قصص في المدرسة الثانوية ونشر بعضها قبل مشاركته في الحرب العالمية الثانية
-نشر روايته عن طالب مراهق و ثائر في عام 1951
-كان سالنغر ابن ليهودي يتار في الجبنة الوكشير في نيويورك ووالدته نصف الايرلندية والتي كانت مسيحية ثم تحولت لليهودية
-ارسل الى مدرسة عسكرية بين عامي 1934 و1936
- عندما كان في سن الثامنة عشر والتاسعة عشر قضى بعض الاشهر في اوروبا
-وقع في غرام اونا اونيل لكنه صدم حينما تزوجت شارلز شابلن الذي كان يكبرها بكثير
-شارك في الحرب العالمية الثانية واشترك في معركة النورماني
-اشترك في واحدة من اسوء المعارك واكثرها دموية حيث قتل اكثر من خمس الجنود
-في قصته 'For Esmé – With Love and Squalor' كتب عن جندي امريكي مرهق
-عولج سالينغر من الارهاق عام 1945
-تزوج عام 1945 امرأة فرنسية لكنها انفصلا بالطلاق لاحقا ثم تزوج عام 1955 تزوج كلير دجولاس وطلقها عام 1967 حيث انعزل سالنغر في عالم الخاص
- تحول الى البوذية
- اول رواية له نالت شهره عالمية
-خرج عن صمته في عام 2009 ليقيم دعوا قضائية ضد نشر مذكراته
-واجه صعوبات في المدرسة وحاول استخدام اسمه الاول لكي لا يدلل على يهوديته
-طرد من المدرسة ولم تكن نتائجه المدرسة جيدة
-انضم الى الاكاديمية العسكرية وتخرج عام 1936
-مات عام
لا يعرف متى مات ابوه او امه ولكن في كل الاحوال يبدو انه عاش طفولة صعبة في المدرسة ثم اصبحت حياته اكثر تعقيدا بعد مشاركته في الحرب وهناك معلومات تشير الى انه عولج من الضط النفسي وعليه سنعتبره مأزوم.
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