الموضوع: هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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قديم 06-26-2011, 11:40 PM
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ايوب صابر
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يتمه: ماتت الام وعمره 6 سنوات وعاش مع جده وعمره سنة واحدة
مجاله : عالم من اذاكى اذكياء العالم - عبقري.
جوسف پريستلي {{}} (و. 13 مارس 1733 - 8 فبراير 1804) فيلسوف طبيعي بريطاني, ورجل دين معارض, ومنظر سياسي ومعلم. أهم ما يُذكر به اكتشافه في نفس الوقت مع أنطوان لاڤوازييه لغاز الأكسجين.
ظل الفضل في اكتشاف الأكسجين ينسب طويلا إلى جوزف بريستلي لا إلى شيليه، لأنه اكتشفه مستقلا عن شيليه، وأذاع اكتشافه هذا في 1775 قبل عامين من نشر شيليه المتأخر لكشفه. ومع ذلك فنحن نكرمه لأن أبحاثه أتاحت للافوازييه أن يضفي على الكيمياء شكلها الحديث، ولأنه كان من الرواد في الدراسة العلمية للكهرباء، ولأنه أسهم بشجاعة في الفكر البريطاني عن الدين والحكومة حتى أن جماعة متعصبة من الغوغاء أحرقت بيته في برمنجهام وحملته على الالتجاء إلى أمريكا. وقد لمس تاريخ الحضارة في نقط كثيرة، وهو واحد من أعظم شخصياته إلهاماً. ولد في يوركشير في 1733، لمشاط من المنشقين على الكنيسة الرسمية. وأكب بنهم على دراسة العلم، والفلسفة، واللاهوت، واللغات؛ فتعلم اللاتينية، واليونانية، والفرنسية، والألمانية، والإيطالية، والعربية، وحتى طرفاً من السريانية والكلدية. واشتغل أول الأمر واعظاً منقشاً في سافوك، ولكن عقده في لسانه انتقصت من تأثير بلاغته في السامعين. فلما بلغ الخامسة والعشرين نظم مدرسة خاصة بعث الحياة في منهاجها بتجارب في الفيزياء والكيمياء. وفي الثامنة والعشرين أصبح معلماً في أكاديمية للمنشقين في وارنجتن، وهناك علم خمس لغات، ووجد رغم ذلك الوقت ليجري أبحاثاً أكسبته زمالة في الجمعية الملكية (1776). في تلك السنة التقى بفرانكلن في لندن فشجعته على تأليف كتابه "تاريخ الكهرباء ووضعها الراهن" (1776) وهو مسح جدير بإعجاب للموضوع بأسره حتى جيله. وفي 1767 عين راعياً لكنيسة مل هل بليدز. وقد تذكر في تاريخ لاحق من حياته، إنه "نتيجة لسكناي حيناً بقرب مصنع عمومي للجعة أغريت بإجراء تجارب على الهواء الثابت(31). لأن عجين مصنع الجعة انبعث منه غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون. وقد أذابه في الماء، وأعجبته نكهته الفوارة؛ وكان هذا أول "ماء صودا".
وفي 1772 أعفى من هموم الرزق بتعيينه أمين مكتبة للورد شلبيرن. وفي البيت الذي جهز له بكولن أجرى التجارب التي أكسبته شهرة دولية.
Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissentingclergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier also have a claim to the discovery.[2]
During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several "airs" (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen). However, Priestley's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community.
Priestley's science was integral to his theology, and he consistently tried to fuse Enlightenment rationalism with Christian theism.[3] In his metaphysical texts, Priestley attempted to combine theism, materialism, and determinism, a project that has been called "audacious and original".[4] He believed that a proper understanding of the natural world would promote human progress and eventually bring about the Christian Millennium.[4] Priestley, who strongly believed in the free and open exchange of ideas, advocated toleration and equal rights for religious Dissenters, which also led him to help found Unitarianismin England. The controversial nature of Priestley's publications combined with his outspoken support of the French Revolution aroused public and governmental suspicion; he was eventually forced to flee, in 1791, first to London, and then to the United States, after a mob burned down his home and church. He spent the last ten years of his life living in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.
A scholar and teacher throughout his life, Priestley also made significant contributions to pedagogy, including the publication of a seminal work on English grammar, books on history, and he prepared some of the most influential early timelines. These educational writings were some of Priestley's most popular works. It was his metaphysical works, however, that had the most lasting influence: leading philosophers including Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer credit them among the primary sources for utilitarianism

Priestley was born to an established English Dissenting family (i.e., they did not conform to the Church of England) in Birstall, near Batley in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He was the oldest of six children born to Mary Swift and Jonas Priestley, a finisher of cloth. To ease his mother's burdens, Priestley was sent to live with his grandfather around the age of one; after his mother died five years later, he returned home. When his father remarried in 1741, Priestley went to live with his aunt and uncle, the wealthy and childless Sarah and John Keighley, 3 miles (5 km) from Fieldhead.[6] Because Priestley was precocious—at the age of four he could flawlessly recite all 107 questions and answers of the Westminster Shorter Catechism—his aunt sought the best education for the boy, intending him for the ministry. During his youth, Priestley attended local schools where he learned Greek, Latin, and Hebrew.[7]
Around 1749, Priestley became seriously ill and believed he was dying. Raised as a devout Calvinist, he believed a conversion experience was necessary for salvation, but doubted he had had one. This emotional distress eventually led him to question his theological upbringing, causing him to reject election and to accept universal salvation. As a result, the elders of his home church, the Independent Upper Chapel of Heckmondwike, refused him admission as a full member.[6][8]
Priestley's illness left him with a permanent stutter and he gave up any thoughts of entering the ministry at that time. In preparation for joining a relative in trade in Lisbon, he studied French, Italian, and German in addition to Chaldean, Syrian, and Arabic. He was tutored by the Reverend George Haggerstone, who first introduced him to higher mathematics, natural philosophy, logic, and metaphysics through the works of Isaac Watts, Willem 's Gravesande, and John Locke.