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قديم 09-08-2011, 01:34 PM
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لويس كارول


Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)- pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson


Charles Lutwidge Dodgson 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll , was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand.


English logician, mathematician, and novelist, best-known for his classic fantasy novels ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND (1865) Lewis Carroll was born Charles Lutwidge Dodgson at Daresbury in Chesire. His father, the Reverend Charles Dodgson, was at that time Curate of the parish. In 1827 he had married his first cousin Frances Jane Lutwidge, Charles was their third child.


Dodgson attended a Yorkshire grammar school and Rugby. At Christ Church, Oxford, he studied mathematics and worked from 1855 to 1881 as a lecturer (tutor). Dodgson's career in education was troubled by a bad stammer. تأتأه He lectured and taught with difficulty and he also preached only occasionally after his ordination in 1861.


كان يتردد في الحديث أو يتأتي وعليه لم يكن موفق في وظيفته في التدريس


"The hesitation, from which I have suffered all my life," Dodgson wrote in a letter, "is always worse in reading (when I can see difficult words before they come) than in speaking."


لقد عانيت من موضوع التأتأه والتردد في القراءة اكثر من عندما اتحدث حيث كنت ارى الكلمات الصعبة قبل ان تأتي.


Dodgson hardly ever spoke of his own childhood (see The Mystery ofLewis Carroll by Jenny Woolf, 2010, p. 11); his nephew Stuart Dodgson Collingwood mentions his uncle was exceptionally sensitive and shy.


لويس كارول لم يتحدث عن طفولة ويقول ان اخته بأنه كان خجولا وحساسا بشكل مفرط


Whatever the season, he hid his hands within a pair of gray-and-black cotton gloves.


كان يلبس كفوف لتغطية يديه في كل المواسم


In 1867 he travelled with his friend and colleague Henry Parry Liddon to Russia, where they visited churches, museums and other places of interest. After this journey, he never again left Britain. Dodgson died on January 14, 1898. He was buried in Guilford Cemetery.


سافر في العام 1867 الى موسكو مع صديق له لكنه لم يغادر لندن بعد تلك الرحلة ابدا ومات عام 1898.


In spite of his stammer, Dodgson could converse easily with children, whom he often photographed, first with their clothes on.


على الرغم من مشاكله في النطق كان يتحدث بطلاقه مع الأطفال والذي كان يصورهم أولا بملابسهم ثم بعد عام 1866 من دون ملابس لكن بأذن أهلهم.


From July 1866, Dodgson began to take nude photographs, always with the permission of parents. During the next thirteen years, Dodgson took many nude studies, but before he died, he destroyed most the negatives and prints. Dodgson was careful not to show them to anybody, stating in a letter that "there is really no friend to whom I should wish to give photographs which so entirely defy conventional rules."


Dodgson had seven sisters.


كان لديه 7 أخوات


Although his attraction to young girls was well-known, he followed in their company the strict Victorian rules of behavior and morals, even if his feelings were more intense than he acknowledged in his diaries. He also had long friendships with mature women, but remained a bachelor.


كان لديه علاقات مع نساء ناضجات لكنه ظل اعزبا


This side of his life has remained little examined. However, Karoline Leach has criticized in her book In the Shadow of the Dreamchild (1999) the Freudian mythology and the "strange incestuous kind of immortality" created around the author and the real-life Alice.


During one picnic – on July 4, 1862, on a blazing summer afternoon – Dodgson began to tell a long story to Alice Liddell (died in 1934), his ideal child friend, who was the daughter of Henry George Liddell, the head of his Oxford college. The Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was born from these tales. (


The friendship with the Liddell family ended abruptly in June 1863, two years before Wonderland was published, and Dodgson turned his attention to other young friends. According to some Oxford gossips, Dodgson had proposed marriage to Alice, aged eleven; for females the legal age to marry was twelve.


كان يصاحب فتاة صغيره اسمها الس وهي ابنة مدير الكلية التي كان يعمل فيها وكان يروي لها القصص ومن هنا ولدت فكرة الرواية وقد انتهت علاقته بتلك العائلة بشكل فجائي بعد أن ابدي رغبة في زواج اليس التي كان عمرها حين ذالك 11سنة.


