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ما الذي يصنع القائد العسكري الفذ؟؟!! دراسة بحثية
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08-27-2012, 09:49 PM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
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57-شـــاكـــا
He is widely credited with uniting many of the Northern
Nguni people
, specifically the
Mtetwa Paramountcy
and the
Ndwandwe
into the
Zulu Kingdom
, the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the portion of southern Africa between the
Phongolo
and
Mzimkhulu
Rivers, and his statesmanship
He has been called a military genius for his reforms and innovations, and condemned for the brutality of his reign.
[4]
[5]
Other historians note debate about Shaka's role as a uniter versus a usurper of traditional Zulu ruling prerogatives, and the notion of the Zulu state as a unique construction, divorced from the localised culture and the previous systems built by his predecessor
Dingiswayo
.
[6]
Research continues into the character and methods of the Zulu warrior king, whose reign still greatly influences South African culture
Shaka was the first son of the chieftain
Senzangakhona
and
Nandi
, a daughter of Bhebhe, the past chief of the Elangeni tribe, born near present day
Melmoth
,
KwaZulu-Natal Province
.
He was conceived out of wedlock somewhere between 1781 and 1787.[
citation needed
]
Shaka spent his childhood in his mother's settlements
. He is recorded as having been initiated there and inducted into an
ibutho lempi
(fighting unit). In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of local chieftain
Dingiswayo
and the
Mthethwa
, to whom the Zulu were then paying
tribute
.[
citation needed
]
[
Dingiswayo called up the emDlatsheni
iNtanga
(age-group), of which Shaka was part, and incorporated it in the Izichwe regiment.
Shaka served as a Mthethwa warrior for perhaps as long as ten years, and distinguished himself with his courage, though he did not rise, as legend has it, to a great position. Dingiswayo had been exiled after a failed attempt to oust his father. There were a number of other groups in the region (including
Mabhudu
,
Dlamini
,
Mkhize
,
Qwabe
, and
Ndwandwe
). Along with them, Dingiswayo helped develop new ideas of military and social organisation, in particular the
ibutho
, sometimes translated as "regiment" or "troop". They were probably responding to slaving pressures from southern Mozambique.
The
ibutho
was rather an age-based labour gang (cohort) which included some better refined military activities, but by no means exclusively. Most battles before this time were to settle disputes, and while the appearance of
ibutho lempi
(fighting unit) dramatically changed warfare at times, it largely remained an instrument for seasonal raiding and political persuasion rather than outright slaughter.
Shaka granted permission to Europeans to enter Zulu territory on rare occasions.
Henry Francis Fynn
provided medical treatment to the king after an assassination attempt from a rival tribe member hidden in a crowd (see
account of Nathaniel Isaacs
). To show his gratitude, Shaka permitted European settlers to enter and operate in the Zulu kingdom. This would open the door for future British incursions into the Zulu kingdom that were not so peaceful. Shaka observed several demonstrations of European technology and knowledge, but held that the Zulu way was superior to that of the foreigners.
]
The successor of Senzangakona
On the death of
Senzangakona
,
Dingiswayo
aided Shaka to defeat his brother and assume leadership ca. 1816. Shaka began to further refine the
ibutho
system used by Dingiswayo and others and, with Mthethwa's support over the next several years, forged alliances with his smaller neighbours, to counter the growing threat from Ndwandwe raiding from the north. The initial Zulu manoeuvres were primarily defensive in nature, as Shaka preferred to intervene or apply pressure diplomatically, aided by occasional judicious assassinations. His changes to local society built on existing structures. Although he preferred social and propagandistic political methods, he also engaged in a number of battles, as the Zulu sources make clear.
When Dingiswayo was murdered by
Zwide
, a powerful chief of the Ndwandwe (Nxumalo) clan, Shaka sought to avenge his death. At some point Zwide barely escaped Shaka, though the exact details are not known. In that encounter Zwide's mother Ntombazi, a
Sangoma
(Zulu seer or shaman), was killed by Shaka.
Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground. Despite carrying out this revenge, Shaka continued his pursuit of Zwide. It was not until around 1825 that the two great military men would meet, near
Phongola
, in what would be their final meeting. Phongola is near the present day border of
KwaZulu-Natal
, a province in South Africa. Shaka was victorious in battle, although his forces sustained heavy casualties, which included his head military commander, Umgobhozi Ovela Entabeni.
In the initial years, Shaka had neither the influence nor reputation to compel any but the smallest of groups to join him, and he operated under Dingiswayo's aegis until the latter's death at the hands of Zwide's Ndwandwe.
At this point, Shaka moved southwards across the
Thukela River
, establishing his capital
Bulawayo
in
Qwabe
territory; he never did move back into the traditional Zulu heartland. In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in an existing succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power; Nqetho then ruled as a proxy chieftain for Shaka.[
citation needed
]
ابن غير شرعي عاش طفولتة مع والدته
.
يتيم اجتماعي .
رد مع الإقتباس