الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 08-18-2010, 10:43 PM
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Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 – July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of nationalist forces calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of many of the policies supported by the Federalist Party.
Born and raised in the Caribbean, Hamilton attended King's College (now Columbia University) in New York. At the start of the American Revolutionary War, he organized an artillery company and was chosen as its captain. Hamilton became the senior[1]aide-de-camp and confidant to General George Washington, the American commander-in-chief. After the war, Hamilton was elected to the Continental Congress from New York, but he resigned to practice law and found the Bank of New York. He served in the New York Legislature, and he was the only New Yorker who signed the U.S. Constitution. He wrote about half the Federalist Papers, which helped to secure ratification of the Constitution by New York. The Federalist Papers are still an important source for interpretation of the Constitution[2]. In the new government under President Washington he became Secretary of the Treasury.[3] An admirer of British political systems, Hamilton was a nationalist who emphasized strong central government and successfully argued that the implied powers of the Constitution could be used to fund the national debt, assume state debts, and create the government-owned Bank of the United States. These programs were funded primarily by a tariff on imports and a highly controversial excise tax on whiskey.
Childhood in the Caribbean

Hamilton was born in Charlestown, the capital of Nevis in the British West Indies. He was born out of wedlock to Rachel Faucett Lavien, of partial French Huguenot descent, and James A. Hamilton, the fourth son of Scottishlaird Alexander Hamilton of Grange, Ayrshire.[6] There is some question about whether the year of Hamilton's birth was 1757 or 1755. Most historical evidence after Hamilton's arrival in New England suggests a year of 1757, and as such, most historians had accepted it. However, new evidence from Hamilton's life in the Caribbean has caused more recent historians to opt for a birth year of 1755.[7] Hamilton listed his birth year as 1757 when he first arrived in the Thirteen Colonies.

However, probate papers from St. Croix in 1768 after the death of Hamilton's mother list him as 13 years old,[8] a date that would support a birth year of 1755. If Hamilton's birth year were, in fact, 1755, there would be a number of possible explanations. Hamilton may have been trying to appear younger than his college classmates or to avoid standing out as older; the probate document indicating a birth year of 1755 may have misreported; or Hamilton may have been passing as 13 to be more employable after his mother's death
Hamilton's mother had been separated previously from Johann Michael Lavien of St. Croix ("a much older German Jewish merchant-planter"[6]);[10] to escape an unhappy marriage, Rachel left her husband and first son for St. Kitts in 1750, where she met James.[11] They moved together to Rachel's birthplace of Nevis, where she had inherited property from her father.[12]
Their two sons were James, Jr., and Alexander. Because Hamilton's parents were not legally married, the Church of England denied him membership or education in the church school. Instead, he received "individual tutoring"[12] and classes in a private Jewish school.[13] Hamilton supplemented his education with a family library of thirty-four books,[14] including Greek and Roman classics.
James then abandoned Rachel and their two sons, allegedly to "spar[e] [Rachel] a charge of bigamy . . . [after finding out that her first husband] intend[ed] to divorce her under Danish law on grounds of adultery and desertion.
Rachel supported the family by keeping a small store in Christiansted. However, she contracted a severe fever and died on February 19, 1768, 1:02 am, leaving Hamilton effectively orphaned.
This may have had severe emotional consequences for him, even by the standards of an eighteenth-century childhood.[15] In probate court, Rachel's "first husband seized her estate"[6] and obtained the few valuables Rachel had owned, including some household silver. Many items were auctioned off, but a friend purchased the family books and returned them to the studious young Hamilton.[16]
Hamilton then became a clerk at a local import-export firm, Beekman and Cruger, which traded with New England; he was left in charge of the firm for five months in 1771, while the owner was at sea.
He and his older brother James were adopted briefly by a cousin, Peter Lytton, but when Lytton committed suicide, Hamilton was separated from his brother.[17] James apprenticed with a local carpenter, while Hamilton was adopted by Nevis merchant Thomas Stevens. Some evidence suggests that Stevens may have been Hamilton's biological father: his son, Edward Stevens, became a close friend of Hamilton. The two boys looked much alike, both were fluent in French, and both shared similar interests.[18]
Hamilton continued clerking, remained an avid reader, developed an interest in writing, and began to long for a life off his small island. Hamilton wrote an essay published in the Royal Danish-American Gazette, with a detailed account of a hurricane that had devastated Christiansted on August 30, 1772. The essay impressed community leaders, who collected a fund to educate the young Hamilton in the much larger American colonies