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10-26-2011, 12:33 AM

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جي ار تولكين

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.
Tolkien was Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature there from 1945 to 1959.
ولد تولكين عام 1892 في انجلترا

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (now Free State Province, part of South Africa) to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896),
ولد عام 1892 في جنوب افريقيا والده ارثر كان مدير بنك توفي عام 1896 وعمر ابنه 4 سنوات

an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, née Suffield (1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel, who was born on 17 February 1894.
As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event which some think would have later echoes in his stories, although Tolkien admitted no actual memory of the event and no special hatred of spiders as an adult.
تعرض للدغه من عنكبوت وهو صغير وهو ما انعكس على كتاباته لاحقا

In another incident, a family house-boy, who thought Tolkien a beautiful child, took the baby to his kraal to show him off, returning him the next morning.
وفي حادث آخر احد الشغالين في المنزل اخذ الطفل معه الى منزله واعاده في اليوم التالي

When he was three, Tolkien went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of rheumatic fever before he could join them.
عندما كان في الثالثة غادر هو وامه واخاه الصغير الى لندن وعلى اساس ان يلحق بهم والده في اجازة طويلة ولكن والده مات في جنوب افريقيا قبل ان يتمكن من اللحاق بهم

This left the family without an income, and so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Soon after, in 1896, they moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham.
تركهم الوالد من دون دخل ولذلك اخذت الام ابنائها للعيش لدى والديها وظلت هناك حتى العام 1896

Tolkien attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, and later St. Philip's School, before winning a Foundation Scholarship and returning to King Edward's School. While a pupil at King Edward's School, he was one of a party of cadets from the school's Officers Training Corps who helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace.[27]

Mabel Tolkien was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1900 despite vehement protests by her Baptist family, who then stopped all financial assistance to her. In 1904, when Tolkien was 12, she died of acute diabetes at Fern Cottage in Rednal, which she was then renting.
ماتت امه وهو في سن الـ 12 وبعد ان تحول الى الكاثوليكية حيث قطع عنها اهلها اي دعم مالي

Mabel Tolkien was then about 34 years of age, about as old as a person with diabetes mellitus type 1 could live with no treatment—insulin would not be discovered until two decades later.

ماتت وعمرها 34 حيث كانت تعاني من مرض السكري وقد عاشت اقصى ما يمكن لشخص مصاب بهذا المرض ان يعيش من دون الانسولين والذي اكتشف بعد عقدين من الزمن من ذلك التاريخ.

Nine years after his mother's death, Tolkien wrote, "My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to his great gifts as he did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and trouble to ensure us keeping the faith."
بعد 9 سنوات من موتها كتب يقول امي العزيزة كانت شهيدة بحق وقد اعتبهرا هدية من السماء حيث قتلت نفسها في العمل من اجل ان يحافظا على الايمان

Prior to her death, Mabel Tolkien had assigned the guardianship of her sons to Fr. Francis Xavier Morgan of the Birmingham Oratory, who was assigned to bring them up as good Catholics.
قبل موتها منحت الام الوصاية على ابنائها الى الكنيسة

Tolkien grew up in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. He lived there in the shadow of Perrott's Folly and the Victorian tower of Edgbaston Waterworks, which may have influenced the images of the dark towers within his works.
اثرت البيئة التي عاش فيها على مشاهد اعماله الادبية

Another strong influence was the romantic medievalist paintings of Edward Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery has a large and world-renowned collection of works and had put it on free public display from around 1908.

The 1911 census of England & Wales shows Tolkien (occupation "school") lodging at 4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, along with his brother Hilary (occupation "hardware merchant's clerk").[34]
In the summer of 1911, Tolkien went on holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that Bilbo's journey across the Misty Mountains ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of 12 hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren.
سافر الى سويسرا ةكان لتلك الرحلة اثر في كتاباته

Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine (Celebdil) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg to Grindelwald and on across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass, through the upper Valais to Brig and on to the Aletsch glacier and Zermatt.
In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at Exeter College, Oxford. He initially studied Classics but changed his course in 1913 to English Language and Literature, graduating in 1915 with first-class honours in his final examinations.[36]

Courtship and marriage

At the age of 16, Tolkien met Edith Mary Bratt, who was three years older, when he and his brother Hilary moved into the boarding house in which she lived. According to Humphrey Carpenter:
Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement. There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty. ... With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish. Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other. During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love.
His guardian, Father Francis Morgan, viewing Edith as a distraction from Tolkien's school work and horrified that his young charge was seriously involved with a Protestant girl, prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with her until he was 21.

عندما كان في سن السدسة عشر التقى مع اديث اليتيمة التي كانت تكبره بثلاث اعوام ووقعا في الغرام وتزوج ا عندما لصبح في سن الحادي والعشرين لان راعيه كان قد منعه من اللتقاء بها كونها بروتستنتية [

In 1914, the United Kingdom entered World War I. Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to immediately volunteer for the British Army. Instead, Tolkien entered a programme wherein he delayed enlisting until completing his degree in July 1915.

