الموضوع: اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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قديم 01-04-2013, 03:23 PM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

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افتراضي
by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany, (1749-1832)

فاوست أو فاوستوس (باللاتينية:Faustus) هو الشخصية الرئيسية في الحكاية الألمانية الشعبية عن الساحر والخيميائي الألماني الدكتور يوهان جورج فاوست الذي يُبرم عقداً مع الشيطان. وأصبحت هذه القصة أساساً لأعمال أدبية مختلفة لكتاب مختلفين حول العالم لعل أشهر هذه الأعمال هي مسرحية فاوست لغوته وعمل كريستوفر مارلو، كلاوس مان، توماس مان، كلايف باركر، تشارلز غونود، هيكتور بيرليوز، أريغو بويتو، أوسكار وايلد، تيري براتشيت، ميخائيل بولغاكوف، فرناندو بيسوا ومن العرب علي أحمد باكثير في فاوست الجديد، كريم الصياد في منهج تربوي مقترح لفاوست.
الحبكة العامة

تدور قصة فاوست في شكلها الأساسي حول سعيه إلى اكتشاف الجوهر الحقيقي للحياة، ما يقوده إلى استدعاء الشيطان ويمثله مفستوفيليس ليبرم معه عقداً يقضي بأن يقوم بخدمته طوال حياته ليستولي على روحه بعد مماته، لكن الاستيلاء على روح فاوست مشروط ببلوغه قمة السعاده
فاوست غوته

تعتبر مسرحية فاوست ليوهان غوته العمل الأبرز بتقدير معظم النقاد الأدبيين والأكثر كمالا المستوحى من قصة فاوست الساحر الألماني في القصة الشعبية. ولعل هذا العمل هو أحد أهم أسباب شهرة وانتشار هذا العمل حتى أنها تعتبر من قبل البعض العمل الأبرز في الأدب الألماني. تتألف مسرحية فاوست لغوته من جزئين كتبهما غوته في 4612 سطرا. لكن الجزئين لم يكتبا بشكل متعقب فبين ظهور الجزء الأول الذي انهاه غوته في عام 1806 والجزء الثاني الذي أنهاه عام 1832 عام وفاته نفسه : فارق 26 عاما اختلفت بها النواحي التي كان يركز فيها غوته ففي حين كان الجزء الأول يركز على روح دكتور فاوست التي باعها للشيطان مفستوفيليس، نجده في الجزء الثاني ينحو نحو معالجة الظاهرة الاجتماعية وأمور السياسة والاجتماع. لذلك يعتبر الجزء الثاني من اعقد الأعمال الأدبية المكتوبة بالألمانية وربما أحد أهم الأعمال التي يختلط بها الأدب بالفلسفة.
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Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend; a highly successful scholar but one dissatisfied with his life that therefore makes a pact with the Devil, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages. Faust and the adjective Faustian imply a situation in which an ambitious person surrenders moralintegrity in order to achieve power and success for a delimited term.[1] Translated as "fist" in High German, the name "Faust" suggests someone who resorts to extraordinary means to achieve goals, akin to if not actually including force; it also implies unusual tenacity and persistence.
The Faust of early books—as well as the ballads, dramas, movies and puppet-plays which grew out of them—is irrevocably damned because he prefers human to divine knowledge; "he laid the Holy Scriptures behind the door and under the bench, refused to be called doctor of Theology, but preferred to be styled doctor of Medicine".[1] Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century, often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun. The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe, who gave it a classic treatment in his play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. In Goethe's reworking of the story two hundred years later, Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual that yearns for "more than earthly meat and drink" in his life.
Summary of the story

Faust is bored and disappointed. He decides to call on the Devil for further knowledge and magic powers with which to indulge all the pleasure and knowledge of the world. In response, the Devil's representative, Mephistopheles, appears. He makes a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles will serve Faust with his magic powers for a set number of years, but at the end of the term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul and Faust will be eternally damned. The term usually stipulated in the early tales is 24 years--one year for each of the hours in a day.
During the term of the bargain, Faust makes use of Mephistopheles in various ways. In many versions of the story, particularly Goethe's drama, Mephistopheles helps him to seduce a beautiful and innocent girl, usually named Gretchen, whose life is ultimately destroyed. However, Gretchen's innocence saves her in the end, and she enters Heaven. In Goethe's rendition, Faust is saved by God's grace via his constant striving—in combination with Gretchen's pleadings with God in the form of the Eternal Feminine. However, in the early tales, Faust is irrevocably corrupted and believes his sins cannot be forgiven; when the term ends, the Devil carries him off to Hell.
Sources of the legend