However, the cause of the break between Dodgson and the Liddells is a mystery. Dodgson's relationship with the family remained formal, but in 1870 Mrs. Liddell brough Alice and her sister Ina to Dodgson's studio to be photographed. When Alice married Reginald Gervis Hargreaves in 1870, he gave the couple a watercolor of Tom Quad, one of the quadrangles of Christ Church in Oxford. Alice was absent from his funeral, no Liddells appeared.


Originally the book appeared under the title Alice's Adventures Under Ground.


The author's life and work has become a constant area for speculation and his exploring of the boundaries of sense and nonsense has inspired a number of psychological studies and novels – and perhaps also the famous English philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.


أصحبت حياته موضع للتحليل النفسي


According to Carl Jung, "a typical infantile motif is the dream of growing infinitely small or infinitely big, or being transformed from one to the other – as you find, for instance, in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland."


يرى كارليونج ان خيال لويس كارول في الحول في الشخصيات من صغير إلى كبير كان يعبر عن حاجات نفسية داخليه


At the time of their publication, Alice's adventures were considered children's literature, but now Dodgson's stories are generally viewed in a different light.


عندما نشرت مغامرات اليس في بلاد العجائب كان ينظر إليها على أنها قصص أطفال لكن اليوم ينظر إليها من منظور آخر


His work has fascinated such critics as Edmund Wilson and W.H. Auden, and logicians and scientist such as Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Virginia Woolf remarked, "the two Alices are not books for children; they are the only books in which we become children".


الروائية فرجينا وولف علقت على مغامرات اليس في بلاد العجائب قائله إنها ليست كتب أطفال إنها الكتب الوحيدة التي نصبح فيها أطفال عندما نقرأها.





At age twelve he was sent to Richmond Grammar School (now part of Richmond School) at nearby Richmond.
في سن الثانية عشره ارسل الى مدرسة داخلية في منطقة مجاوره اسمها رتشموند
In 1846, young Dodgson moved on to Rugby School, where he was evidently less happy, for as he wrote some years after leaving the place:

I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again ... I can honestly say that if I could have been ... secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear.


انتقل بعد ذلك إلى مدرسة داخلية أخرى وبقي فيها 3 سنوات اعتبرها من أسوأ أيام حياته وكتب يصفها " لا يمكنني تصور انه يمكنني أن أعيش تلك السنوات الثلاث مرة أخرى لقد كانت المدرسة مزعجه ليلا ونهارا أكثر صعوبة

He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and, after an interval that remains unexplained, went on in January 1851 to Oxford, attending his father's old college, Christ Church.
غادر ركبي عام 1849 ولا يعرف عن السنوات القليلة التي تبعت شيئا لكنه التحق بكلية اليسوع في عام 1851 باكسفورد
He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of forty-seven.
ماتت أمه عام 1851 بعد يومين من وصوله الى اكسفورد (عندما كان عمره 19 سنة ) وكانت في السابعة والأربعين من العمر
As a very young child, he suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear.
أصابته الحمى وهو صغير مما جعلته مما افقده السمع في احدى اذنيه
At the age of seventeen, he suffered a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible for his chronically weak chest in later life.
وعندما كان في السابعة عشرة أصابته لفحة صدرية أثرت على صحته كثيرا فيما بعد وجعلته ضعيفا
Another defect he carried into adulthood was what he referred to as his "hesitation", a stammer he acquired in early childhood and which plagued him throughout his life.
يضاف ذلك طبعا لتردده عند الكلام او ما يعرف بأتأتأه
Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary for 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine with aura, describing very accurately the process of 'moving fortifications' that are a manifestation of the aura stage of the syndrome.
Unfortunately there is no clear evidence to show whether this was his first experience of migraine per se, or if he may have previously suffered the far more common form of migraine without aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the fact that migraine most commonly develops in the teens or early adulthood. Another form of migraine aura, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, has been named after Dodgson's little heroine, because its manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. Also known as micropsia and macropsia, it is a brain condition affecting the way objects are perceived by the mind.
For example, an afflicted person may look at a larger object, like a basketball, and perceive it as if it were the size of a golf ball.
يبدو انه كان يعاني ايضا من حالة دماغيه تؤثر على صورة الاشياء التي يراها ويعاني من وجع راس شديد ( ماجرين )
مثال ذلك يمكن ان ينظر الشخص الى شيء بحجم كرة السلة لكنه يراها بحجم كرة التنس
Dodgson also suffered two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by three different doctors; a Dr. Morshead, Dr. Brooks, and Dr. Stedman, believed the attack and a consequent attack to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind).
ايضا لقد عانى من وقعات في مرتين ادت الى انه فقد الوعي فيهما وتبين انه كان يعاني من نوع من انواع الصرع
Some have concluded from this he was a lifetime sufferer of this condition, but there is no evidence of this in his diaries beyond the diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned.[61] Some authors, in particular Sadi Ranson, have suggested Carroll may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always completely lost, but altered, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the same experiences as Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had at least one incidence in which he suffered full loss of consciousness and awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary and noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform" and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.



