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Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet.
كاتب ايرلندي ولد عام 1906
He wrote both in English and French. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human culture, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.
كتب بالغتين الانجليزية والفرنسية واتسخدم الاسلوب الكوميدي التراجيدي . الكوميديا السوداء.
Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century. Strongly influenced by James Joyce, he is considered one of the last modernists. As an inspiration to many later writers, he is also sometimes considered one of the first postmodernists. He is one of the key writers in what Martin Esslin called the "Theatre of the Absurd". His work became increasingly minimalist in his later career.
كان استاذ المسرح العبثي
Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation".[3] He was elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984.
حصل على جائزة نوبل للادب عام 1969
The Becketts were members of the Church of Ireland. The family home, Cooldrinagh in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, was a large house and garden complete with tennis court built in 1903 by Samuel's father, William. The house and garden, together with the surrounding countryside where he often went walking with his father, the nearby Leopardstown Racecourse, the Foxrock railway station and Harcourt Street station at the city terminus of the line, all feature in his prose and plays. Beckett's father was a quantity surveyor and his mother a nurse.
كان منزل العائلة قريب من الغابات وكان كثيرا ما يسير اليها مع والده الذي كان يعمل مساحا اما والدته فكانت تعمل ممرضة.
Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday, 13 April 1906 to William Frank Beckett, a 35 year old Civil Engineer, and May Barclay (also 35 at Beckett's birth); they had married in 1901.
ولد عام 1906 وكان عمر والديه 35 سنه عند الولادة
Beckett had one older brother, Frank Edward Beckett (born 1902). At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he started to learn music, and then moved to Earlsfort House School in the city centre near Harcourt Street. In 1919, Beckett went to Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh (which Oscar Wilde had also attended). A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler. Later, he was to play for Dublin University and played two first-class games against Northamptonshire.[5] As a result, he became the only Nobel laureate to have an entry in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, the "bible" of cricket.[6]

Early writings

Beckett studied French, Italian, and English at Trinity College, Dublin from 1923 to 1927 (one of his tutors was the eminent Berkeley scholar A. A. Luce). Beckett graduated with a BA, and—after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast—took up the post of lecteur d'anglais in the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.
عمل في مجال التدريس في ايرلندا بعد حصوله على الشهادة الجامعية ثم سافر الى فرنسا
While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy, a poet and close confidant of Beckett who also worked there. This meeting had a profound effect on the young man.
تعرف على جيمس جويس وكان لذلك اثر كبير عليه
Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, one of which was research towards the book that became Finnegans Wake.
In 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled "Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". The essay defends Joyce's work and method, chiefly from allegations of wanton obscurity and dimness, and was Beckett's contribution to Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress (a book of essays on Joyce which also included contributions by Eugene Jolas, Robert McAlmon, and William Carlos Williams). Beckett's close relationship with Joyce and his family cooled, however, when he rejected the advances of Joyce's daughter Lucia owing to her progressing schizophrenia. Beckett's first short story, "Assumption", was published in Jolas's periodical transition. The next year he won a small literary prize with his hastily composed poem "Whoroscope", which draws on a biography of René Descartes that Beckett happened to be reading when he was encouraged to submit.
In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer, though he soon became disillusioned with the post. He expressed his aversion by playing a trick on the Modern Language Society of Dublin: he read a learned paper in French on a Toulouse author named Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called Concentrism; Chas and Concentrism, however, were pure fiction, having been invented by Beckett to mock pedantry. When Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, his brief academic career was terminated. He commemorated it with the poem "Gnome", which was inspired by his reading of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and eventually published in the Dublin Magazine in 1934:

Spend the years of learning squandering

Courage for the years of wandering
Through a world politely turning
From the loutishness of learning[8]

Beckett travelled in Europe. He spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published Proust, his critical study of French author Marcel Proust.
سافر عام 1931 الى لندن
Two years later, following his father's death, he began two years' treatment with Tavistock Clinic psychoanalyst Dr. Wilfred Bion, who took him to hear Carl Jung's third Tavistock lecture, an event which Beckett still recalled many years later. The lecture focused on the subject of the "never properly born"; aspects of it became evident in Beckett's later works, such as Watt and Waiting for Godot.
بعد عامين أي في عام 1933 وعندما كان عمر بكيت ( 27 عام ) بدأ يراجع عيادة احد الاطباء النفسيين حيث اصطحبه الطبيب الى احدى محاضرات كارل يونغ وقد استمع الى محاضرة القاها كارل يونج بعنوان ( استحالة الولادة السليمة) وهي المحاضرة التي انعكست في اعمال بكيت في وقت لاحق خاصة في مسرحيته في انتظار جودو.
In January 1938 in Paris, Beckett was stabbed in the chest and nearly killed when he refused the solicitations of a notorious pimp (who, ironically, went by the name of Prudent). J
في عام 1938 طعن في الصدر من قبل شحاذ لرفضة مساعدته وكاد يموت فيها
oyce arranged a private room for Beckett at the hospital. The publicity surrounding the stabbing attracted the attention of Suzanne Dechevaux-Dumesnil, who knew Beckett slightly from his first stay in Paris; this time, however, the two would begin a lifelong companionship. At a preliminary hearing, Beckett asked his attacker for the motive behind the stabbing; Prudent replied: "Je ne sais pas, Monsieur. Je m'excuse" ("I do not know, sir. I'm sorry"). Beckett eventually dropped the charges against his attacker—partially to avoid further formalities, partly because he found Prudent likeable and well-mannered. Beckett occasionally recounted the incident in jest.
سأل بكيت الشحاذ عن سبب طعنه فاجابه "لا اعرف" وهي العبارة التي كثيرا ما اخذ يستخدمها بكيت في مسرحياته العبثية
Beckett joined the French Resistance after the 1940 occupation by Germany, in which he worked as a courier.
انضم الى المقاموة الفرنسية بعد الاحتلال الالماني وعمل كحامل للرسائل
On several occasions over the next two years was nearly caught by the Gestapo. In August 1942, his unit was betrayed and he and Suzanne fled south on foot to the safety of the small village of Roussillon, in the Vaucluse département in the Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur region.
كاد يعتقل من قبل البوليس السري الالماني وفي مرة وشى احدهم بوحدته مما اضطره للهرب على قدمية الى الجنوب
The 1960s was a period of change for Beckett, both on a personal level and as a writer. In 1961, he married Suzanne in a secret civil ceremony in England (its secrecy due to reasons relating to French inheritance law).
تزوج عام 1960 من سوزان
The success of his plays led to invitations to attend rehearsals and productions around the world, leading eventually to a new career as a theatre director.
سافر حول العالم لحضور مسرحياته واصبح مخرج مسرحي
From the late 1950s until his death, Beckett had a relationship with Barbara Bray, a widow who worked as a script editor for the BBC.
منذ عام 1950 وحتى وفاته كان على علاقة مع ارملة وهي مراجعة نصوص تعمل مع البي لي سي واسهمها باربرا
Suzanne died on 17 July 1989. Confined to a nursing home and suffering from emphysema and possibly Parkinson's disease, Beckett died on 22 December of the same year.