لم يتطوع للعمل في الجيش رغم دخول بريطانيا في الحرب العالمية الاولى واجل ذلك حتى ينهي برنامج تعلميه في العام 1915
He was then commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers. He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, for eleven months. In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained, "Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed."[ Tolkien was then transferred to the 11th (Service) Battalion with the British Expeditionary Force, arriving in France on 4 June 1916. His departure from England on a troop transport inspired him to write his poem, The Lonely Isle. He later wrote, "Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute. Parting from my wife then ... it was like a death."[
شارك في المعارك وكتب ان الضباط الصغار كانوا يموتون بالعشرات في كل دقيقة وان اكون بعيد عم زوجتي في مثل ذلك الوقت كان بمثابة موت

Tolkien's time in combat was a terrible stress for Edith, who feared that every knock on the door might carry news of her husband's death. In order to get around the British Army's postal censorship, the Tolkiens had developed a secret code which accompanied his letters home. By using the code, Edith was able to track her husband's movements on a map of the Western Front.
On one occasion I spent the night with the Brigade Machine Gun Officer and the Signals Officer in one of the captured German dugouts ... We dossed down for the night in the hopes of getting some sleep, but it was not to be. We no sooner lay down than hordes of lice got up. So we went round to the Medical Officer, who was also in the dugout with his equipment, and he gave us some ointment which he assured us would keep the little brutes away. We anointed ourselves all over with the stuff and again lay down in great hopes, but it was not to be, because instead of discouraging them it seemed to act like a kind of hors d'oeuvre and the little beggars went at their feast with renewed vigour.[
اصيب وهو في الجبه وفي العام 1916 بحمى من لغ الحشرات
Tolkien was invalided to England on 8 November 1916. Many of his dearest school friends, including Gilson and Smith of the T.C.B.S., were killed in the war.
مات الكثير من زملاء الدراسة في المعارك وعاد هو الى اننجلترا في العام 1916 بسبب الرمض
In later years, Tolkien indignantly declared that those who searched his works for parallels to the Second World War were entirely mistaken:
One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead.
كتب ان كل اصدقاؤه ما عدا واحد فقط ماتوا قبل العام 1916
weak and emaciated Tolkien spent the remainder of the war alternating between hospitals and garrison duties, being deemed medically unfit for general service.
During his recovery in a cottage in Little Haywood, Staffordshire, he began to work on what he called The Book of Lost Tales, beginning with The Fall of Gondolin. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps and was promoted to Lieutenant. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien.

- ولد تولكين عام 1892 في انجلترا
-ولد عام 1892 في جنوب افريقيا والده ارثر كان مدير بنك توفي عام 1896 وعمر ابنه 4 سنوات
-تعرض للدغه من عنكبوت وهو صغير وهو ما انعكس على كتاباته لاحقا
-وفي حادث آخر احد الشغالين في المنزل اخذ الطفل معه الى منزله واعاده في اليوم التالي
-عندما كان في الثالثة غادر هو وامه واخاه الصغير الى لندن وعلى اساس ان يلحق بهم والده في اجازة طويلة ولكن والده مات في جنوب افريقيا قبل ان يتمكن من اللحاق بهم
-تركهم الوالد من دون دخل ولذلك اخذت الام ابنائها للعيش لدى والديها وظلت هناك حتى العام 1896
-ماتت امه وهو في سن الـ 12 وبعد ان تحول الى الكاثوليكية حيث قطع عنها اهلها اي دعم مالي
- ماتت وعمرها 34 حيث كانت تعاني من مرض السكري وقد عاشت اقصى ما يمكن لشخص مصاب بهذا المرض ان يعيش من دون الانسولين والذي اكتشف بعد عقدين من الزمن من ذلك التاريخ.
-بعد 9 سنوات من موتها كتب يقول امي العزيزة كانت شهيدة بحق وقد اعتبهرا هدية من السماء حيث قتلت نفسها في العمل من اجل ان يحافظا على الايمان
-قبل موتها منحت الام الوصاية على ابنائها الى الكنيسة
-اثرت البيئة التي عاش فيها على مشاهد اعماله الادبية
-سافر الى سويسرا ةكان لتلك الرحلة اثر في كتاباته
-عندما كان في سن السدسة عشر التقى مع اديث اليتيمة التي كانت تكبره بثلاث اعوام ووقعا في الغرام وتزوج ا عندما لصبح في سن الحادي والعشرين لان راعيه كان قد منعه من اللتقاء بها كونها بروتستنتية

-لم يتطوع للعمل في الجيش رغم دخول بريطانيا في الحرب العالمية الاولى واجل ذلك حتى ينهي برنامج تعلميه في العام 1915

-شارك في المعارك وكتب ان الضباط الصغار كانوا يموتون بالعشرات في كل دقيقة وان اكون بعيد عم زوجتي في مثل ذلك الوقت كان بمثابة موت
-اصيب وهو في الجبه وفي العام 1916 بحمى من لغ الحشرات
-كتب ان كل اصدقاؤه ما عدا واحد فقط ماتوا قبل العام 1916

عندما قرات عنه تعجبت من قدراته وانه كان قادر على وضع لغة للجن...وتوقعت ان يكون شديد البؤس وقد تبين انه يتم الاب في وقت مبكر..3 سنوات غارد الى بريطانيا وهو في الرابعة مات الاب ثم ماتت الام في الثانية عشرة وعاش مع راعي كنيسة في منطقة تملؤها الابراج المخيفة وكان قد لدغ من عنكبوت وهو صغير ولا احد يعرف ما جرى له عندما اخذه ذلك الحادم في تلك الليلة ثم موت كل اصدقاؤه في المدرسة وزواجه من يتيمة بعد ان حرم منها لمدة سنوات لاختلاف الدين كل ذلك كفيل حتما بأن تجعل العقل قادر على اختراع لغة للجن.

يتيم الاب في سن 4 والام في سن 12 وهو لذلك (لطيم).

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