The tale of Faust bears many similarities to the Theophilus legend recorded in the 13th century, writer Gautier de Coincy's Les Miracles de la Sainte Vierge. Here, a saintly figure makes a bargain with the keeper of the infernal world but is rescued from paying his debt to society through the mercy of the Blessed Virgin.[2] A depiction of the scene in which he subordinates himself to the Devil appears on the north tympanum of the Cathedrale de Notre Dame de Paris.[3]
The first known printed source of the legend of Faust is a small chapbook bearing the title Historia von D. Johann Fausten, published in 1587. The book was re-edited and borrowed from throughout the 16th century. Other similar books of that period include:
  • Das Wagnerbuch (1593)
  • Das Widmann'sche Faustbuch (1599)
  • Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Frankfurt 1609)
  • Dr. Johannes Faust, Magia naturalis et innaturalis (Passau 1612)
  • Das Pfitzer'sche Faustbuch (1674)
  • Dr. Fausts großer und gewaltiger Meergeist (Amsterdam 1692)
  • Das Wagnerbuch (1714)
  • Faustbuch des Christlich Meynenden (1725)
The 1725 Faust chapbook was widely circulated and also read by the young Goethe.
The origin of Faust's name and persona remains unclear, though it is widely assumed to be based on the figure of Dr. Johann Georg Faust (c.1480–1540), a magician and alchemist probably from Knittlingen, Württemberg, who obtained a degree in divinity from Heidelberg University in 1509. Scholars such as Frank Baron[4] and Leo Ruickbie[5] contest many of these previous assumptions.
Some sources also connect the legendary Faust with Johann Fust (c. 1400–1466), Johann Gutenberg's business partner.[6] or suggest that Fust is one of the multiple origins to the Faust story.[7]
Many aspects of the life of Simon Magus are echoed in the Faust legend of Christopher Marlowe and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Hans Jonas writes, "surely few admirers of Marlowe's and Goethe's plays have an inkling that their hero is the descendant of a gnostic sectary and that the beautiful Helen called up by his art was once the fallen Thought of God through whose raising mankind was to be saved."[8]
The character in Polish folklore named Pan Twardowski also presents similarities with Faust, and this legend seems to have originated at roughly the same time. It is unclear whether the two tales have a common origin or influenced each other. Pan Twardowski may be based on the life of a 16th-century German emigrant to the then-capital of Poland, Kraków, or possibly on John Dee or Edward Kelley. According to the theologian Philip Melanchthon, the historical Johann Faust had studied in Kraków as well.
Related tales about a pact between man and the Devil include the legend of Theophilus of Adana, the 5th-century bishop; and the plays Mariken van Nieumeghen (Dutch, early 16th century, author unknown) and Cenodoxus (German, early 17th century, by Jacob Bidermann).
The notes to one edition of Goethe's Faust assert that traits of the alchemists Agrippa and Paracelsus are combined into Goethe's version of the protagonist
Goethe's Faust

Another important version of the legend is the play Faust, published in 1808 by the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Goethe's Faust complicates the simple Christian moral of the original legend. A hybrid between a play and an extended poem, Goethe's two-part "closet drama" is epic in scope. It gathers together references from Christian, medieval, Roman, eastern and Hellenic poetry, philosophy and literature.
The composition and refinement of Goethe's own version of the legend occupied him for over sixty years (though not continuously). The final version, published after his death, is recognized as a great work of German literature.
The story concerns the fate of Faust in his quest for the true essence of life ("was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält"). Frustrated with learning and the limits to his knowledge, power, and enjoyment of life, he attracts the attention of the Devil (represented by Mephistopheles), who agrees to serve Faust until the moment he attains the zenith of human happiness, such that he cries out to that moment to "stay, thou art so beautiful!" (Faust, I, l.1700) — at which point Mephistopheles may take his soul. Faust is pleased with the deal, as he believes this happy zenith will never come.
In the first part, Mephistopheles leads Faust through experiences that culminate in a lustful relationship with Gretchen, an innocent young woman. Gretchen and her family are destroyed by Mephistopheles' deceptions and Faust's desires. Part one of the story ends in tragedy for Faust, as Gretchen is saved but Faust is left to grieve in shame.
The second part begins with the spirits of the earth forgiving Faust (and the rest of mankind) and progresses into allegorical poetry. Faust and his Devil pass through and manipulate the world of politics and the world of the classical gods, and meet with Helen of Troy (the personification of beauty). Finally, having succeeded in taming the very forces of war and nature, Faust experiences a singular moment of happiness.
Mephistopheles tries to seize Faust's soul when he dies after this moment of happiness, but is frustrated and enraged when angels intervene due to God's grace. Though this grace is truly 'gratuitous' and does not condone Faust's frequent errors perpetrated with Mephistopheles, the angels state that this grace can only occur because of Faust's unending striving and due to the intercession of the forgiving Gretchen. The final scene has Faust's soul carried to heaven in the presence of God as the "Holy Virgin, Mother, Queen, Goddess...The Eternal Feminine". The Goddess is thus victorious over Mephistopheles, who had insisted at Faust's death that he would be consigned to "The Eternal Empty".