ماتت زوجته عام 1989 ومات بعدها بعدة اشهر وفي نفس العام

Of all the English-language modernists, Beckett's work represents the most sustained attack on the realist tradition. He opened up the possibility of theatre and fiction that dispense with conventional plot and the unities of time and place in order to focus on essential components of the human condition.
His plays are concerned with human suffering and survival, and his characters are struggling with meaninglessness and the world of the Nothing.
عنيت مسرحياته بوعالجت معاناة الانسان وبقاؤه وشخصياته كانت تصارع الامعنى وعالم الاشيء

"We all are born mad. Some remain so." (from Waiting for Godot, 1952)

من مسرحية في انتظار جودو يقزل" الجميع يولدون مجانين والبعض يظل كذلك كول عمره"

اهم العوامل التي اثرت فيه هو تلك الكآبة التي يبدو انها ولدت معه وظلت تلاحقه طوال حياته واجبرته على مراجعة التحليل النفسي في فترات من حياته

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- بيكيت أهم كتاب القرن العشرين في مجالات المسرح والرواية وهو بأدبه الممتد لفترة 60 عاماً يعبر أصدق تعبير عن مشاكل إنسان هذا العصر.
- كاتب ايرلندي ولد عام 1906

- كتب بالغتين الانجليزية والفرنسية واتسخدم الاسلوب الكوميدي التراجيدي . الكوميديا السوداء.
- كان استاذ المسرح العبثي
- حصل على جائزة نوبل للادب عام 1969
- كان منزل العائلة قريب من الغابات وكان كثيرا ما يسير اليها مع والده الذي كان يعمل مساحا اما والدته فكانت تعمل ممرضة.
- ولد عام 1906 وكان عمر والديه 35 سنه عند الولادة
- عمل في مجال التدريس في ايرلندا بعد حصوله على الشهادة الجامعية ثم سافر الى فرنسا
- تعرف على جيمس جويس وكان لذلك اثر كبير عليه
- سافر عام 1931 الى لندن
- بعد عامين أي في عام 1933 وعندما كان عمر بكيت ( 27 عام ) بدأ يراجع عيادة احد الاطباء النفسيين حيث اصطحبه الطبيب الى احدى محاضرات كارل يونغ وقد استمع الى محاضرة القاها كارل يونج بعنوان ( استحالة الولادة السليمة) وهي المحاضرة التي انعكست في اعمال بكيت في وقت لاحق خاصة في مسرحيته في انتظار جودو.
- في عام 1938 طعن في الصدر من قبل شحاذ لرفضة مساعدته وكاد يموت فيها
- سأل بكيت الشحاذ عن سبب طعنه فاجابه "لا اعرف" وهي العبارة التي كثيرا ما اخذ يستخدمها بكيت في مسرحياته العبثية
- انضم الى المقاموة الفرنسية بعد الاحتلال الالماني وعمل كحامل للرسائل
- كاد يعتقل من قبل البوليس السري الالماني وفي مرة وشى احدهم بوحدته مما اضطره للهرب على قدمية الى الجنوب
- تزوج عام 1960 من سوزان
- سافر حول العالم لحضور مسرحياته واصبح مخرج مسرحي
- منذ عام 1950 وحتى وفاته كان على علاقة مع ارملة وهي مراجعة نصوص تعمل مع البي لي سي واسهمها باربرا

- ماتت زوجته عام 1989 ومات بعدها بعدة اشهر وفي نفس العام

- عنيت مسرحياته بوعالجت معاناة الانسان وبقاؤه وشخصياته كانت تصارع الامعنى وعالم الاشيء

- من مسرحية في انتظار جودو يقزل" الجميع يولدون مجانين والبعض يظل كذلك كول عمره"
- اهم العوامل التي اثرت فيه هو تلك الكآبة التي يبدو انها ولدت معه وظلت تلاحقه طوال حياته واجبرته على مراجعة التحليل النفسي في فترات من حياته .
ليس يتيم لا فعلي ولا افتراضي لكنه شخص ولد مأزوم بمرض الكآبة واحتاج الى علاج نفسي طوال حياته.
مأزوم وسبب ازمته ....الكآبة.

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