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08-27-2012, 10:54 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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82- تيتــــو
Marshal
Josip Broz Tito (
Serbo-Croatian pronunciation:
born Josip Broz;
Cyrillic
: 7 May 1892
[nb 1]
– 4 May 1980) was a
Yugoslav
revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1945 until his death in 1980. While his presidency has been criticized as
authoritarian
, due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies, Tito was seen by most as a
benevolent dictator
, and was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies successfully maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the
Non-Aligned Movement
, working with
Jawaharlal Nehru
of India and
Gamal Abdel Nasser
of Egypt.
Josip was born as the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz in the village of
Kumrovec
in
Croatia
.
Drafted into the army, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest
Sergeant Major
in the
Austro-Hungarian Army
. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians, Josip was sent to a work camp in the
Ural Mountains
. He participated in the
October Revolution
, and later joined a
Red Guard
unit in
Omsk
. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
, where he joined the
Communist Party of Yugoslavia
.
He was
General Secretary
(later Chairman of the Presidium) of the
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
(1939–80), and went on to lead the
World War II
Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the
Partisans
(1941–45).
[14]
After the war, he was the
Prime Minister
(1943–63) and later
President
(1953–80) of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of
Marshal of Yugoslavia
, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the
Yugoslav People's Army
(JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both
Cold War
blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some
98 foreign decorations
, including the
Legion of Honour
and the
Order of the Bath
. Tito's funeral was the largest funeral in history.
Tito was the chief architect of the "
second Yugoslavia
", a socialist federation that lasted from WWII until 1991. Despite being one of the founders of
Cominform
, he was also the first (and the only successful) Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony. A backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as, although incorrectly, "
national communism
" or more correctly "
Titoism
", he was one of the main founders and promoters of the
Non-Aligned Movement
, and its first Secretary-General. He supported the policy of nonalignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomatic and economic policies allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav
economic boom
and expansion of the 1960s and 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the "
brotherhood and unity
" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country
disintegrated
and
went into a series of civil wars and unrest
that lasted the rest of the decade and continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics to this day. He remains a controversial figure in the
Balkans
.
Early life</SPAN>
Pre-World War I</SPAN>
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in
Kumrovec
, in the northern
Croatian
region of
Hrvatsko Zagorje
in
Austria-Hungary
.He was the
seventh child
of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936, Zagreb, buried at
Mirogoj
), was a
Croat
, while his mother Marija (born Javeršek, 25 March 1864, Loka pri
Podsredi
–14 January 1918,
Kupinec
), was a
Slovene
. His
parents were married on 21 January 1891
.
After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of
Podsreda
, he entered
primary school
in 1900 at
Kumrovec
, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905.
In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a
machinist
's
apprentice
in
Sisak
. There, he became aware of the
labour movement
and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of
metallurgy
workers and at the same time the
Social-Democratic
Party of Croatia and
Slavonia
.
[22]
Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in
Kamnik
(1911-1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkovo,
Munich
and
Mannheim
, where he worked for the
Benz
car factory; then he went to
Wiener Neustadt
,
Austria
, and worked as a test driver for
Daimler
.
[23]
In the autumn of 1913, he was
conscripted
into the
Austro-Hungarian Army
. He was sent to a school for
non-commissioned officers
and became a
sergeant
, serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb. In May 1914, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in
Budapest
. At the outbreak of
World War I
in 1914, he
was sent to
Ruma
, where he was arrested for anti-war
propaganda
and imprisoned in the
Petrovaradin fortress
.
In January 1915, he was sent to the
Eastern Front
in
Galicia
to fight against
Russia
. He distinguished himself as a capable soldier, becoming the youngest
Sergeant Major
in the
Austro-Hungarian Army
. For his bravery in the face of the enemy, he was recommended for the Silver Bravery Medal but was taken
prisoner of war
before it could be formally presented.
On 25 March 1915, while in
Bukovina
, he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians.
Prisoner and revolutionary</SPAN>
After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the
Ural Mountains
where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a
Bolshevik
group.
In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape
and participate in the July Days demonstrations in
Petrograd
(St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to
Finland
, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the
Petropavlovsk fortress
for three weeks. He was again sent to
Kungur
, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in
Omsk
,
Siberia
where he met his future wife
Pelagija Belousova
. After the
October Revolution
, he joined a
Red Guard
unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to
Kirgiziya
and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the
Russian Communist Party
. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year. In January 1920, he and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September
واضح ان المعلومات حوله غير دقيقة فكيف يكون الابن السابع وهو من مواليد عام 1892 علما بأنه قد سجل بأن واليده تزوجا في العام 1891 ؟ ثم واضح ان طفولته كانت عاصفة فهو تربى في القرية لدى جده من ناحية الام وبعيدا عن والدية وكان ضعيفا في التحصيل الدراسي وما لبث ان انضم الى الجيش ليسجن اكثر من مرة ويصاب في احد المعارك ويقى في المستشفى عام كامل تقريبا وهو لم يتجاوز حتى ذلك الحين الخامسة والعشرين.
طفولة عاصفة ويتيم اجتماعي كونه تربى لدى جده من ناحية الام.
يتيم اجتماعي.
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