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Francois Marie-Arouet
– Commonly known by the pen-name Voltaire, Francois Marie-Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, and philosopher. He was known for his wit, defense of civil liberties, and philosophy. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform and was one of several Enlightenment figures whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
==
François-Marie Arouet (French: ;
21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778
), known by his
nom de plume
Voltaire (pronounced:
[v
ɔ
l.t
ɛ
ː
ʁ
]
), was a French
Enlightenment
writer, historian and
philosopher
famous for his
wit
and for his advocacy of
civil liberties
, including
freedom of religion
,
freedom of expression
,
free trade
and
separation of church and state
. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and
pamphlets
. He was an outspoken supporter of
social reform
, despite strict censorship laws with harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a
satirical
polemicist
, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious
dogma
, and the French institutions of his day.
Voltaire was one of several Enlightenment figures (along with
Montesquieu
,
John Locke
,
Richard Price
,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
, and
Émilie du Châtelet
) whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the
American
and
French Revolutions
.
Biography
François-Marie Arouet was born in Paris, the youngest of the five children (only three of whom survived) of François Arouet (1650 – 1 January 1722
), a
lawyer
who was a minor treasury official, and his wife,
Marie Marguerite d'Aumart (ca. 1660 – 13 July 1701
), from a noble family of the province of
Poitou
. Some speculation surrounds his date of birth, which Voltaire always claimed to be 20 February 1694. Voltaire was educated by the
Jesuits
at the
Collège Louis-le-Grand
(1704–1711), where he learned
Latin
and
Greek
; later in life he became fluent in
Italian
, Spanish and English.
[2]
By the time he left school, Voltaire had decided he wanted to be a writer, against the wishes of his father, who wanted him to become a
lawyer
. Voltaire, pretending to work in Paris as an assistant to a notary, spent much of his time writing poetry. When his father found out, he sent Voltaire to study law, this time in
Caen
,
Normandy
. Nevertheless, he continued to write, producing essays and historical studies. Voltaire's wit made him popular among some of the aristocratic families with whom he mixed. His father then obtained a job for him as a secretary to the French ambassador in the Netherlands, where Voltaire fell in love with a French Protestant refugee named Catherine Olympe Dunoyer. Their scandalous elopement was foiled by Voltaire's father and he was forced to return to France.
[3]
Most of Voltaire's early life revolved around Paris. From early on, Voltaire had trouble with the authorities for even mild critiques of the government and religious intolerance. These activities were to result in numerous imprisonments and exiles. One satirical verse about the
Régent
led to his imprisonment in the
Bastille
for eleven months.
[4]
While there, he wrote his debut play,
Œdipe
. Its success established his reputation.
The name "Voltaire"
The name "Voltaire", which the author adopted in 1718, is an
anagram
of "
AROVET LI
," the Latinized spelling of his surname, Arouet, and the initial letters of "
le jeune
" ("the younger").
[5]
The name also echoes in reverse order the syllables of the name of a family
château
in the
Poitou
region: "
Airvault
". The adoption of the name "Voltaire" following his incarceration at the Bastille is seen by many to mark Voltaire's formal separation from his family and his past.
Richard Holmes
[6]
supports this derivation of the name, but adds that a writer such as Voltaire would have intended it to also convey its connotations of speed and daring. These come from associations with words such as "
voltige
" (
acrobatics
on a trapeze or horse), "
volte-face
" (a spinning about to face one's enemies), and "
volatile
" (originally, any winged creature). "Arouet" was not a noble name fit for his growing reputation, especially given that name's resonance with "
à rouer
" ("to be broken on the wheel" - a form of torture still prevalent) and "
roué
" (a "
débauché
").
In a letter to
Jean-Baptiste Rousseau
(not to be confused with
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
) in March 1719, Voltaire concludes by asking that, if Rousseau wishes to send him a return letter, he do so by addressing it to Monsieur de Voltaire. A post-scriptum explains: "
J'ai été si malheureux sous le nom d'Arouet que j'en ai pris un autre surtout pour n'être plus confondu avec le poète Roi
", which translates as, "I was so unhappy under the name d'Arouet that I took another, primarily so that I would cease to be confused with the poet Roi."
[7]
This probably refers to
Adenes le Roi
, and the 'oi' diphthong was then pronounced as modern French pronounces 'ai', so the similarity to 'Arouet' is clear, and thus, it could well have been part of his rationale. Indeed, Voltaire is additionally known to have used at least 178 separate pen names during his lifetime.
[8]
Sanssouci
After the death of the Marquise in childbirth in September 1749, Voltaire briefly returned to Paris and in 1750 moved to
Potsdam
to join
Frederick the Great
, a close friend and admirer.
]
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