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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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Garry Kasparov
Garry Kasparov was a former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist. Kasparov was a candidate for the Russian presidential race of 2008. Kasparov holds the all-time highest chess rating of 2851 and records for consecutive tournament victories.
==
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (
Russian
:
Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров
,
Russian pronunciation:
[
ˈ
ɡ
ar
ʲɪ
ˈ
kʲ
im
ə
vʲ
ɪ
t
ɕ
k
ɐ
ˈ
spar
ə
f]
; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,
[1]
13 April 1963) is a
Russian
(formerly
Soviet
)
chess
grandmaster
, a former
World Chess Champion
, writer and political activist, considered by many to be the
greatest chess player of all time
.
Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22 by defeating then-champion
Anatoly Karpov
.
[2]
He held the official
FIDE
world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the
Professional Chess Association
. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by
Vladimir Kramnik
in 2000. He was the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to
Deep Blue
in 1997.
Kasparov's
ratings achievements
include being rated world No. 1 according to
Elo rating
almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005 and holding the all-time highest rating of 2851.
[3]
He was the
world No. 1 ranked player
for 255 months, nearly three times as long as his closest rival, Anatoly Karpov. Kasparov also
holds records
for consecutive tournament victories and
Chess Oscars
.
Kasparov announced in
Linares, Jaén
his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, to devote his time to politics and writing. He formed the
United Civil Front
movement, and joined as a member of
The Other Russia
, a coalition opposing the administration and
policies
of
Vladimir Putin
. He was considered to become a candidate for the
2008 Russian presidential race
, but later withdrew. Although he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin,
[4]
support for him as a candidate was low.
[5]
Early career
Garry Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Вайнштейн) in
Baku
, Soviet Union (now
Azerbaijan
) to an
Armenian
mother and
Russian Jewish
father. He first began the serious study of
chess
after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution
His father died of
leukemia
when he was seven years old. At the age of twelve, he adopted his mother's Armenian surname, Gasparyan, modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov.
From age 7, Kasparov attended the
Young Pioneer Palace
in
Baku
and, at 10 began training at
Mikhail Botvinnik
's chess school under noted coach
Vladimir Makogonov
. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the
Caro-Kann Defence
and the Tartakower System of the
Queen's Gambit Declined
.
[13]
Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in
Tbilisi
in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8½ of 9. He was being trained by
Alexander Shakarov
during this time.
In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in
Minsk
. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a
chess master
. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.
[14]
He first qualified for the
Soviet Chess Championship
at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at
Daugavpils
over tiebreak from
Igor V. Ivanov
, to capture the sole qualifying place.
Kasparov rose quickly through the
FIDE
(World Chess Federation) rankings. Starting with an oversight by the
Russian Chess Federation
, he participated in a
Grandmaster
tournament in
Banja Luka
, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of
Yugoslavia
), in 1979 while still unrated (He was a replacement for
Viktor Korchnoi
who was originally invited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Soviet). He won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the World
[15]
). The next year, 1980, he won the
World Junior Chess Championship
in
Dortmund
, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the Soviet Union at the
Chess Olympiad
at
La Valletta
, Malta, and became a
Grandmaster
.
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