الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 01-02-2011, 10:19 PM
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افتراضي
فيدل أليخاندرو كاسترو
(13 أغسطس1926 -)، رئيس كوبا منذ العام 1959 عندما أطاح بحكومة فولغينسيو باتيستا بثورة عسكرية ليصبح رئيس الوزراء إلى عام 2008 عند اعلانه عدم ترشحه لولاية جديدة وانتخاب أخيه راؤول كاسترو مكانه. وكان كاسترو في 1965 أمين الحزب الشيوعي في كوبا وقاد تحويل البلاد إلى النظام الشيوعي ونظام حكم الحزب الوحيد. وأصبح في 1976 رئيس مجلس الدولة ومجلس الوزراء. وكان أعلى قائد عسكري. بعد جراحة معوية في 31 يوليو2006 سلم مهامه لأخيه الصغير ونائب الرئيس الأول راؤول كاسترو. في 19 فبراير2008 وقبل 5 أيام من انتهاء مدة الحكم أعلن أنه لن يرغب في مدة جديدة كرئيس أو رئيس أركان.
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (Spanish: [fiˈðel ˈkastro]; born August 13, 1926) is a MarxistCubanpolitician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He has served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba since the party's foundation in 1961 (as the ORI, but has since December 2010 "delegated" his responsibilites due to health reasons).[2] His younger brother Raúl Castro is currently Second Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Councils of State and Ministers and previously served under Fidel as Minister of Defence in 1959-2008.
While studying law at the University of Havana, he began his political career and became a recognized figure in Cuban politics.[3] His political career continued with nationalist critiques of the president, Fulgencio Batista, and of the United States' political and corporate influence in Cuba. He gained an ardent, but limited, following and also drew the attention of the authorities.[4] He eventually led the failed 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks, after which he was captured, tried, incarcerated, and later released. He then traveled to Mexico[5][6] to organize and train for an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Batista's government, which began in December 1956.
Castro subsequently came to power as a result of the Cuban Revolution, which overthrew the U.S.-backed[7] dictatorship of Batista,[8] and shortly thereafter became Prime Minister of Cuba.[9] In 1965 he became First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, and led the transformation of Cuba into a one-partysocialist republic. In 1976 he became President of the Council of State as well as of the Council of Ministers. He also held the supreme military rank of Comandante en Jefe ("Commander in Chief") of the Cuban armed forces.
Following intestinal surgery from an undisclosed digestive illness believed to have been diverticulitis,[10] Castro transferred his responsibilities to the First Vice-President, his younger brother Raúl Castro, on July 31, 2006. On February 19, 2008, five days before his mandate was to expire, he announced he would neither seek nor accept a new term as either president or commander-in-chief.[11][12] On February 24, 2008, the National Assembly elected Raúl Castro to succeed him as the President of Cuba.[13] Castro is currently most active in commenting on world affairs, commonly in the form of his regularly published Reflections, articles offering his view on world events from US foreign policy to global warming.[14]
Castro's 49-year regime extends beyond that of any non-monarchic leader in history and remains one of the most controversial in the history of Latin America. Scholar R J Rummel estimates the casualties of his regime to 73,000, with one study estimating over 119,000 and several other suggesting significally lower figures.[15]

Childhood and education
A letter written by the 14-year-old Castro to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, expressing admiration and asking for a $10 bill. In the letter Castro claims to be "twelve years old" and writes, "If you like, give me a ten dollar bill green American, because never, I have not seen a ten dollar bill," signing the letter, "Thank you very much. Good by [sic]. Your friend, Fidel Castro."
Fidel Alejandro Vittore Castro Ruz was born on a sugar plantation in Birán, near Mayarí, in the modern-day province of Holguín – then a part of the now-defunct Oriente province.
He was the third child born to Ángel Castro y Argiz, a Galician immigrant from the impoverished northwest of Spain who became relatively prosperous through work in the sugar industry and successful investing.[16]
His mother, Lina Ruz González (September 23, 1903 – August 6, 1963.[17]), was a household servant. Ángel Castro was married to another woman, Maria Luisa Argota,[18] until Fidel was 15, and thus Fidel as a child had to deal both with his illegitimacy and the challenge of being raised in various foster homes away from his father's house.
Castro has two brothers, Ramón and Raúl, and four sisters, Angelita, Juanita, Enma, and Agustina, all of whom were born out of wedlock. He also has two half siblings, Lidia and Pedro Emilio who were raised by Ángel Castro's first wife. His maternal grandparents were canarian people.[19][20] Fidel was not baptized until he was 8, also very uncommon, bringing embarrassment and ridicule from other children.[21][22] Ángel Castro finally dissolved his first marriage when Fidel was 15 and married Fidel’s mother. Castro was formally recognized by his father when he was 17, when his surname was legally changed to Castro from Ruz, his mother’s name.[21][22]
Although accounts of his education differ, most sources agree that he was an intellectually gifted student, more interested in sports than in academics, and spent many years in private Catholic boarding schools, finishing high school at El Colegio de Belén, a Jesuit school in Havana in 1945.[23] While at Belén, Castro pitched on the school's baseball team. There are persistent rumors that Castro was scouted for various U.S. baseball teams,[24] but there is no evidence that this ever actually happened