الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 08-04-2013, 01:55 PM
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افتراضي اليتيم هنري جوزف
اليتيم جوزيف هنري ...مخترع المحرك الكهربائي ومكتشف الحث الكهرومغناطيسي والحث المتبال.
مات ابوه وهو صغير وعاش بقية طفولته مع جدته.
(بالإنجليزية:Joseph Henry) ولد في 17 من ديسمبر عام 1797م وتوفي قي 13 من مايو 1878م. عالم فيزيائي أمريكي ذاتي التعلم إلى حد كبير اخترع المحرك الكهربائي ويعود له الفضل في اكتشاف ظاهرة الحث الكهرومغناطيسي وكذلك الحث المتبادل ولذلك تم تكريمه في عام 1893 بالحاق وحدة الحث الكهرومغناطيسي الدولية باسمه هنري (وحدة)
ملخص سيرته العملية
  • أستاذ الرياضيات والفلسفة الطبيعية في أكاديمية ألباني، نيويورك.
  • 1832 – أستاذ في پرنستون.
  • 1835 – اخترع the electromechanical relay.
  • 1846 – أول أمين لمعهد سميثسونيان حتى 1878
  • 1848 – Edited Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, the Institution's first publication.
  • 1852 – Appointed to the Lighthouse Board
  • 1871 – Appointed chairman of the Lighthouse Board

Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797 – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as well as a founding member of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smithsonian Institution.[1] He was highly regarded during his lifetime. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. He also discovered mutual inductance independently of Michael Faraday, though Faraday was the first to publish his results.[2][3] Henry developed the electromagnet into a practical device. He invented a precursor to the electric doorbell (specifically a bell that could be rung at a distance via an electric wire, 1831)[4] and electric relay (1835).[5] The SI unit of inductance, the henry, is named in his honor. Henry's work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse and Charles Wheatstone separately.
Biography</SPAN>]

Henry was born in Albany, New York to Scottish immigrants Ann Alexander Henry and William Henry. His parents were poor, and Henry's father died while he was still young.

For the rest of his childhood, Henry lived with his grandmother in Galway, New York. He attended a school which would later be named the "Joseph Henry Elementary School" in his honor. After school, he worked at a general store, and at the age of thirteen became an apprentice watchmaker and silversmith.

Joseph's first love was theater and he came close to becoming a professional actor. His interest in science was sparked at the age of sixteen by a book of lectures on scientific topics titled Popular Lectures on Experimental Philosophy. In 1819 he entered The Albany Academy, where he was given free tuition. Even with free tuition he was so poor that he had to support himself with teaching and private tutoring positions. He intended to go into medicine, but in 1824 he was appointed an assistant engineer for the survey of the State road being constructed between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. From then on, he was inspired to a career in either civil or mechanical engineering.
Historical marker in Academy Park (Albany, New York) commemorating Henry's work with electricity.
Henry excelled at his studies (so much so, that he would often be helping his teachers teach science) that in 1826 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at The Albany Academy by Principal T. Romeyn Beck. Some of his most important research was conducted in this new position. His curiosity about terrestrial magnetism led him to experiment with magnetism in general. He was the first to coil insulated wire tightly around an iron core in order to make a more powerful electromagnet, improving on William Sturgeon's electromagnet which used loosely coiled uninsulated wire. Using this technique, he built the strongest electromagnet at the time for Yale. He also showed that, when making an electromagnet using just two electrodes attached to a battery, it is best to wind several coils of wire in parallel, but when using a set-up with multiple batteries, there should be only one single long coil. The latter made the telegraph feasible.
Joseph Henry, taken between 1865 and 1878, possibly by Mathew Brady.
Using his newly-developed electromagnetic principle, Henry in 1831 created one of the first machines to use electromagnetism for motion. This was the earliest ancestor of modern DC motor. It did not make use of rotating motion, but was merely an electromagnet perched on a pole, rocking back and forth. The rocking motion was caused by one of the two leads on both ends of the magnet rocker touching one of the two battery cells, causing a polarity change, and rocking the opposite direction until the other two leads hit the other battery.
This apparatus allowed Henry to recognize the property of self inductance. British scientist Michael Faraday also recognized this property around the same time. Since Faraday published his results first, he became the officially recognized discoverer of the phenomenon.
In 1848 Henry worked in conjunction with Professor Stephen Alexander to determine the relative temperatures for different parts of the solar disk. They used a thermopile to determine that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding regions.[6][7][8][9] This work was shown to the astronomer Angelo Secchi who extended it, but with some question as to whether Henry was given proper credit for his earlier work.[10]