-كان يتردد في الحديث أو يتأتي وعليه لم يكن موفق في وظيفته في التدريس - لقد عانيت من موضوع التأتأه والتردد في القراءة اكثر من عندما اتحدث حيث كنت ارى الكلمات الصعبة قبل ان تأتي.
-لويس كارول لم يتحدث عن طفولة ويقول ان اخته بأنه كان خجولا وحساسا بشكل مفرط
-كان يلبس كفوف لتغطية يديه في كل المواسم
-سافر في العام 1867 إلى موسكو مع صديق له لكنه لم يغادر لندن بعد تلك الرحلة ابدا ومات عام 1898.
-على الرغم من مشاكله في النطق كان يتحدث بطلاقه مع الأطفال والذي كان يصورهم أولا بملابسهم ثم بعد عام 1866 من دون ملابس لكن بأذن أهلهم.
--كان لديه 7 أخوات
-كان لديه علاقات مع نساء ناضجات لكنه ظل اعزبا
-كان يصاحب فتاة صغيره اسمها الس وهي ابنة مدير الكلية التي كان يعمل فيها وكان يروي لها القصص ومن هنا ولدت فكرة الرواية وقد انتهت علاقته بتلك العائلة بشكل فجائي بعد ان ابدى رغبة في زواج اليس التي كان عمرها حين ذالك 11سنة.
- أصحبت حياته موضع للتحليل النفسي
- يرى كارليونج ان خيال لويس كارول في التحول في الشخصيات من صغير الى كبير كان يعبر عن حاجات نفسية داخليه
-عندما نشرت مغامرات اليس في بلاد العجائب كان ينظر اليها على انها قصص اطفال لكن اليوم ينظر اليها من منظور آخر

--الروائية فرجينا وولف علقت على مغامرات اليس في بلاد العجائب قائله إنها ليست كتب أطفال إنها الكتب الوحيدة التي نصبح فيها أطفال عندما نقرأها.
-في سن الثانية عشره ارسل الى مدرسة داخلية في منطقة مجاوره اسمها رتشموند
-انتقل بعد ذلك إلى مدرسة داخلية أخرى وبقي فيها 3 سنوات اعتبرها من أسوأ أيام حياته وكتب يصفها " لا يمكنني تصور انه يمكنني ان اعيش تلك السنوات الثلاث مرة اخرى لقد كانت المدرسة مزعجه ليلا ونهارا أكثر صعوبة
- غادر ركبي عام 1849 ولا يعرف عن السنوات القليلة التي تبعت شيئا لكنه التحق بكلية اليسوع في عام 1851 باكسفورد
- اصابته الحمى وهو صغير مما جعلته مما افقده السمع في احدى اذنيه
- وعندما كان في السابعة عشرة أصابته لفحة صدرية أثرت على صحته كثيرا فيما بعد وجعلته ضعيفا
- يضاف ذلك طبعا لتردده عند الكلام او ما يعرف بأتأتأه
-يبدو انه كان يعاني أيضا من حالة دماغيه تؤثر على صورة الاشياء التي يراها ويعاني من وجع راس شديد ( ماجرين ) مثال ذلك يمكن ان ينظر الشخص الى شيء بحجم كرة السلة لكنه يراها بحجم كرة التنس
-ايضا لقد عانى من وقعات في مرتين ادت الى انه فقد الوعي فيهما وتبين انه كان يعاني من نوع من انواع الصرع
- البعض يعتقد ان روايته ( اليس في بلاد العجائب كانت نتاج لما يراه في دماغه عندما كانت تصيبه تلك الأزمات.
- ماتت أمه عام 1851 بعد يومين من وصوله إلى اكسفورد (عندما كان عمره 19 سنة ) وكانت في السابعة والأربعين من العمر

- يتيم الأم في سن الـ 19 .