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ناثانييل هوثورن
(بالإنكليزية: Nathaniel Hawthorne) اسمه بالولادة ناثانييل هاثورن (بالإنكليزية: Nathaniel Hathorne)روائي أمريكي وكاتب قصص قصيرة، وُلد في 4 يوليو 1804 وتُوفي في 19 مايو 1864. ينتمي هوثورن إلى سلالة من المتطهرين الأمريكيين، ويتحدث في رواياته وقصصه القصيرة عن الحركة التطهرية في أمريكا. أشهر رواياته هي الحرف القرمزي.

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.
Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne". He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children.
Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity.

افكاره تتمحور حول الشر الموروث الخطيئة للبشرية ةكثيرا ما كانت اعماله تحتوي على رسائل اخلاقية وتعقيدات سيكولوجية عميقة

His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

Early life
Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. William Hathorne, the author's great-great-great-grandfather, a Puritan, was the first of the family to emigrate from England, first settling in Dorchester, Massachusetts before moving to Salem. There he became an important member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and held many political positions including magistrate and judge, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing. William's son and the author's great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials. Having learned about this, the author may have added the "w" to his surname in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college, in an effort to dissociate himself from his notorious forebears. Hawthorne's father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr., was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname. After his death, young Nathaniel, his mother and two sisters moved in with maternal relatives, the Mannings, in Salem,[where they lived for 10 years. During this time, on November 10, 1813, young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing "bat and ball" and became lame and bedridden for a year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him.
مات ابوه في سيراليون وانتقلت الام وابناؤها بعد ذلك للعيش لدى بعض الاقاربحيث عاشوا لمدة شعر سنواتوهناك تلقى هوثيرون ضربة على ساقه بينما كان يلعب واصبح اعرج وبقي حبيس السرير لمدة عام على الرغم ان الاطباء لم يجدوا اي شيء يدعوه لذلك.

In the summer of 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers before moving to a home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.
في العام 1816 عاشت العائلة مع فلاحين الى ان ان قام عم هوثيروان ببناء منزل لهم خصيصا

Years later, Hawthorne looked back at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for that part of the country was wild then, with only scattered clearings, and nine tenths of it primeval woods".
كتب هوثيرون عن تلك الايمام لاحقا وقال عنها انها كانت ايام جميلة حيث كان يسكن في منطقة غابات موحشه

In 1819, he was sent back to Salem for school and soon complained of homesickness and being too far from his mother and sisters.
في العام 1819 ارسل الى منطقة سالم للدراسة لكنه سرعان ما شعر بحنين لامه واخواته
لكنه استمر في الحياة هناك حيث اصدر جريدة كتبها باليد

In spite of his homesickness, for fun, he distributed to his family seven issues of The Spectator in August and September 1820. The homemade newspaper was written by hand and included essays, poems, and news utilizing the young author's developing adolescent humor.

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted, despite Hawthorne's protests, that the boy attend college. With the financial support of his uncle, Hawthorne was sent to Bowdoin College in 1821, partly because of family connections in the area, and also because of its relatively inexpensive tuition rate.
اصر عمه ( خاله ) على اين ينضم للجامعة فانضم في عان 1821 الى كليةباودون اولا بسبب وجود بعض المعارف في المنطقة وثانيا لانها لم تكن مكلفه

On the way to Bowdoin, at the stage stop in Portland, Hawthorne met future president Franklin Pierce and the two became fast friends. Once at the school, he also met the future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge. Years after his graduation with the class of 1825, he would describe his college experience to Richard Henry Stoddard:
I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was an idle student, negligent of college rules and the Procrustean details of academic life, rather choosing to nurse my own fancies than to dig into Greek roots and be numbered among the learned Thebans.[
وصف حياتة الجامعة بأنه كان كسلان ولا يهتم في تلبية المتطلبات الاكادمية وبدلا من ذلك كان غارقا ببنات افكاره بدلا من التعمق في دراسة التراث الادبي والفكري اليواناني الخ.

Early career
In 1836 Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. During this time he boarded with the poet Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Street in Beacon Hill in Boston. He was offered an appointment as weighter and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted on January 17, 1839. During his time there, he rented a room from George Stillman Hillard, business partner of Charles Sumner.

Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his owl's nest" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: "I have not lived but only dreamed about living".
كتب هوثيرون واصفا مكان سكناه في بيت العائلة بعش البوم انا لم اكن عايش لقد كنت احلم بالعيش فقط
He contributed short stories, including "Young Goodman Brown" and "The Minister's Black Veil", to various magazines and annuals, though none drew major attention to the author. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into one volume, Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne known locally
While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne bet his friend Jonathan Cilley a bottle of Madeira wine that Cilley would get married before him. By 1836 he had won the wager, but did not remain a bachelor for life. After public flirtations with local women Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody, he began pursuing the latter's sister, illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody. Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia, he joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841 not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia. He paid a $1,000 deposit and was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred to as "the Gold Mine". He left later that year, though his Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Romance. Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor on West Street in Boston The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, where they lived for three years. His neighbor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, invited him into his social circle, but Hawthorne was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent when at gatherings.
كان خجولا ولا يتحدث تقريبا في الاجتماعات العامه

At the Old Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse.
Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person. Throughout her early life, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments. She was mostly bedridden until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne, after which her headaches seem to have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage, often taking walks in the park. Of his wife, whom he referred to as his "Dove", Hawthorne wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, my sole companion; and I need no other—there is no vacancy in my mind, any more than in my heart... Thank God that I suffice for her boundless heart!"
وصف زوجته بأنها رفقية روحه وانه لم يكن يحتاج لاحد غيرها حيث لم يكن في ذهنه او قلبه مساحه لاحد غيرها
Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. In one of her journals, she wrote: "I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the ... jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts".]

On the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage, the poet Ellery Channing came to the Old Manse for help. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in the river and Hawthorne's boat, Pond Lily, was needed to find her body. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle of such perfect horror... She was the very image of death-agony." The incident later inspired a scene in his novel The Blithedale Romance.
في عيد زواج هوثيروان انتحرت صبية من الحي الذي كان يسكنه في النهر وكان هناك حاجة لقارب هوثيرون للعثور على الجثة وقاد ساعد هوثيرون في العثور عليها وقد كان لتلك الحادثة تأثير عظيم فيه ووصفه بأنه الخوف المطبق وانها كانت تمثل صورة والم الموت وقد اوحت الترجبة لهيثورون كتاب مشهد مشابه في احدى رواياته اللاحقه

Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children. Their first, a daughter, was born March 3, 1844. She was named Una, a reference to The Faerie Queene, to the displeasure of family members. Hawthorne wrote to a friend, "I find it a very sober and serious kind of happiness that springs from the birth of a child... There is no escaping it any longer. I have business on earth now, and must look about me for the means of doing it." In 1846, their son Julian was born. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846, with the news: "A small troglodyte made his appearance here at ten minutes to six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew". Their final child, Rose, was born in May 1851. Hawthorne called her "my autumnal flower".

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed as the "Surveyor for the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem" at an annual salary of $1,200 He had difficulty writing during this period, as he admitted to Longfellow: "I am trying to resume my pen... Whenever I sit alone, or walk alone, I find myself dreaming about stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House undo all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be happier if I could write".-

- افكاره تتمحورحول الشر الموروث والخطيئة للبشرية وكثيرا ما كانت اعماله تحتوي على رسائل اخلاقيةوتعقيدات سيكولوجية عميقة.
- مات ابوه فيسيراليون وانتقلت الام وابناؤها بعد ذلك للعيش لدى بعض الاقارب حيث عاشوا لمدة شعرسنوات وهناك تلقى هوثيرون ضربة على ساقه بينما كان يلعب واصبح اعرج وبقي حبيس السريرلمدة عام على الرغم ان الاطباء لم يجدوا اي شيء يدعوه لذلك.
- في العام 1816 عاشتالعائلة مع فلاحين الى ان قام عم هوثيروان ببناء منزل لهم خصيصا.
- كتبهوثيرون عن تلك الايام لاحقا وقال عنها انها كانت ايام جميلة حيث كان يسكن فيمنطقة غابات موحشه
- في العام 1819 ارسل الى منطقة سالم للدراسة لكنه سرعان ما شعر بحنين لامه واخواته
لكنه استمر فيالحياة هناك حيث اصدر جريدة كتبها باليد
- اصر خاله على اين ينضم للجامعة فانضمفي عان 1821 الى كليةباودون اولا بسبب وجود بعض المعارف في المنطقة وثانيا لانها لمتكن مكلفه
- وصف حياتة الجامعة بأنه كان كسلان ولا يهتم في تلبية المتطلباتالاكاديمية وبدلا من ذلك كان غارقا ببنات افكاره بدلا من التعمق في دراسة التراثالادبي والفكري اليوناني الخ.
- كتب هوثيرون واصفا مكانسكناه في بيت العائلة بعش البوم... "انا لم اكن عايش لقد كنت احلم بالعيش فقط".
- كان خجولا ولا يتحدث تقريبا فيالاجتماعات العامه
- وصف زوجتهبأنها رفقية روحه وانه لم يكن يحتاج لاحد غيرها حيث لم يكن في ذهنه او قلبه مساحهلاحد غيرها.
- في عيد زواج هوثيروان انتحرت صبية منالحي الذي كان يسكنه في النهر وكان هناك حاجة لقارب هوثيرون للعثور على الجثة وقادساعد هوثيرون في العثور عليها وقد كان لتلك الحادثة تأثير عظيم فيه ووصفه بأنهالخوف المطبق وانها كانت تمثل صورة والم الموت وقد اوحت التجربة لهوثيورون كتابة مشهدمشابه في احدى رواياته اللاحقه .

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